Annual Report Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources 2007

Transcription

1 Annual Report Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources 2007 status

2 Editorship: Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hanover, Germany Published by: Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

3 Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources Annual Report

4 Source of photos on cover sheet: Sandro Schmidt StatoilHydro Atlas Shrugs ( Yellow Cake Uranium oxide) Address: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Referat für Schriftenpublikationen und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Stilleweg Hannover Germany Telefon: (0511) Telefax: (0511) t.schubert@bgr.de Authors: Hilmar Rempel Sandro Schmidt Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera With contributions from: Bernhard Cramer Jürgen Messner Layout: Gabriele Ebenhöch Graphics: Uwe Benitz Edition dated:

5 Contents Preface 1 Introduction 7 2 Global Reserves, Resources and Production 10 3 Regional Aspects 14 4 Individual Energy Resources 19 Crude Oil 19 Natural Gas 22 Coal 24 Uranium 28 Thorium 29 5 Summary and Conclusions 30 References 32 Annex Tables 27 Crude Oil 35 Natural Gas 45 Coal 56 Uranium 71 Glossary 77

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7 Preface This annual report analyses reserves, resources, production and consumption of crude oil, natural gas, coal, uranium and thorium throughout the world at the end of The report is based on data and information available in the BGR-database, reports from energy-related organisations, political institutions, published information (including that of the industry) and other sources. This is an update of the previous BGR 2006 annual report. It forms part of BGR s advisory service to the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi). Data published in this report is the basis for a new detailed study of energy resources due to be released in May This report will discuss the occurrence and distribution of worldwide energy resources and their future availability. With respect to the energy markets, the following trends could be observed: In 2007 the discussion on peak oil (maximum rate of global conventional oil production) and availability of crude oil was stimulated by increasing oil prices. For the first time since 2003 global oil production in 2007 did not exceed the previous annual production (2006). This maximum in oil production as well high oil prices were not caused by lack of field capacity, but mainly by cuts in OPEC production. Nevertheless, oil is expected to be the first energy commodity running into actual shortage. Natural gas will be available in sufficient quantities in the foreseeable future and it will cover the expected demand for several decades to come. Coal has the biggest potential of the nonrenewable energy resources. The expected future demand can be met for many decades. For the first time this report takes into account prognostic additional hard coal resources in the United States which were not incorporated previously. As a result hard coal resources increased significantly. From a geological point of view, there is no shortfall in supply expected for nuclear resources during the next decades.

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9 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction Energy is the driving force behind our society and industry. The supply of energy is a prerequisite for their functioning. Germany is highly dependent on energy imports. Figure 1 compares the requirements and the degree of dependency on imports with respect to the different types of energy fuels for the years 1997 and It can be seen that Germany has become increasingly dependent on imports especially hard coal and natural gas. Nearly all of the supply of crude oil has to be imported. Due to the small amount of domestic production and reserves, Germany will become even more dependent on the import of energy fuels. Fig. 1: Energy consumption and imports of Germany in 1997 and 2007 (Sources: AGEB 2008, BGR database) Primary energy consumption has increased worldwide by about 70 % during the last three decades (Fig. 2). There was a fast increase in oil and natural gas consumption while coal consumption almost stagnated up to Subsequently the need for coal reached its highest level for years, owing to the sharp increase in Chinese coal consumption. The reference scenario (RS) of IEA s World Energy Outlook 2007 (WEO) from November 2007 (IEA 2007) will be used to describe the possible development of the future demand for energy resources. In this scenario, fossil fuels will be the main energy source for several decades to come. They will account for about 84 % of the increasing demand between 2005 and The demand for crude oil is predicted to rise at an annual rate of 1.3 %. The main increase will take place in the transport sector (1.8 %/a). 7

10 INRODUCTION Fig. 2: Development of primary energy consumption worldwide (cumulative) and projections of IEA until 2030 (sources: BP and IEA, 2007) The predicted oil demand in the order of 5.6 Gt in the year 2030 may lead to a bottleneck in supply. According to the IEA, capital investment costs of US$22 trillion up to 2030 are necessary in order to secure these energy requirements. More than 50 % thereof is required for power plant projects, US$3.1 trillion for the oil sector and US$4.2 trillion for the gas sector. A further US$0.6 trillion are required for coal projects. It is anticipated that trading in energy will rapidly increase. This will particularly apply to crude oil and natural gas for which a doubling of the quantities is expected. The dependency of the OECD countries on energy imports will increase further. Therefore, securing the energy supply will become a vital issue. More than one fifth of the world population has no access to electricity and two fifths use traditional biomass to meet their energy demand. Sufficient energy must therefore be supplied at an affordable price. At the same time, the environmental compatibility of the energy policy must be taken into consideration. As from 2004, not only has there been a sharp increase in crude oil prices, but also in other fuel prices (Fig. 3). In 2007, annual average prices for hard coal, crude oil and natural gas were more than 2.5 times higher than those of The price for uranium even raised seven fold. This price increase can be attributed to several different reasons (see ch. 4). 8

11 INTRODUCTION Fig. 3: Development of nominal fuel prices from 1960 to 2007 (annual averages) 9

12 GLOBAL RESERVES, RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION 2 Global Reserves, Resources and Production As far as is possible the same terms have been used for the classification of reserves and resources for all energy commodities. For hydrocarbons, the definitions given by the World Petroleum Congress (WPC) and the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) are used worldwide. The definitions of the classes used for the individual energy resources are given in the Glossary. The reserves and resources of non-renewable fuels at the end of 2006 and 2007 are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The figures in Table 1 are quoted in the units normally used for each type of fuel. To facilitate comparison, the amounts are given in tonnes of coal equivalent (tce) and exajoules (EJ) (Table 2). The changes in reserves and resources of each fuel type (Tab. 1 and 2) are briefly discussed here but will be described in more detail in chapter 4. Non-renewable fuel reserves (i.e., those quantities currently technologically and economically recoverable) amounted to about 39,100 EJ or 1,330 Gtce at the end of 2007 (Tab. 2). The slight decrease of reserves (465 EJ) compared to the previous year was mainly caused by a decrease in hard coal and uranium reserves. or 17,200 Gtce at the end of 2007 (Tab. 2). This shows an increase of about 48 % in relation to These changes were the result of higher estimates of hard coal and lignite resources (see ch. 4). The coal resources comprise nearly 83 % of all non-renewable fuels, which is even more than their share with respect to the world s reserves (Fig. 4). Natural gas resources amount to about 13 % (conventional gas 1.6 %, non-conventional gas 11.6 %), followed by crude oil (about 3 %) and nuclear fuels (almost 2 %). The annual production of all fuels totals 439 EJ, the reserves amount to 39,105 EJ and the resources are in the order of 504,161 EJ. The ratio of annual production to reserves and to resources is about 1 to 90 to Given the amount of estimated global fuel reserves, it may be assumed that the world s energy demand can be covered for quite some time. This, however, does not apply to conventional oil which will last for a shorter period. Coal reserves are the largest, amounting to about 53 % of the non-renewable fuel reserves (Fig. 4). Crude oil reserves account for 25 % (conventional and non-conventional 17.5 % and 7.1 %, respectively), followed by natural gas with almost 18 % and nuclear fuels at about 4 %. The resources (i.e. both those demonstrated quantities that cannot be recovered at current prices with current technologies but might be recoverable in the future and those that are geologically possible but not demonstrated) of non-renewable fuels, amounted to 504,200 EJ 10

13 GLOBAL RESERVES, RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION Table 1: Reserves and resources of non-renewable fuels in 2006 and 2007 (given in units usually used for every fuel type) Fuel Reserves Resources Crude oil* 164 Gt 164 Gt 82 Gt 82 Gt Natural gas* 181 T.m³ 183 T.m³ 207 T.m³ 207 T.m³ Conventional hydrocarbons* 328 Gtoe 330 Gtoe 270 Gtoe 270 Gtoe Oil sands / Extra heavy oil 65 Gt 65 Gt 66 Gt 66 Gt Oil shale 1 Gt 1 Gt 184 Gt 184 Gt Non-conventional oil 66 Gtoe 66 Gtoe 250 Gtoe 250 Gtoe Tight gas 1 T.m³ 1 T.m³ 90 T.m³ 90 T.m³ Coal-bed methane 1 T.m³ 1 T.m³ 143 T.m³ 143 T.m³ Aquifer gas T.m³ 800 T.m³ Gas hydrates T.m³ 500 T.m³ Non-conventional natural gas ca. 2 T.m³ ca. 2 T.m³ 1,533 T,m³ 1,533 T,m³ Non-conventional hydrocarbons HYDROCARBONS total* 69 Gtoe 69 Gtoe 1,642 Gtoe 1,642 Gtoe 397 Gtoe 398 Gtoe 1,912 Gtoe 1,912 Gtoe Hard coal 627 Gt SKE 602 Gt SKE 7,613 Gt SKE 12,519 Gt SKE Lignite 100 Gt SKE 110 Gt SKE 1,097 Gt SKE 1,693 Gt SKE COAL total 726 Gt SKE 711 Gt SKE 8,710 Gt SKE 14,212 Gt SKE Uranium 1.95 Mt U 1) 1.77 Mt U 1) 5.32 Mt U 2) 7.54 Mt U 3) 5.47 Mt U 2) Mt U 3) Thorium 2.16 Mt Th 2.16 Mt Th 2.35 Mt Th 2.35 Mt Th * updated for 2006 Totals can differ due to rounding 1) 2) 3) RAR recoverable for less than $40/kg U Sum of RAR recoverable from $40-$130/kg U plus IR (inferred resources) Speculative resources 11

14 GLOBAL RESERVES, RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION Table 2: Reserves and resources of non-renewable fuels in 2006 and 2007 (in Gtce and EJ) Fuel Reserves [Gtce] Resources [Gtce] Reserves [EJ (10 18 J)] Resources [EJ (10 18 J)] Crude oil* ,848 6,835 3,430 3,430 Natural gas* ,891 6,948 7,857 7,857 Conventional hydrocarbons* ,740 13,783 11,287 11,287 Oil sands / Extra heavy oil ,720 2,720 2,761 2,761 Oil shale ,699 7,699 Non-conventional oil ,761 2,761 10,460 10,460 Tight gas ,427 3,427 Coal-bed methane ,445 5,445 Aquifer gas - - 1,038 1, ,462 30,462 Gas hydrates ,000 19,000 Non-conventional natural gas 3 3 1,988 1, ,335 58,335 Non-conventional hydrocarbons ,345 2,345 2,837 2,837 68,795 68,795 HYDROCARBONS total* ,731 2,731 16,577 16,620 80,082 80,082 Hard coal ,613 12,519 18,367 17, , ,893 Lignite ,097 1,693 2,919 3,214 32,132 49,623 COAL total ,710 14,212 21,286 20, , ,516 F OSSIL FUELS* 1,292 1,279 11,440 16,942 37,863 37, , ,597 Uranium 1) 27 2) 25 2) 74 3) 77 3) , ) 148 4) 3,091 2,244 4,324 Thorium 5) N UCLEAR FUELS ,707 1,633 6,268 7,564 NON-RENEWABLE FUELS* 1,350 1,334 11,653 17,199 39,570 39, , ,161 * updated for 2006 Totals can differ due to rounding 1) 1 t U = 14,000 to 23,000 tce (the lower value is used in this report) or 1 t U = J 2) RAR recoverable for less than $40/kg U 3) Sum of RAR recoverable from $40-$130$/kg U plus IR (inferred resources) 4) Speculative resources 5) 1 t Th is assumed to have the same tce value as 1 t U 12

15 GLOBAL RESERVES, RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION Fig. 4: Annual production, reserves, and resources of the individual non-renewable fuels in 2007 (given in percent of the total) 13

16 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY 3 Regional Distribution and Availability Energy resources are spread unevenly across the globe. Regions and countries with rich deposits often do not coincide with those regions and countries with high energy consumption. Thus, world trade is of considerable significance in the energy sector. The regional distribution of resources, reserves, production and consumption of non-renewable fuels is shown in Figure 5, compiled on the basis of their energy content. The concrete figures for the individual energy fuels are listed in Tables 3 to 6. The majority of the energy resources is located in North America, where large quantities of coal, natural gas and crude oil occur. Following behind are the Austral-Asian countries, possessing considerable coal resources and the CIS countries where considerable coal resources as well as petroleum and natural gas resources exist. Austral-Asia possesses the largest energy reserves due to its high coal reserves, followed by North America, the CIS countries and the Middle East where considerable oil and gas reserves have been proven. Fig. 5: Regional distribution of resources, reserves, production, and consumption of non-renewable fuels in 2007 (on the basis of energy content) The highest annual energy fuel production took place in the Austral-Asian region. It has the highest coal production, especially China, and rather small oil and gas production. North America is the second largest producer of coal, oil and gas. Total annual production of fuels was somewhat less in the CIS countries (despite their high oil and gas production), and in the Middle East. The latter produced most of the oil but relatively little natural gas. The majority of the non-renewable fuels was consumed in the Austral-Asian region. China and India used most of the coal worldwide and also a lot of oil, followed by North America which consumed the largest amount of oil and natural gas but also coal to a lesser extent. In comparison, Europe used up considerably less energy despite its high oil and natural gas consumption. 14

17 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY Table 3: Regional distribution of reserves of non-renewable fuels in 2007 [in EJ] Region Crude oil Natural gas Coal Uranium Thorium Total conventional nonconventional conventional nonconventional Hard coal Lignite EJ Share Europe , % CIS , ,107 1, , % Africa , % Middle East 4, , , % Austral-Asia , , % North America 266 1, , , % Latin America , % WORLD 6,835 2,761 6, ,638 3, , % OECD 408 1, ,566 1, , % EU , % OPEC-13 5, , , % Totals can differ due to rounding also with respect to the figures in Table 2. Table 4: Regional distribution of resources of non-renewable fuels in 2007 [in EJ] Region Crude oil Natural gas Coal Uranium Thorium Total conventional nonconventional conventional nonconven- Hard coal Lignite EJ Share tional 1) Europe ,243 13,103 1, , % CIS 881 1,255 3,650 7,288 69,765 18,823 1, , % Africa ,317 1, , % Middle East ,237 4,379 1, , % Austral-Asia , ,597 12,566 1, , % North America 560 5,523 1,037 7, ,527 17,027 1, , % Latin America 2) 300 1, ,472 4, , % WORLD 3,430 10,460 7,857 39, ,893 49,623 6, , % OECD 746 5,858 1,369 12, ,756 19,678 2, , % EU ,409 13, , % OPEC-13 1,231 2,092 1,666 6,625 1, , % Totals can differ due to rounding also with respect to the figures in Table 2. 1) Not including gas hydrates (19,000 EJ), because they cannot be assigned to one of the regions 2) Including Antarctica (hard coal 3,825 EJ) 15

18 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY Table 5: Regional distribution of the production of non-renewable fuels in 2007 (in EJ) Region Crude oil Natural gas Hard coal Lignite Uranium Total Share Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % WORLD % OECD % EU % OPEC % Totals can differ due to rounding Table 6: Regional distribution of the consumption of non-renewable fuels in 2007 (in EJ) Region Crude oil Natural gas Hard coal Lignite Uranium Total Share Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % WORLD % OECD % EU % OPEC % Totals can differ due to rounding 16

19 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY In most regions of the world about 35 % of the primary energy demand is met by crude oil. In the Middle East and Latin America (excluding Mexico) the percentage is higher amounting to 51 % and 46 %, respectively. The demand for oil is much lower in the CIS countries (17 %), but here natural gas covers more than 50 % of the primary energy requirements. Natural gas demand in the Middle East is also high (47%). In most other regions, however, this is about 20 % to 25 %. In Austral-Asia it is only 11 %. Coal provides about 50 % of the demand for primary energy in Austral-Asia, about 31 % in Africa, and around 20 % in North America, Europe and the CIS countries. Nuclear fuels deliver about 12 % of the demand for primary energy in Europe, worldwide this number is down to only 6 %. Hydroelectric power provides about 28 % of the energy supply in Latin America, but only small amounts (about 5 %) in other regions. Fig. 6: Distribution of the world s population and energy consumption in 2007 Figure 6 shows the distribution of the world s population and the consumption of coal, crude oil and natural gas in selected areas in the world. It can be noticed that the developing and emerging countries, which make up about 77 % of the global population, consumed around 58 % of the coal, 38 % of the crude oil, and 27 % of the natural gas in the whole world. This demonstrates the importance of coal in these countries. In contrast, the OECD countries, constituting just around 18 % of the world s population, consumed about 57 % of the world s yearly oil production, half of the natural gas and about 35 % of the coal production. The regional distribution of energy resources is determined by the regional geology. Countries with a larger area usually have a wider spectrum of geological settings and a diver- 17

20 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY sity which increases the probability of energy fuel deposits. This explains the high proportion of energy resources in the USA, Russia, China, and Australia. The dominance of the Middle East with respect to hydrocarbons is due to the favourable conditions for the preservation of oil and gas in the sedimentary basins there. In contrast, the geological conditions for coal accumulations were favourable in Eurasia, North America and Australia but not so in the Middle East. The amount of coal reserves determines the ranking of the energy-richest countries. With respect to reserves of non-renewable fuels, the dominating countries are the USA and Russia (Fig. 7). Coal reserves make up most of the reserves of the four leading countries (USA, Russia, China, Australia), India and the Ukraine. Hydrocarbons account for the largest portion of reserves in the following countries: Iran - natural gas and conventional oil; Saudi Arabia - conventional oil; Canada - non-conventional oil. Natural gas plays a significant role in Qatar and in Russia. Only three OPEC countries are among the energyrichest countries. Fig. 7: Reserves of non-renewable fuels in the top ten countries in

21 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES 4 Individual Energy Resources Crude Oil In terms of global consumption, crude oil is the most important primary fuel, accounting for 36 % of the world s primary energy consumption, not including biomass (BP 2008). The Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of conventional crude oil at the end of 2007 has been estimated by BGR at about 396 Gt. The regional distribution of the estimated ultimate recovery of conventional crude oil, comprising cumulative production and reserves and resources, is very heterogeneous (Fig. 8, Tab. 7 in Annex). The Middle East has the highest EUR of conventional crude oil. Two thirds of the EUR in North America, has already been recovered. In the CIS countries, about one third has been recovered and in the Middle East about one fourth. The OPEC countries have an EUR in the order of 216 Gt, accounting for about 54 % of the global EUR of which only about one quarter has been produced. The increase of the EUR compared to the previous year was mainly caused by the two new members, Angola and Ecuador. The OECD countries have an EUR of only 75 Gt, of which more than 63 % has already been recovered. Fig. 8: Distribution of the estimated ultimate recovery (396 Gt) of conventional crude oil in 2007 The estimated amount of global crude oil reserves in the order of Gt is almost identical with the previous year (163.7 Gt). Hence, for the first time in several years there was no increase in reserves. About 62 % of the global reserves are located in the Middle East, more than 10 % in the CIS countries and nearly 10 % in Africa. The OPEC possesses about 77 % of the global reserves, 61 % thereof is located in the Persian Gulf region. About 6 % of the crude oil reserves belong to the OECD countries. 19

22 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES For the first time since 2003, global crude oil production has slightly decreased to 3,882 Mt (Tab. 10 in Annex). The Middle East, North America and the CIS countries were the regions with the highest production in Cumulative crude oil production up to the end of 2007 reached almost 151 Gt. Half of this has been produced within the last 22 years. At the end of 2007 the amount of oil consumed was almost equal to the remaining reserves. Taking also into consideration resources in the order of 82 Gt, more than 38 % of the EUR has been already recovered. In addition to conventional oil accumulations, non-conventional oil occurrences have a sizeable potential. Reserves of non-conventional oil amount to about 41 % of the conventional oil reserves. Non-conventional oil resources exceed those of conventional oil occurrences three times. Most of the non-conventional oil resources are oil shales, whose economic recovery in the foreseeable future would involve high costs and environmental problems. Therefore, only a few pilot projects are expected to be carried out. Oil sands and extra heavy oil projects are not subject to these restrictions and numerous projects have been started in Canada and Venezuela during the last several years. Production costs have already been reduced to a level close to those of conventional oil. However, these projects will only reach a fraction of the production capacity of conventional oil within the foreseeable future, although they may gain regional significance. About two-thirds of the crude oil produced in 2007 was transported across country boundaries, partly over large distances by tanker or pipeline. An overview of oil exports and imports is given in tables 12 and 13 (in Annex). For crude oil, there is a single global market with nearly uniform prices. However, due to a general increase in oil prices there was a significant rise in price differences between oils of different quality. Oil prices increased considerably within the last five years (Fig. 9). There was a short period of falling prices between September 2006 and the middle of January 2007 when the lowest daily notification was about US$52 per barrel. This was followed by a continuous increase to a level of more than US$90 per barrel by the end of the year, mainly caused by cuts in OPEC production. This trend continued into July At the end of February 2008, the oil price even exceeded US$100 per barrel. During the middle of July 2008, oil prices were at a record high of more than US$145 per barrel. Thereafter oil prices plunged and by mid October the oil price was below US$70 per barrel. The price for crude oil in Euro is also high but when corrected for exchange rate effects it shows a more moderate increase due to the weak US-dollar. The consumption of oil products increased in 2007 by about 55 Mt compared to 2006, reaching about 3.9 Gt, the highest ever level. Global oil consumption is distributed very heterogeneously. The OECD countries used about 2.2 Gt, which is 56 % of the total oil consumption in 2007, the OPEC countries only about 9 %. The consumption was concentrated in Austral-Asia, North America and Europe (Tab. 11 in Annex). 20

23 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Fig. 9: Monthly averaged prices for OPEC basket crude oil in US$ and Euro per barrel and changes of OPEC-10/OPEC-11 (from 9/2008) production quotas The reasons for the high oil prices in 2007 can be interpreted differently. They may have been affected by the assumption that we are approaching a shortage of oil reserves ( peak oil discussion). However, most likely it is a combination of several different factors which were responsible for this development: - the increasing worldwide demand for oil, - artificial shortage of oil supply caused by OPEC countries, - lack of additional production capacities, - cost inflation regarding equipment, material and staff, - supply disruptions caused by strikes, political instability in producing regions as well as the fear of terrorist attacks, - the weak US-Dollar and - uncertain effect of speculations. Crude Oil: Trends and Outlook From a geological viewpoint, the remaining potential for conventional crude oil can sustain a moderate increase in oil consumption within the next several years. Thereafter supply may be insufficient, owing to the decrease in production when the production peak has been passed. Demand will then have to be met by non-conventional oil and/or other fuels, i.e. natural gas, coal and biomass. The percentage of oil production from the OPEC countries (especially in the Persian Gulf region) will increase within the next several decades. By 2020 the contribution of nonconventional oil to the total oil production will have risen to 5 10 % and oil prices will stay at a relatively high level. According to its International Energy Outlook 2006, the EIA (2006) is predicting a 9.7 % 21

24 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES share in 2030 of non-conventional oil in the world oil consumption. This includes synthetic fuels from natural gas (gas to liquids - GTL), coal (coal to liquids - CTL) and biomass (biomass to liquids - BTL). For many reasons, predicting oil price changes is very difficult. Important factors influencing its development are the policy of OPEC countries, the availability of additional production and refining capacities as well as the development of the global economy. Daily fluctuations of several US$ per barrel oil are likely in both directions due to speculations in the oil market business. There are numerous uncertainties that could possibly affect the availability of crude oil. On one hand, the amount of reserves could be questioned. Owing to political reasons (to keep OPEC production quotas in balance), the reserve numbers were sharply boosted in the 1980ies. On the other hand, fields often produce more hydrocarbons than initially expected. This is due to the inherent uncertainties in the assessment of reserves. In addition, reserves figures often do not include probable and possible reserves. The past several years have shown that production forecasts based on the production potential of individual reservoirs are too low. The increase in reserves due to a better reservoir performance and enhanced production methods certainly plays a role in this observation ( reserves growth ). Despite the upside potential mentioned above, it can be expected that in the foreseeable future crude oil will not be available in the same unlimited quantities as it has been in the past. Therefore it is necessary to search for alternatives to oil due to the long period of time needed to adopt changes in the energy sector. Natural Gas After crude oil and hard coal, natural gas accounts for about 24 % of the world s primary energy consumption. Its share has increased in the last several years. This trend is expected to continue in the future. The globally estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) for conventional natural gas is about 476 trillion m³. It is equivalent to 432 Gtoe, which is about 10 % higher than the EUR for conventional oil. This number is almost 4 trillion m³ (nearly 1%) higher than the previous estimate (BGR 2007). Similar to crude oil, the regional EUR distribution of natural gas is very heterogeneous, as shown in Figure 10 and Table 16 (see Annex). The CIS countries, particularly Russia, have the largest EUR. The volumes in the Middle East are also considerable. Although North America has substantial EUR volumes, the remaining potential is less significant, since nearly half of its EUR has already been produced (particularly in the USA). The EUR in Europe (not including the CIS countries) of about 5 % is of little importance. Despite increasing production, global reserves of conventional natural gas have further risen to about 183 trillion m³ at the end of In terms of their energy content are the gas reserves somewhat higher than the global reserves of conventional crude oil. More than half of the gas reserves are concentrated in three countries: Russia, Iran and Qatar. Global resources of conventional natural gas are estimated to be about 207 trillion m³. The global remaining conventional natural gas potential (reserves plus resources) is about 390 trillion m³. Its energy content is about 44 % higher than that of the remaining conventional oil potential. 22

25 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Fig. 10: Distribution of estimated ultimate recovery (476 trillion m³) of conventional natural gas in 2007 Global production of natural gas rose continuously during the past several years, peaking at about 3,013 billion m³ in The regions with the highest production are located in the CIS countries and North America, each contributing more than a quarter to the global production, followed by Europe with a tenth. Cumulative natural gas production at the end of 2007 has reached almost 87 trillion m³ or more than 32 % of the total reserves discovered up to that time. Half of this amount was produced within the last 17 years. When the amount ofgas flared by oil production is taken into account, more than one-third of the original reserves have been produced. The consumption of natural gas in the world has also reached its highest level in 2007, amounting to about 3 trillion m³. The most important consumers were the USA, followed by Russia, Iran, Japan, Germany, Canada, and Great Britain (Tab. 18 in Annex). Cross-border trading (not including transit across third countries) amounted to about 930 billion m³ (about 30 % of the production worldwide) in 2007 (Tab. 19 and 20 in Annex). About one quarter of this amount was traded in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). There are four main regional natural gas markets where producers and distributors have long-term contracts: - the European market, main exporters being Russia, North Africa, Norway and the Netherlands, - the North American market (NAFTA), - the Asian market, characterized by large distances between the main consumers (mainly Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan) and the producing countries (mainly Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Gulf countries) and dominated by LNG trade, - the South American market which has only developed during the past several years. The European gas market, however, has access to about 45 % of the global EUR of natural gas. This is due to the comparatively easy access to Russian and North African gas fields. 23

26 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES The above figure could rise to about 68 % if the Middle East is considered a potential supplier. The European gas market, therefore, is in a relatively comfortable position compared to other regional gas markets. The demonstrated global reserves of natural gas will last until the middle of the century, assuming production remains at the same level as at present. It is expected that the technologies for the production of coal-bed methane and tight gas will continue to be improved and that the increasing demand will be met by production even in the second half of this century. There are considerable uncertainties with respect to the amount of non-conventional natural gas that can be recovered. Global reserves of non-conventional natural gas are estimated at just 2 trillion m³ because the technologies to recover these potential reserves are only available for coal-bed methane and tight gas. Moreover, the conditions necessary for economic production only exist in relatively small regions. Non-conventional natural gas resources (not including gas hydrates and aquifer gas) were estimated at 220 trillion m³, which is about half of the estimated ultimate recovery of conventional natural gas. The 1 to 100 ratio of original reserves to resources reflects the low degree of exploration: This ratio is about 1 to 1.2 for conventional natural gas and about 1 to 0.5 for conventional oil. The amount of gas that can possibly be recovered from gas hydrates (500 trillion m³) and aquifers (800 trillion m³) are more than the EUR of conventional natural gas. Significant commercial production of aquifer gas is unlikely in the near future. Worldwide there are a number of ambitious projects going on, focussing on commercial production of gas hydrates after Natural Gas: Trends and Outlook From a geological viewpoint, natural gas is present in sufficient quantities to meet the predicted demand for many decades. The present trend of increasing demand can be met both by additional production from the presently supplying countries and by new exporters. A gap could possibly develop in the North American market which could only be filled by LNG imports. The price for natural gas is influenced by transport costs. The latter are significantly higher than those for crude oil and coal. Transport of natural gas will continue to be mainly by pipeline, but the proportion of LNG will increase, for which a spot market is expected to develop. The IEA (2004) predicts that in 2030 the share of LNG in natural gas trade could reach more than 50 %. Increasing capacities for LNG will ease the supply situation in the natural gas market due to the opening up of gas fields far away from the main consumers. On the other hand, increasing gas to liquid (GTL) activities may take away some potential from the natural gas market. Long-term investment will be needed to increase production capacities and to expand transportation facilities. Coal In this study, coals are divided into lignite and hard coal. This is in contrast to the frequently used classification of coal into lignite (soft brown coal), sub-bituminous coal (hard brown coal), bituminous coal (hard coal) and anthracite. Hard coal has a calorific value of > 16,500 kj/kg and it contains sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal and anthracite. Hard coal is an internationally traded commodity and usually not affected significantly by transport costs. Lignite has a calorific value of 24

27 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES < 16,500 kj/kg and is mainly used locally by power plants near the coal deposits due to its low calorific value and high water content. Coal has the largest global reserves and resources compared to other fossil fuels. Coal accounted for about 30 % of the global primary energy consumption in 2007 (hard coal 28 %, lignite nearly 2 %), surpassed only by crude oil. Coal is the fuel most widely used in power plants for electricity generation (37 % of the global share). At the end of the year 2007, global coal reserves amounted to 990 Gt (711 Gt hard coal and about 279 Gt lignite). Estimates of coal resources have changed remarkably compared to the last study (BGR 2007). This is in large parts due to the fact that so far unaccounted resources in the USA are now incorporated. They are the result of a comprehensive study by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) regarding the coal potential of Alaska (Flores et al. 2004). As a consequence, hard coal resources increased by about 5,982 Gt (+ 68 %) to 14,800 Gt and lignite resources from 3,075 Gt to 4,182 Gt (+ 36 %) compared to the previous year. The world s coal production in 2007 amounted to 6,501 Mt. Hard coal accounted for 85 % (5,523 Mt) and lignite for only about 15 % (978 Mt). In contrast to crude oil, coal deposits are much less concentrated in certain regions than hydrocarbons. Several companies and countries are engaged in hard coal mining. However, about 55 % of the worldwide hard coal production originates from countries with nationally controlled coal industries like China, India and Poland. A compilation of country-specific data concerning production, consumption, imports and exports and reserves and resources of hard coal and lignite is given in Tables 21 to 32 (see Annex). Hard coal The regional distribution of hard coal reserves, resources and the estimated cumulative production since 1950 is shown in Figure 11. North America has the largest remaining hard coal potential (6,870 Gt), followed by Austral- Asia (4,853 Gt) and the CIS countries (2,976 Gt). Regarding hard coal reserves, the USA possesses the largest volumes in the world (232 Gt; 33 % of the global share), followed by China (167 Gt; 24 %), India (73 Gt; 10 %), Russia (10 %), Australia (6 %), and the Ukraine (5 %). Until 2018 the German government is subsidizing the production of national hard coal reserves in the order of 0.12 Gt. Almost half of the world s hard coal resources are located in the USA (6,488 Gt; 43.8 %), followed by China (4,200 Gt; 28.4 %) and Russia (2,662 Gt; 18 %). The three largest hard coal producer in 2007 were China (44.9 %; 2,479 Mt), the USA (17.5 %; 968 Mt) and India (8.2 %; 452 Mt). Whereas China and India increased their production by about 4 % and 13 %, respectively, the USA reduced their coal production by 3.1 %. About 16 % (906 Mt) of the hard coal production is traded on the world hard coal market, with 820 Mt being transported by ship (VDKI 2008). The global market volume for hard coal increased by 6 % compared to the previous year. It was again dominated by Australia which exported hard coal in the order of 250 Mt (27.4 %), followed by Indonesia (195 Mt; 21.3 %) and Russia (98.6 Mt; 10.8 %). The three most important hard coal consumers are still situated in Asia. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan imported a total volume of Mt (37.5 %) in For the first time they were followed by two other Asian countries, namely India (54.1 Mt; 5.9 %) and China (51 Mt; 5.6 %). The UK (50.3 Mt; 5.5 %) and Germany (47.5 Mt; 5.2 %) were next. The German hard coal imports (including coke) mainly originated from 25

28 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Russia (8.6 Mt), Colombia (6.9 Mt), Australia and South Africa (6.5 Mt each). Polish hard coal imports decreased remarkably by about one third to 6.4 Mt. About 26 % (239.8 Mt) of the worldwide hard coal imports were delivered to the European Union (EU-27). Fig. 11: Distribution of estimated ultimate recovery of hard coal in 2007 Fig. 12: Distribution of estimated ultimate recovery of lignite in

29 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Lignite The regional distribution of lignite reserves, resources and estimated cumulative production since 1950 is shown in Figure 12. North America (1,454 Gt) has the largest remaining lignite potential, followed by Austral-Asia (1,422 Gt) and the CIS countries (1,381 Gt; incl. subbituminous coal). The global lignite reserves at the end of 2007 sum up to Gt. About one third of those are located in Russia (32.8 %; 91.6 Gt - incl. sub-bituminous coal), followed by Germany (14.6 %; 40.8 Gt), Australia (13.4 %; 37.3 Gt), USA (11.1 %; 31 Gt) and China (9 %; 25 Gt). The USA holds the largest lignite resources amounting to 1,370 Gt (global share 32.8 %), followed by Russia (1,280 Gt; 30.6 %) and China (627 Gt; 15 %). In countries produced 978 Mt of lignite. However, only eleven countries provided about 80 % (783 Mt) of the global lignite output. Germany (18.4 %; Mt) was the most important lignite producer, followed by Australia (7.4 %; 72.3 Mt) and Russia (7.3 %; 71.3 Mt - incl. sub-bituminous coal). Coal: Trends and Outlook Coal possesses the largest potential of all non-renewable fuels and provides 56 % (711 Gtce) of the reserves and 84 % (14,212 Gtce) of the resources worldwide. The remaining potential of hard coal and lignite is sufficient to cover the expected demand for many decades to come. Coal accounted for nearly 30 % (about 5 Gtce) of the global primary energy consumption in Coal will continue to be a major source of the world energy mix. According to the reference scenarios of EIA (2008) and IEA (2007), coal will remain the most important fuel after crude oil with a primary energy consumption share in 2030 of 29 % and 28 %, respectively. As a result, by 2030 the global coal consumption and also the coal production will have increased to 7.2 Gtce (IEA 2007) or 7.3 Gtce (EIA 2008). Considering the above-average growth rates during the last years and the global coal production of already 5 Gtce in 2007, the forecasted coal production figures may even be higher in Since the beginning of 2006, the spot market prices for steam coal steadily increased and nearly quadrupled to a new all-time high of US$210 per ton (monthly average price) in summer In October 2008, the European steam coal spot prices (ports of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Antwerp; cif ARA) dropped to about US$130 per ton in line with falling oil prices. Comparable price developments were realised for coking coal and coke. In 2008, coking coal prices as well as coke spot market prices tripled to at least US$300 and US$700 per ton, respectively. The high coal prices are also related to the continuing elevated demand for coal in Asia. Like other commodity prices, the future coal prices are likely to depend on the development of the current financial crisis. As in the previous year, a further significant increase in coal resources could be observed in In particular the hard coal resources increased by 68 %. Nearly the entire resource growth can be allocated to Alaska (USA). Here the United States Geological Survey (USGS; Flores et al. 2004) conducted a detailed coal resource assessment. The amount of coal reserves and coal resources will change in the future since high coal prices in the past years led to a noticeable increase in exploration and development activities (e.g. southern Africa, Austral-Asian region). Furthermore, the USGS is currently updating the reserve and resource data of the USA. The last revision in a detailed and comprehensive manner took place at the beginning of the 1970ies. 27

30 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES Uranium Today s Uranium reserves (1.77 Mt in the cost category US$<40 per kg U) plus the secondary uranium sources (stocks, military inventories) are sufficient to supply the existing nuclear power plants for several decades. In 2007, 439 nuclear power plants (393 GW el capacities) were fed with 64,615 t uranium, of which about 41,279 t (64 %) came from mine production. Uranium reserves and resources are located in only a few countries (Tables 33 to 35 in Annex). Ten countries own almost 96 % of the reserves recoverable at costs of less than US$40 per kg U (Table 33 in Annex). Five countries possess almost 83 % of the reserves, comprising Australia (709,000 t U, 40 %), Canada (270,100 t U, 15 %), Kazakhstan (235,500 t U, 13 %), Brazil (139,600 t U, 8 %) and South Africa (114,900 t U, 6.5 %). Fig. 13: Distribution of estimated ultimate recovery of Uranium (19.2 Mt) in 2007 In contrast to fossil fuels, uranium mine production is less than the consumption. Annual global production within the last five years ranged from 32,200 t U to 41,870 t U. Annual consumption was always above 60,000 t U. The remaining requirements were met by uranium from civil and military stockpiles, especially in Russia and the USA. Uranium from the decommissioning of nuclear weapons under disarmament pacts as well as uranium and plutonium from the reprocessing of fuel rods will continue to play a role in the future. To which extent these sources are going to be deployed, however, will depend on political decisions. The majority of uranium mine production takes place in a small number of countries (Table 36 in Annex). In 2007, Canada accounted for about 23 % (9,476 t) of the global production. Australia, Kazakhstan, and Russia delivered a further 45 % of the global production. There is little mine production (in the USA; Germany and France from mine water treatment) or none (Japan and UK) although these countries are the main consumers. In 2007, uranium prices reached an all-time high. If prices remain at 28

31 INDIVIDUAL ENERGY RESOURCES this distinctly higher level, the trend of concentrating production in a few countries with low production costs (Canada, Australia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan) will probably not continue. In this case, increasing exploration activities in a number of different countries will result in the diversification of future producers. Market concentration, however, exists for uranium producing companies. About 85% of the mined uranium in 2007 was produced by only seven companies. The uranium market experienced a very significant increase in prices between 2004 and Following the all-time high in June 2007 (US$ per kg U), the uranium spot prices decreased to US$234 per kg U. The adjustment of the market continued in 2008 to a level of US$130 per kg U. The average price for long-term uranium deliveries in the EU reached per kg U (2006: per kg U). These elevated price levels brought forward a distinct and sustained market upturn. A number of countries (China, Finland, Russia, South Korea, Japan, and India) announced the construction of new nuclear power plants. The uranium mining and production, however, increased only slightly. As a consequence, it is expected that the uranium prices will stabilize at a level above US$80 per kg U beyond A detailed compilation of countries with the largest uranium reserves, resources, production and consumption is given in Tables 34 to 37 (in Annex). Thorium is not used for power generation as there are no operating thorium reactors. Attempts to promote this technology are in progress in South Africa and India. Reserves of more than 2 Mt Th can be considered as a possible basis for future supply. Uranium: Trends and Outlook There is no shortage in the supply of natural uranium in the near future, based on geological evidences and resources. On the contrary, in recent years worldwide reserves and resources increased consistently. Worldwide uranium production comes from politically stable countries with economic, competitive and cost-effective uranium deposits. The worldwide concentration process continues regarding production, reserves and resources. In 2007, about 85 % of worldwide production came from only seven mining companies. The upturn of the markets has led to a significant increase in exploration activities even in countries without uranium mining in the past. It is assumed that in the future there will be more producing countries than at present. The gap between annual production and consumption will still continue to exist. Additional supply is still going to come from civil and military stockpiles. At present there is no indication for a future shortage. After the historic uranium price peak in 2007, the spot market prices have experienced market adjustments. At the same time the average price increased for long-term uranium delivery contracts. Despite the actual financial markets crisis, the uranium prices are distinctly higher compared to before A number of countries have announced the construction of additional nuclear power plants within the next decade. These projects are often accompanied by research projects aiming at the development of alternative techniques and the improvement of existing techniques, e.g., the usage of thorium. 29

32 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5 Summary and Conclusions Figure 14 shows the supply situation of individual non-renewable energy resources and their predicted cumulative consumption within the period from 2008 to The consumption is based on the reference scenario of the IEA (2007). Figure 14: Supply situation of non-renewable energy resources in 2007 The assessment of reserves, resources and the availability of non-renewable energy resources allows the following conclusions to be drawn: Crude Oil From a geological viewpoint, the remaining potential for conventional oil can sustain a moderate increase in oil consumption over the next several years. However, at some stage in the future the maximum production of conventional oil ( Peak Oil ) will be reached. Thereafter production will start to decline. The percentage of oil production from the OPEC countries (especially the Persian Gulf region) will increase in the future. The majority of conventional oil reserves occur within the so called Strategic Ellipse. It stretches from the Middle East across to the Caspian Region and Northern Russia. As this ellipse is partly identical with politically unstable regions, this presents a certain conflict potential. Uncertainties regarding the proper assessment of reserves in OPEC countries can lead to an overestimation of the oil production potential. This in turn could cause an unexpected shortage of supply. On the other hand, technological progress can lead to increased recovery rates in the producing fields thus providing additional production. After peak oil, the nonconventional oil production will rather modify the decline in oil supply than close the gap between demand and supply. In addition to the above uncertainties and the effects of the recent financial crisis, it is unclear how the current climate debate will impact on future oil consumption. 30

33 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Oil will get more expensive owing to the increasing dependency on OPEC countries and the costly development of new fields in frontier areas. Natural Gas Taking into account both reserves and resources, the situation for natural gas is more favourable than that for oil. Hence, it is expected that natural gas will be available for many decades to meet the global demand. However, there are large differences in the occurrence of natural gas reserves with respect to the gas markets. The European natural gas market is in a comfortable position due to relatively easy access to neighbouring regions rich in natural gas reserves. These are in particular Russia and other CIS countries, North Africa and the Middle East. Currently the supply of natural gas to Europe mainly takes place via pipeline. However, in the future LNG supply will increase and to a certain extent contribute to the diversification of supply countries. Spot markets can develop when the shares of LNG increase in the international gas trade. Limiting factors are the high specific transportation costs for natural gas. Coal Coal offers the greatest range of global reserves and resources compared to other fossil fuels. The existing reserves of hard coal are sufficient for more than 125 years of production at the current level. In case of lignite it is more than 200 years of production. Additionally, coal has the most favourable resources to reserves ratio among the non-renewable energy resources. On the other hand, coal is the fossil energy resource with the highest specific CO 2 - emissions. Current intense research and development activities are focussing on solutions to reduce and/or avoid CO 2 -emissions when burning coal. Sequestration of CO 2 and its underground storage could be a solution. If these climate damaging side effects of coal can be eliminated, it is foreseeable that coal in the middle to long term will play an important role in energy supply. Additionally, fuels can be produced from coal by liquefaction (GTL) or gasification. Numerous activities in this direction are currently going on in China. Nuclear Fuels From a geological viewpoint there is no shortage of nuclear fuels expected in the foreseeable future. Apart from increasing reserves as a result of growing exploration activities, sufficient resources exist. This will secure the supply for decades. In addition to the mining production of uranium, the use of secondary sources like civil and military stockpiles and the reprocessing of uranium are of importance. The availability of nuclear fuels can even be increased by using them more efficiently in modern reactors. If needed in the future, uranium resources could be utilized which are recoverable at much higher costs than at present. This would be possible because the fuel costs are only a small portion of the electricity generating costs. The lack of nuclear fuel reserves and resources will not be the limiting factor for the utilisation of nuclear energy in the future. 31

34 REFERENCES References AGEB (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen) (2008): Energieverbrauch in Deutschland im Jahr S., Berlin. hp?path=../../daten/ _ pdf&name=jahresbericht_ageb_25_2_2 008.pdf&mime=application/pdf BGR (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe) (2006): Annual Report Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources p.; Hannover. BP (different years): BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Vol to 2007; London. (2008): BP Statistical Review of World Energy. June 2008, 45 p.; London. EIA (Energy Information Administration) (2006): International Energy Outlook 2006, 202 S.; US Department of Energy, Washington D.C. (2008): International Energy Outlook 2008, 250 S.; US Department of Energy, Washington D.C ).pdf Flores, R.M., Stricker, G.D. & Kinney, S.A. (2004): Alaska Coal Geology, Resources, and Coalbed Methane Potential. 128 S.; Denver (USGS) /pdf/DDS-77.pdf NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency) (2008): URANIUM 20057: Resources, Production and Demand. 420 p.: OECD, Paris. NEA (Nuclear Energy Agency) (2008): URANIUM 2007: Resources, Production and Demand. 420 p.: OECD, Paris. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2004a): World Energy Outlook p.; Paris. (2005): World Energy Outlook 2005: Middle East and North Africa Insights. 629 p.; Paris. (2006): World Energy Outlook p.; Paris. (2007): World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights p.; Paris. VDKI (2008): Verein der Kohlenimporteure Jahresbericht 2008 Fakten und Trends 2007/ p.; Hamburg. VDKI-Geschaeftsbericht pdf?navid=14 32

35 Annex

36

37 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 7: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Oil by Year-End 2007 [Mt] Country Production in 2007 Cum. Production Reserves Resources EUR Rem. Potential = =4+5 Albania Austria Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Malta Netherlands Norway , ,012 1,750 5,696 2,762 Poland Romania , Serbia Slovakia Spain Turkey United Kingdom , ,100 5,033 1,800 Azerbaijan , ,330 1,200 4,057 2,530 Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan , ,780 4,000 9,928 8,780 Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia , ,297 13,500 42,979 23,797 Tajikistan Turkmenistan ,700 2,413 1,945 Ukraine Uzbekistan Algeria , ,660 1,200 5,337 2,860 Angola ,229 2,000 4,157 3,229 Benin Cameroon Chad Congo. DR (former Zaire) Congo. Rep , Cote d Ivoire Egypt , ,422 1,040 Table continued 35

38 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 7: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Oil by Year-End 2007 [Mt] (continued) Country Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon , Ghana Libya , ,641 1,000 10,092 6,641 Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria , ,925 2,200 10,799 7,125 Senegal Seychelles Somalia South Africa. Rep Sudan ,238 1,121 Tanzania Tunisia Zimbabwe Africa others Bahrain Iran , ,830 3,900 31,108 22,730 Iraq , ,646 3,800 23,629 19,446 Israel Jordan Kuwait , , ,832 14,510 Oman , ,605 1,458 Qatar , , ,935 2,769 Saudi Arabia , ,946 8,700 60,848 44,646 Syria , United Arab Emirates , ,306 1,000 17,953 14,306 Yemen , Afghanistan Australia ,000 2,460 1,571 Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia China. PR , ,109 2,200 9,189 4,309 India , ,201 1,165 Indonesia , ,100 4,768 1,695 Japan Malaysia ,207 1,335 Table continued 36

39 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 7: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Oil by Year-End 2007 [Mt] (continued) Country/Region Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential Mongolia Myanmar New Zealand Pakistan Papua-New Guinea Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Canada , ,000 7,159 2,707 Greenland Mexico , ,660 2,900 10,011 4,560 USA , ,000 8,000 41,122 12,000 Argentina , , Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil , ,714 1,400 4,518 3,114 Chile Colombia , Cuba Ecuador , Guatemala Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad & Tobago Uruguay Venezuela , ,841 3,000 23,446 14,841 WORLD 3, , ,524 82, , ,580 Europe , ,392 3,625 14,550 6,017 CIS , ,969 21,080 61,060 38,049 Africa , ,068 9,878 39,288 25,946 Middle East 1, , ,103 20, , ,613 Austral-Asia , ,544 6,395 23,781 11,939 North America , ,367 13,400 58,792 19,767 Latin America , ,081 7,168 36,145 22,249 OPEC-13 1, , ,083 29, , ,533 OPEC-Gulf 1, , ,606 18, , ,406 OECD , ,759 17,835 75,213 27,594 EU , ,291 1,745 8,152 2,871 37

40 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 8: Conventional Oil Resources in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Russia 13, % 16.5% 2 Saudi Arabia 8, % 27.1% 3 USA 8, % 36.8% 4 Kazakhstan 4, % 41.7% 5 Iran 3, % 46.4% 6 Iraq 3, % 51.1% 7 Venezuela 3, % 54.7% 8 Mexico 2, % 58.3% 9 Nigeria 2, % 60.9% 10 China, PR 2, % 63.6% 11 Angola 2, % 66.1% 12 Canada 2, % 68.5% 13 Norway 1, % 70.6% 14 Turkmenistan 1, % 72.7% 15 Brazil 1, % 74.4% 16 Azerbaijan 1, % 75.9% 17 Algeria 1, % 77.3% 18 United Kingdom 1, % 78.7% 19 Indonesia 1, % 80.0% 20 Libya 1, % 81.2% 81 Germany % WORLD 82, % Europe 3, % CIS 21, % Africa 9, % Middle East 20, % Austral-Asia 6, % North America 13, % Latin America 7, % OPEC-13 29, % OPEC-Gulf 18, % OECD 17, % EU-27 1, % 38

41 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 9: Conventional Oil Reserves in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Saudi Arabia 35, % 22.0% 2 Iran 18, % 33.5% 3 Iraq 15, % 43.1% 4 Kuwait 13, % 51.5% 5 United Arab Emirates 13, % 59.6% 6 Venezuela 11, % 66.9% 7 Russia 10, % 73.2% 8 Libya 5, % 76.6% 9 Nigeria 4, % 79.6% 10 Kazakhstan 4, % 82.6% 11 USA 4, % 85.0% 12 China, PR 2, % 86.3% 13 Qatar 1, % 87.3% 14 Brazil 2, % 88.6% 15 Mexico 1, % 89.6% 16 Algeria 1, % 90.7% 17 Azerbaijan 1, % 91.5% 18 Angola 1, % 92.2% 19 Norway 1, % 92.8% 20 Sudan % 93.4% 54 Germany % WORLD 163, % Europe 2, % CIS 16, % Africa 16, % Middle East 101, % Austral-Asia 5, % North America 6, % Latin America 15, % OPEC , % OPEC-Gulf 99, % OECD 9, % EU-27 1, % 39

42 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 10: Crude Oil and NGL Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Saudi Arabia % 12.7% 2 Russia % 25.3% 3 USA % 33.4% 4 Iran % 38.6% 5 China, PR % 43.4% 6 Canada % 47.3% 7 Mexico % 51.4% 8 United Arab Emirates % 54.9% 9 Venezuela % 58.4% 10 Kuwait % 61.7% 11 Norway % 64.9% 12 Nigeria % 67.8% 13 Iraq % 70.7% 14 Brazil % 73.0% 15 Algeria % 75.2% 16 Libya % 77.4% 17 Angola % 79.6% 18 United Kingdom % 81.4% 19 Kazakhstan % 83.2% 20 Qatar % 84.5% 64 Germany % WORLD 3, % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East 1, % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC-13 1, % OPEC-Gulf 1, % OECD % EU % 40

43 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 11: Oil Demand in 2007: Main countries (> 5 Mt) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA % 23.9% 2 China. PR % 33.2% 3 Japan % 39.0% 4 India % 42.2% 5 Russia % 45.4% 6 Canada % 48.0% 7 Korea. Rep, (South Korea) % 50.6% 8 Germany % 53.2% 9 Saudi Arabia % 55.7% 10 Brazil % 58.1% 11 France % 60.4% 12 Mexico % 62.7% 13 Italy % 64.8% 14 United Kingdom % 66.8% 15 Spain % 68.8% 16 Iran % 70.8% 17 Indonesia % 72.2% 18 Taiwan % 73.5% 19 Singapore % 74.7% 20 Netherlands % 75.9% 21 Thailand % 77.0% 22 Australia % 78.1% 23 Turkey % 78.9% 24 Belgium % 79.6% 25 Egypt % 80.4% 26 Iraq % 81.1% 27 Venezuela % 81.8% 28 South Africa, Rep % 82.4% 29 Poland % 83.0% 30 Malaysia % 83.6% 31 Argentina % 84.2% 32 United Arab Emirates % 84.8% 33 Greece % 85.3% 34 Pakistan % 85.8% 35 Hong Kong % 86.2% 36 Sweden % 86.6% 37 Ukraine % 86.9% 38 Syria % 87.3% 39 Portugal % 87.7% 40 Kuwait % 88.1% 41 Philippine % 88.4% 42 Austria % 88.8% 43 Algeria % 89.1% Table continued 41

44 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 11: Oil Demand in 2007: Main countries (> 5 Mt) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups (continued) Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 44 Nigeria % 89.4% 45 Libya % 89.8% 46 Israel % 90.1% 47 Chile % 90.4% 48 Vietnam % 90.7% 49 Switzerland % 91.0% 50 Finland % 91.2% 51 Romania % 91.5% 52 Kazakhstan % 91.8% 53 Colombia % 92.0% 54 Norway % 92.3% 55 Czech Rep % 92.5% 56 Ireland % 92.8% 57 Denmark % 93.0% 58 Cuba % 93.2% 59 Ecuador % 93.4% 60 Trinidad & Tobago % 93.6% 61 Morocco % 93.8% 62 Hungary % 94.0% 63 Belarus % 94.2% 64 New Zealand % 94.4% 65 Dominican Republic % 94.5% 66 Peru % 94.7% 67 Uzbekistan % 94.9% 68 Jordan % 95.0% 69 Bulgaria % 95.1% 70 Bangladesh % 95.3% WORLD 3, % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia 1, % North America 1, % Latin America % OPEC % OPEC-Gulf % OECD 2, % EU % 42

45 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 12: Crude Oil and NGL Exports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Saudi Arabia % 16.5% 2 Russia % 28.3% 3 Iran % 34.0% 4 Nigeria % 38.9% 5 Venezuela % 43.7% 6 United Arab Emirates % 48.5% 7 Norway % 53.0% 8 Canada % 57.3% 9 Mexico % 61.4% 10 Iraq % 65.1% 11 Kuwait % 68.8% 12 Libya % 72.0% 13 Algeria % 74.8% 14 Kazakhstan % 77.6% 15 Angola % 80.2% 16 United Kingdom % 82.6% 17 Oman % 84.3% 18 Azerbaijan % 86.0% 19 Qatar % 87.4% 20 Sudan % 88.3% WORLD 2, % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC-13 1, % OECD % EU % 43

46 ANNEX TABLES: OIL Table 13: Crude Oil and NGL Imports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA % 22.5% 2 Japan % 31.9% 3 China, PR % 39.2% 4 India % 44.6% 5 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) % 49.9% 6 Germany % 54.7% 7 Italy % 59.0% 8 France % 62.7% 9 Singapore % 65.5% 10 Netherlands % 68.3% 11 Spain % 70.9% 12 United Kingdom % 73.5% 13 Taiwan % 75.6% 14 Canada % 77.6% 15 Thailand % 79.4% 16 Belgium % 81.0% 17 Turkey % 82.1% 18 Greece % 83.1% 19 South Africa, Rep % 84.1% 20 Poland % 85.1% WORLD 2, % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC % OECD 1, % EU % 44

47 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 14: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Natural Gas by Year-End 2007 [G.m³] Country Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential = =4+5 Albania Austria Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany , Greece Hungary Ireland Italy , Malta Netherlands , , ,522 1,586 Norway , ,313 3,200 6,741 5,513 Poland Portugal Romania , ,246 1,025 Serbia Slovakia Spain Turkey United Kingdom , ,150 4,079 1,810 Azerbaijan ,340 1,900 3,683 3,240 Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan ,380 2,500 6,191 5,880 Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia , ,693 83, , ,693 Tajikistan Turkmenistan , ,000 6,000 11,163 9,000 Ukraine , , ,792 1,926 Uzbekistan , ,841 1,500 5,163 3,341 Algeria , ,515 1,500 7,751 6,015 Angola ,200 1,487 1,470 Benin Cameroon Chad Congo, DR (Zaire) Congo, Rep Cote d Ivoire Table continued 45

48 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 14: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Natural Gas by Year-End 2007 [G.m³] (continued) Country Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential = =4+5 Egypt ,048 1,000 3,472 3,048 Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea-Bissau Libya , ,314 2,095 Madagascar Morocco Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Nigeria ,296 3,500 9,045 8,796 Rwanda Senegal Seychelles South Africa, Rep Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Western Sahara Zimbabwe Bahrain Iran , ,803 11,000 40,155 38,803 Iraq ,170 4,000 7,268 7,170 Israel Jordan Kuwait , ,524 2,284 Oman ,960 1,750 Palestine Qatar ,600 2,500 28,623 28,100 Saudi Arabia , ,188 11,000 19,341 18,188 Syria Yemen United Arab Emirates ,072 1,500 8,408 7,572 Afghanistan Australia ,510 2,000 5,252 4,510 Bangladesh ,493 1,290 Table continued 46

49 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 14: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Natural Gas by Year-End 2007 [G.m³] (continued) Country Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential = =4+5 Brunei Cambodia China, PR ,500 10,000 13,298 12,500 India , ,357 1,875 Indonesia , ,000 3,500 8,044 6,500 Japan Korea, Rep. (South Korea) Laos Malaysia ,475 1,400 4,693 3,875 Myanmar (Burma) ,398 1,300 New Zealand Pakistan ,214 1,650 Papua New Guinea Philippines Taiwan Thailand , Vietnam Canada , ,648 8,000 14,521 9,648 Greenland 0 2,300 2,300 2,300 Mexico , ,000 3,637 2,368 USA , ,978 15,000 50,727 20,978 Argentina ,500 2,810 1,946 Barbados Bolivia ,595 1,450 Brazil ,000 2,526 2,354 Chile Colombia Cuba Ecuador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Paraguay Peru , Surinam Trinidad & Tobago ,717 1,380 Uruguay Venezuela ,098 3,000 9,011 8,098 WORLD 3, , , , , ,600 Table continued 47

50 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 14: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Conventional Natural Gas by Year-End 2007 [G.m³] (continued) Region Production in 2007 Cumulative production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining potential = =4+5 Europe CIS Africa Middle East Austral-Asia North America Latin America WORLD OPEC OECD EU

51 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 15: Conventional Natural Gas Resources in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 Russia 83, % 40.1% 2 USA 15, % 47.4% 3 Iran 11, % 52.7% 4 Saudi Arabia 11, % 58.0% 5 China, PR 10, % 62.9% 6 Canada 8, % 66.7% 7 Turkmenistan 6, % 69.6% 8 Iraq 4, % 71.6% 9 Nigeria 3, % 73.3% 10 Indonesia 3, % 75.0% 11 Norway 3, % 76.5% 12 Venezuela 3, % 78.0% 13 Kazakhstan 2, % 79.2% 14 Qatar 2, % 80.4% 15 Greenland 2, % 81.5% 16 Australia 2, % 82.5% 17 Mexico 2, % 83.4% 18 Brazil 2, % 84.4% 19 Azerbaijan 1, % 85.3% 20 Uzbekistan 1, % 86.0% Algeria 1, % 86.8% United Arab Emirates 1, % 87.5% Argentina 1, % 88.2% 56 Germany % WORLD 206, % Europe 7, % CIS 96, % Africa 11, % Middle East 32, % Austral-Asia 20, % North America 27, % Latin America 9, % OPEC-13 43, % OECD 36, % EU-27 3, % 49

52 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 16: Conventional Natural Gas Reserves by Year-End 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 Russia 47, % 26.1% 2 Iran 27, % 41.3% 3 Qatar 25, % 55.3% 4 Saudi Arabian 7, % 59.2% 5 United Arab Emirates 6, % 62.6% 6 USA 5, % 65.8% 7 Nigeria 5, % 68.7% 8 Venezuela 5, % 71.5% 9 Algeria 4, % 74.0% 10 Kazakhstan 3, % 75.8% 11 Iraq 3, % 77.6% 12 Turkmenistan 3, % 79.2% 13 Indonesia 3, % 80.8% 14 Australia 2, % 82.2% 15 China, PR 2, % 83.6% 16 Malaysia 2, % 84.9% 17 Norway 2, % 86.2% 18 Egypt 2, % 87.3% 19 Uzbekistan 1, % 88.3% 20 Kuwait 1, % 89.3% 45 Germany % WORLD 182, % Europe 5, % CIS 58, % Africa 14, % Middle East 73, % Austral-Asia 15, % North America 7, % Latin America 7, % OPEC-13 91, % OECD 15, % EU-27 3, % 50

53 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 17: Natural Gas Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 Russia % 21.6% 2 USA % 39.7% 3 Canada % 45.8% 4 Iran % 49.4% 5 Norway % 52.3% 6 Algeria % 55.2% 7 United Kingdom % 57.9% 8 Saudi Arabia % 60.4% 9 Turkmenistan % 62.8% 10 Indonesia % 65.1% 11 Netherlands % 67.4% 12 China, PR % 69.6% 13 Uzbekistan % 71.8% 14 Malaysia % 73.8% 15 Qatar % 75.8% 16 Mexico % 77.5% 17 United Arab Emirates % 79.1% 18 Egypt % 80.7% 19 Argentina % 82.1% 20 Australia % 83.6% 30 Germany % WORLD % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC % OECD 1, % EU % 51

54 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 18: Natural Gas Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (> 15 G.m³) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 USA % 21.6% 2 Russia % 36.5% 3 Iran % 40.0% 4 Japan % 43.3% 5 Germany % 46.5% 6 Canada % 49.7% 7 United Kingdom % 52.8% 8 Italy % 55.6% 9 Ukraine % 58.0% 10 Mexico % 60.2% 11 Saudi Arabia % 62.4% 12 China, PR % 64.7% 13 Uzbekistan % 66.5% 14 Netherlands % 68.0% 15 Argentina % 69.5% 16 India % 70.9% 17 France % 72.3% 18 United Arab Emirates % 73.7% 19 Turkey % 74.9% 20 Egypt % 76.2% 21 Indonesia % 77.3% 22 Thailand % 78.5% 23 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) % 79.7% 24 Malaysia % 80.8% 25 Spain % 82.0% 26 Pakistan % 83.1% 27 Australia % 84.1% 28 Algeria % 85.0% 29 Venezuela % 85.8% 30 Brazil % 86.6% 31 Kazakhstan % 87.3% 32 Belarus % 88.0% 33 Qatar % 88.6% 34 Belgium % 89.2% 35 Poland % 89.7% 36 Romania % 90.3% 37 Bangladesh % 90.8% 38 Trinidad & Tobago % 91.3% Table continued 52

55 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 18: Natural Gas Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (> 15 G.m³) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups (continued) Region G.m³ Share Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % WORLD % OPEC % OECD 1, % EU % 53

56 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 19: Natural Gas Exports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 Russia % 22.5% 2 Canada % 34.2% 3 Norway % 43.6% 4 Algeria % 50.1% 5 Netherlands % 55.5% 6 Turkmenistan % 61.0% 7 Qatar % 65.3% 8 Indonesia % 68.9% 9 Malaysia % 72.4% 10 USA % 74.9% 11 Nigeria % 77.3% 12 Australia % 79.5% 13 Trinidad & Tobago % 81.5% 14 Germany % 83.2% 15 Egypt % 85.0% 16 Kazakhstan % 86.7% 17 Uzbekistan % 88.3% 18 Oman % 89.7% 19 Bolivia % 91.0% 20 United Kingdom % 92.1% WORLD % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC % OECD % EU % 54

57 ANNEX TABLES: NATURAL GAS Table 20: Natural Gas Imports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region G.m³ Share Country cumulative 1 USA % 14.2% 2 Japan % 23.8% 3 Germany % 33.3% 4 Italy % 41.4% 5 Ukraine % 46.9% 6 France % 51.9% 7 Russia % 56.9% 8 Turkey % 60.9% 9 Spain % 64.7% 10 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) % 68.4% 11 United Kingdom % 71.6% 12 Belgium % 74.0% 13 Belarus % 76.3% 14 Netherlands % 78.3% 15 Canada % 79.8% 16 Mexico % 80.9% 17 Taiwan % 82.1% 18 Hungary % 83.3% 19 Brazil % 84.3% 20 India % 85.4% WORLD % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC % OECD % EU % 55

58 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 21: Hard Coal in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt]; for country related specifications see following tables Country Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential =3+4 Belgium 0 2,115 2,115 Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria ,320 1,388 Czech Rep ,112 21,106 24,219 France Germany ,947 83,065 Hungary 276 5,075 5,351 Ireland Italy Montenegro Netherlands 497 2,750 3,247 Norway Poland , , ,459 Portugal 3 n.s. 3 Romania ,373 2,387 Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain ,363 4,231 Sweden Turkey ,206 United Kingdom , ,132 Armenia Georgia 0.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. Kazakhstan ,947 99, ,147 Kyrgyzstan ,528 28,499 Russia ,946 2,662,155 2,732,101 Tajikistan ,700 4,075 Turkmenistan Ukraine ,039 49,006 81,045 Uzbekistan 0.1 1,050 9,910 10,960 Algeria Botswana ,200 21,240 Congo, DR (Zaire) Egypt Madagascar Malawi Morocco Mozambique ,280 11,492 Namibia Niger 0.2 n.a Nigeria ,192 Table continued 56

59 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 21: Hard Coal in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt] (continued) Country Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential =3+4 South Africa, Rep ,559 n.s. 28,559 Swaziland ,500 4,644 Tanzania ,500 1,700 Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe ,000 10,502 Iran ,000 45,419 Afghanistan n.s. 66 Australia , , ,200 Bangladesh , Bhutan 0.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. China, PR 2, ,000 4,200,000 4,367,000 India , , ,867 Indonesian ,890 21,058 23,948 Japan ,234 12,589 Korea, DPR (North Korea) ,000 10,600 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) ,036 1,367 Laos Malaysia ,068 1,209 Mongolia 4.0 1,170 39,854 41,024 Myanmar (Burma) Nepal New Caledonia 2 n.s. 2 New Zealand ,350 3,175 Pakistan Philippines ,012 1,223 Taiwan Vietnam ,116 3,519 6,635 Canada , , ,330 Greenland Mexico ,160 3,000 4,160 USA ,922 6,487,760 6,719,682 Table continued 57

60 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 21: Hard Coal in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt] (continued) Country/Region Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential Argentina Bolivia 1 n.s. 1 Brazil 0.7 1,547 4,665 6,212 Chile 0.2 1,181 4,135 5,316 Colombia ,298 9,929 15,227 Costa Rica Peru n.s. 960 Venezuela ,955 7,434 WORLD 5, ,602 14,800,016 15,510,618 Europe , , ,830 CIS ,490 2,852,453 2,975,943 Africa ,166 53,787 83,953 Middle East ,000 45,419 Austral-Asia 3, ,788 4,563,266 4,853,054 North America 1, ,607 6,631,948 6,869,555 Latin America ,890 25,974 35,864 Antarctica 0 150, ,000 OPEC ,134 74,082 78,216 OECD 1, ,860 7,229,061 7,525,921 EU , , ,991 n.a. not available despite production n.s. not specified 58

61 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 22: Hard Coal Resources in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA 6,487, % 43.8% 2 China, PR 4,200, % 72.2% 3 Russia* 2,662, % 90.2% 4 United Kingdom 186, % 91.5% 5 Poland 167, % 92.6% 6 India 156, % 93.7% 7 Canada 140, % 94.6% 8 Australia 108, % 95.3% 9 Kazakhstan 99, % 96.0% 10 Germany 82, % 96.6% 11 Ukraine* 49, % 96.9% 12 Iran 45, % 97.2% 13 Mongolia 39, % 97.5% 14 Kyrgyzstan 27, % 97.7% 15 Botswana 21, % 97.8% 16 Czech Rep. 21, % 97.9% 17 Indonesia 21, % 98.1% 18 Japan 12, % 98.2% 19 Mozambique 11, % 98.2% 20 Zimbabwe 10, % 98.3% WORLD 14,800, % Europe 477, % CIS 2,852, % Africa 53, % Middle East 45, % Austral-Asia 4,563, % North America 6,631, % Latin America 25, % Antarctica 150, % OPEC-13 74, % OECD 7,229, % EU , % * Hard coal resources contain only bituminous coal and anthracite according to national classification 59

62 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 23: Hard Coal Reserves by Year-End 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA 231, % 32.6% 2 China, PR 167, % 56.1% 3 India 73, % 66.4% 4 Russia* 69, % 76.3% 5 Australia 39, % 81.8% 6 Ukraine* 32, % 86.3% 7 South Africa, Rep. 28, % 90.4% 8 Kazakhstan 18, % 93.0% 9 Poland 12, % 94.8% 10 Columbia 5, % 95.5% 11 Canada 4, % 96.1% 12 Vietnam 3, % 96.6% 13 Czech Rep. 3, % 97.0% 14 Indonesia 2, % 97.4% 15 Brazil 1, % 97.6% 16 Chile 1, % 97.8% 17 Mongolia 1, % 98.0% 18 Mexico 1, % 98.1% 19 Uzbekistan 1, % 98.3% 20 Kyrgyzstan % 98.4% 48 Germany % WORLD 710, % Europe 19, % CIS 123, % Africa 30, % Middle East % Austral-Asia 289, % North America 237, % Latin America 9, % OPEC-13 4, % OECD 296, % EU-27 18, % * Hard coal reserves contain only bituminous coal and anthracite according to national classification 60

63 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 24: Hard Coal Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 China, PR 2, % 44.9% 2 USA % 62.4% 3 India % 70.6% 4 Australia % 76.4% 5 South Africa, Rep % 80.9% 6 Russia* % 85.2% 7 Indonesia % 89.4% 8 Kazakhstan % 91.0% 9 Poland % 92.6% 10 Ukraine* % 94.0% 11 Columbia % 95.3% 12 Canada % 96.3% 13 Vietnam % 97.1% 14 Korea, DPR (North Korea) % 97.7% 15 Germany % 98.1% 16 United Kingdom % 98.4% 17 Czech Rep.* % 98.6% 18 Mexico % 98.8% 19 Spain % 99.0% 20 Venezuela % 99.2% WORLD 5, % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia 3, % North America 1, % Latin America % OPEC % OECD 1, % EU % * Hard coal production contains only bituminous coal and anthracite according to national classification 61

64 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 25: Hard Coal Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 China, RR 2, % 44.9% 2 USA % 62.1% 3 India % 71.2% 4 Japan % 74.5% 5 South Africa, Rep % 77.8% 6 Russia* % 80.8% 7 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) % 82.4% 8 Poland % 84.0% 9 Ukraine* % 85.5% 10 Australia % 86.9% 11 Germany % 88.2% 12 Taiwan % 89.4% 13 Kazakhstan % 90.6% 14 United Kingdom % 91.8% 15 Canada % 92.6% 16 Indonesia % 93.3% 17 Spain % 93.9% 18 Turkey % 94.4% 19 Korea, DVR (North Korea) % 94.8% 20 Italy % 95.3% WORLD 5, % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia 3, % North America 1, % Latin America % OPEC % OECD 1, % EU % * Hard coal consumption contains only bituminous coal and anthracite according to national classification 62

65 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 26: Hard Coal Exports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Australia % 27.4% 2 Indonesia % 48.7% 3 Russia % 59.5% 4 South Africa, Rep % 66.9% 5 Colombia % 74.0% 6 USA % 79.8% 7 China, PR % 85.6% 8 Canada % 89.0% 9 Vietnam % 92.2% 10 Kazakhstan % 95.1% 11 Poland % 96.4% 12 Venezuela % 97.3% 13 Czech Rep % 98.1% 14 Korea, DVR (North Korea) % 98.5% 15 Norway % 98.8% 16 Ukraine % 99.2% 17 Mongolia % 99.5% 18 New Zealand % 99.8% 19 India % 99.9% 20 United Kingdom % 99.9% 21 Germany % 99.9% WORLD % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC % OECD % EU % 63

66 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 27: Hard Coal Imports in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Japan % 20.3% 2 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) % 30.0% 3 Taiwan % 37.5% 4 India % 43.4% 5 China, VR % 49.0% 6 United Kingdom % 54.5% 7 Germany % 59.7% 8 USA % 63.3% 9 Italy % 66.0% 10 Spain % 68.7% 11 Russia % 71.3% 12 Turkey % 73.7% 13 Canada % 76.0% 14 France % 78.3% 15 Brazil % 79.9% 16 Thailand % 81.5% 17 Netherlands % 82.9% 18 Israel % 84.3% 19 Hong Kong % 85.6% 20 Malaysia % 86.7% WORLD % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC % OECD % EU % 64

67 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 28: Lignite in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt]; for country related specifications see following tables Country Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential Albania n.s. 794 Austria Bosnia-Herzegovina 9.5 2,369 1,814 4,182 Bulgaria ,928 4,194 6,122 Croatia 0.0 n.a Czech Rep Finland 2.8 n.a. n.a. n.a. France 0.0 n.a Germany ,818 36,760 77,578 Greece ,876 3,554 6,430 Hungary 9.8 2,633 2,704 5,337 Italy Macedonia Montenegro 1.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. Poland ,870 41,000 44,870 Portugal Romania ,947 8,355 Serbia ,523 3,750 11,273 Slovakia Slovenia Spain n.s. 319 Turkey ,814 7,176 8,990 United Kingdom 1,000 1,000 Belarus 1,500 1,500 Kazakhstan 4.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. Kyrgyzstan 0.3 n.a. n.a. n.a. Russia ,607 1,279,680 1,371,287 Tajikistan 0.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. Ukraine 0.2 2,336 5,381 7,717 Uzbekistan 3.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. Central African Republic 3 n.s. 3 Madagascar Mali 3 3 Morocco Niger 6 n.s. 6 Nigeria Sierra Leone 2 2 Israel 0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. Australia , , ,800 Bangladesh 3 3 China, PR , , ,000 India Indonesia ,091 29,807 33,898 Table continued 65

68 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 28: Lignite in 2007: Production, Reserves, Resources and Remaining Potential [in Mt] (continued) Country/Region Production in 2007 Reserves Resources Remaining Potential Japan 1,186 1,186 Korea, DPR (North Korea) 9.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. Laos Malaysia Mongolia 4.7 1, , ,776 Myanmar (Burma) New Zealand 0.2 6,750 4,600 11,350 Pakistan 1.0 2, , Philippines ,017 Thailand ,873 2,857 4,730 Vietnam , ,120 Canada ,236 51,034 53,270 Mexico n.s. 51 USA ,049 1,369,714 1,400,763 Argentina 7,350 7,350 Brazil 5.7 5,049 12,587 17,636 Chile 0.1 n.a. 7 7 Dominican Republic Ecuador 24 n.s. 24 Haiti Peru 100 n.s. 100 WORLD ,311 4,181,860 4,461,171 Europe , , ,945 CIS ,943 1,286,561 1,380,504 Africa Middle East 0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. Austral-Asia ,544 1,341,513 1,422,056 North America ,336 1,420,748 1,454,084 Latin America 5.8 5,173 20,068 25,241 OPEC ,115 30,057 34,172 OECD ,024 1,694,027 1,824,051 EU ,475 99, ,774 n.a. not available despite production n.s. not specified 66

69 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 29: Lignite Resources in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 USA 1,369, % 32.8% 2 Russia* 1,279, % 63.4% 3 China, PR 627, % 78.3% 4 Vietnam 199, % 83.1% 5 Pakistan 181, % 87.5% 6 Australia 173, % 91.6% 7 Mongolia 119, % 94.5% 8 Canada 51, % 95.7% 9 Poland 41, % 96.7% 10 Germany 36, % 97.6% 11 Indonesia 29, % 98.3% 12 Brazil 12, % 98.6% 13 Romania 7, % 98.8% 14 Argentina 7, % 98.9% 15 Turkey 7, % 99.1% 16 Ukraine* 5, % 99.2% 17 New Zealand 4, % 99.3% 18 Bulgaria* 4, % 99.4% 19 Serbia 3, % 99.5% 20 Greece 3, % 99.6% WORLD 4,181, % Europe 112, % CIS 1,286, % Africa % Middle East 0 0.0% Austral-Asia 1,341, % North America 1,420, % Latin America 20, % OPEC-13 30, % OECD 1,694, % EU-27 99, % * Lignite resources contain subbituminous coal 67

70 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 30: Lignite Reserves in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Russia* 91, % 32.8% 2 Germany 40, % 47.4% 3 Australia 37, % 60.8% 4 USA 31, % 71.9% 5 China, PR 25, % 80.8% 6 Serbia 7, % 83.5% 7 New Zealand 6, % 85.9% 8 Brazil 5, % 87.8% 9 Indonesia 4, % 89.2% 10 Poland 3, % 90.6% 11 Greece 2, % 91.6% 12 Pakistan 2, % 92.7% 13 Hungary 2, % 93.6% 14 Bosnia-Herzegovina 2, % 94.4% 15 Ukraine* 2, % 95.3% 16 Canada 2, % 96.1% 17 Bulgaria 1, % 96.8% 18 Thailand 1, % 97.4% 19 Turkey 1, % 98.1% 20 Mongolia 1, % 98.6% WORLD 279, % Europe 66, % CIS 93, % Africa 9 0.0% Middle East 0 0.0% Austral-Asia 80, % North America 33, % Latin America 5, % OPEC-13 4, % OECD 130, % EU-27 53, % * Lignite reserves contain subbituminous coal 68

71 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 31: Lignite Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Germany % 18.4% 2 Australia % 25.8% 3 Russia* % 33.1% 4 USA % 40.4% 5 Turkey % 47.6% 6 China, PR % 54.7% 7 Greece % 61.3% 8 Poland % 67.2% 9 Czech Rep.* % 72.8% 10 Serbia % 76.5% 11 Romania % 80.1% 12 India % 83.5% 13 Indonesia % 86.4% 14 Bulgaria % 88.9% 15 Thailand % 90.8% 16 Canada % 91.9% 17 Hungary* % 92.9% 18 Bosnia-Herzegovina % 93.9% 19 Korea, DPR (North Korea) % 94.8% 20 Mexico % 95.6% WORLD % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC % OECD % EU % * Lignite production contains subbituminous coal 69

72 ANNEX TABLES: COAL Table 32: Lignite Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (Top Twenty) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mt Share Country cumulative 1 Germany % 18.4% 2 Australia % 25.8% 3 USA % 33.1% 4 Russia* % 40.4% 5 China, PR % 47.6% 6 Turkey % 54.7% 7 Greece % 61.3% 8 Poland % 67.2% 9 Czech Rep.* % 72.7% 10 Romania % 76.5% 11 Serbia % 80.2% 12 India % 83.5% 13 Indonesia % 86.4% 14 Bulgaria % 89.3% 15 Thailand % 91.1% 16 Canada % 92.2% 17 Hungary* % 93.2% 18 Bosnia-Herzegovina % 94.2% 19 Korea, DPR (North Korea) % 95.1% 20 Mexico % 95.9% WORLD % Europe % CIS % Africa % Middle East % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OPEC % OECD % EU % * Lignite consumption contains subbituminous coal 70

73 ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 33: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Uranium by Year-End 2007 [in kt U] Country Production in 2007 Cum. Production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining Potential = =4+5 Bulgaria Czech Rep Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Portugal Romania Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey Kazakhstan ,617 1,972 1,853 Russia ,536 1,720 1,584 Ukraine Uzbekistan Algeria Central African Rep Congo, DR Gabon Malawi Namibia Niger Somalia South Africa, Rep ,658 1,929 1,773 Zambia Zimbabwe Iran Jordan Australia ,243 2,099 1,952 China, PR India Indonesia Japan Mongolia ,452 1,461 1,460 Pakistan Table continued 71

74 ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 33: Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of Uranium by Year-End 2007 [in kt U] (continued) Country/Region Production in 2007 Cum. Production Reserves Resources EUR Remaining Potential = =4+5 Thailand Vietnam Canada ,273 1,961 1,543 Mexico USA ,952 3,314 2,952 Argentina Brazil ,078 1,220 1,218 Chile Colombia Peru Venezuela WORLD , ,766 15,984 19,902 17,751 Europe CIS ,961 4,628 4,327 Africa ,315 2,916 2,507 Middle East Austral-Asia ,181 4,087 3,929 North America ,240 5,291 4,510 Latin America ,518 1,668 1,663 OPEC OECD , ,933 8,108 6,913 EU Source: NEA (2008) 72

75 ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 34: Uranium Reserves by Year-End 2007: Main Countries (Top Ten) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region t Share Country cumulative 1 Australia 709, % 40.1% 2 Canada 270, % 55.4% 3 Kazakhstan 235, % 68.8% 4 Brazil 139, % 76.7% 5 South Africa, Rep 114, % 83.2% 6 Namibia 56, % 86.3% 7 Uzbekistan 55, % 89.5% 8 Russia 47, % 92.2% 9 Jordan 44, % 94.6% 10 China, PR 31, % 96.4% WORLD 1,766, % Europe 1, % CIS 365, % Africa 192, % Middle East 44, % Austral-Asia 748, % North America 270, % Latin America 144, % OECD 980, % EU-27 1, % Source: NEA (2008) 73

76 ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 35: Uranium Resources in 2007: Main Countries (> 20 kt U) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups [in kt] Country/ Region RAR $/kg U Discovered Undiscovered Share Inferred Prognosticatelative Specu- cumula Total Total Country <130$/kg U tive = = USA ,612 1,340 2, % 18.5% South Africa. Rep ,113 1, % 28.8% Kazakhstan , , % 39.0% Russia , % 48.6% Mongolia ,390 1, % 57.7% Canada , % 65.6% Australia ,243 1,243 1, % 73.4% Brazil , % 80.1% Ukraine % 83.1% Uzbekistan % 85.2% Niger % 87.1% Jordan % 88.8% Namibia % 90.5% Vietnam % 92.1% Columbia % 93.5% Czech Rep. 1 0, % 94.6% Venezuela % 95.6% India % 96.5% Denmark % 97.1% Germany % 97.6% China, PR % 98.1% Peru % 98.3% Zambia % 98.4% Algeria % 98.5% WORLD 3,338 2,131 5,469 8,238 7,746 15, % Europe % CIS ,674 2,358 1,604 3, % Africa ,045 1,202 1,113 2, % Middle East % Austral-Asia ,465 1,527 1,654 3, % North America ,190 2,050 4, % Latin America , % OPEC % OECD 1, ,560 2,373 5, % EU % Source: NEA (2008) 74

77 ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 36: Uranium Mining Production in 2007: Main Countries (Top Ten) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region t Share Country cumulative 1 Canada 9, % 23.0% 2 Australia 8, % 43.8% 3 Kazakhstan 6, % 59.9% 4 Russia 3, % 68.2% 5 Niger 3, % 75.8% 6 Namibia 2, % 82.8% 7 Uzbekistan 2, % 88.4% 8 USA 1, % 92.4% 9 Ukraine % 94.5% 10 China, PR % 96.2% 17 Germany % WORLD 41, % Europe % CIS 13, % Africa 6, % Austral-Asia 9, % North America 11, % Latin America % OECD 20, % EU % Source: RWE NUKEM Data Feature

78 ANNEX TABLES: URANIUM Table 37: Uranium Consumption in 2007: Main Countries (> 5 Mtoe) and Distribution by Regions and Economic Groups Rank Country/ Region Mtoe Share Country cumulative 1 USA % 31.0% 2 France % 47.1% 3 Japan % 57.2% 4 Russia % 63.1% 5 Korea, Rep. (South Korea) % 68.3% 6 Germany % 73.4% 7 Canada % 76.8% 8 Ukraine % 80.2% 9 Sweden % 82.7% 10 China, PR % 85.0% 11 United Kingdom % 87.2% 12 Spain % 89.2% 13 Belgium & Luxemburg % 91.0% 14 Taiwan % 92.5% 15 Switzerland % 93.5% 16 Czech Rep % 93.4% 17 Finland % 94.3% Source: BP (2008) WORLD % Europe % CIS % Africa % Austral-Asia % North America % Latin America % OECD % EU % 76

79 GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Abbreviations and Definitions A API ARA American Petroleum Institute. The main U.S. trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerpen B B, bbl Barrel: (1 bbl = 158,984 l). boe barrel(s) oil equivalent (1 boe = 0,136 toe). BDI Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie: Federal Association of German Industry BP British Petroleum, international energy company with headquarters in London, UK. BTL Biomass to liquid, is a process to produce liquid biofuels from biomass (Fischer-Tropsch process). Btu British thermal unit. 1 Btu equals c J. C cif cost, insurance, freight. Common term in a sales contract that may be encountered in international trading, especially in sea transport. The selling price includes the cost of the goods, the freight or transport costs and the cost of marine insurance. CIS Community of Independent States (former USSR not including Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) Conventional Oil crude oil capable of flowing, has an API value greater than 20 Crude Oil a natural mixture of liquid hydrocarbons CTL Cumulative production coal to liquid is a process to produce liquid fuels from coal (synthesized gas process or Fischer-Tropsch process). amount of fuels produced from start of production up to date D Depletion mid-point the time at which half of the original reserves of the total potential has been produced 77

80 GLOSSARY E EAR EIA EUR EU-15, -25, -27 EUR F fob G Gas hydrate GTL H Hard coal Estimated additional resources Energy Information Agency of the US Department of Energy Estimated Ultimate Recovery: the sum of cumulative production, reserves and resources. see.: Economic groups Estimated Ultimate Recovery: free on board Solids formed under certain pressure and temperature conditions (even above 0 C) from water and methane. Gas To Liquid is a process to produce synthetic fuels from natural gas. anthracite, bituminous coal and hard brown coal; calorific value >6,500 kj/kg. I IEA International Energy Agency (headquarters in Paris), belongs to OECD IR Inferred Resources, identified uranium resources (previously EAR I) with higher uncertainty than RAR L Lignite LNG brown coal; calorific value < 16,500 kj/kg Liquefied Natural Gas: (natural gas that has been liquefied for transport); 1 t of LNG contains about 1400 Nm³ natural gas, 1 m³ of LNG weighs about 0.42 t). O OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (headquarters in Paris). OPEC OPEC-10 OPEC-11 OPEC-13 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (headquarters in Vienna). OPEC-members (status at year-end 2006) without Iraq OPEC-members (status at year-end 2007) without Indonesia and Iraq OPEC-members (status at year-end 2007) without Iraq 78

81 GLOSSARY OPEC Basket P PEV R RAR remaining potential Reserve growth Reserves Resources S SPE T tce toe Price-index of OPEC crude oil: from to mean average for Saharan Blend (Algeria), Minas (Indonesia), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Arab Light (Saudi Arabia), Dubai (UAE), Tia Juana Light (Venezuela) and Isthmus (Mexico); from : Saharan Blend (Algeria), Minas (Indonesia), Iran Heavy (Iran), Basrah Light (Iraq), Kuwait Export (Kuwait), Ess Sider (Liya), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Qatar Marine (Qatar), Arab Light (Saudi Arabia), Murban (UAE) und BCF-17 (Venezuela) from January 2007 additionally Girassol (Angola) form additional Oriente (Ecuador) PrimärEnergieVerbrauch: total primary energy supply (TPES) reasonably assured resources, the lowest cost class of uranium reserves. sum of reserves and resources increase in reserves in an oil or gas field resulting from the use of enhanced production methods and improved knowledge of the deposit. the quantity that can be recovered from a mineral deposit at current prices with current technology. demonstrated quantities that cannot be recovered at current prices with current technology but might be recoverable in the future, as well as quantities that are geologically possible but not demonstrated. Society of Petroleum Engineers tons coal equivalent (~ GJ = 7 Gcal) tons oil equivalent (~1.428 tce). W WPC World Petroleum Congress 79

82 GLOSSARY Definition of Reserves and Resources To avoid misunderstandings, the terms reserves and resources are defined here for all energy resources dealt with in this report. Reserves: are that amount of energy resources, which is known in detail and can be recovered economically using current technology. That means that the level of reserve figures depends on price as well as on technological progress. The dependence of reserves on price is especially noticeable in the case of uranium, the only energy resource for which production cost is a basis for the distinction between reserves and resources. The fluctuations observed for uranium would be seen in the figures for the other nonrenewable fuels if the corresponding data were available. For uranium the term "reasonably assured resources" is used. This includes uranium ore recoverable up to US$40 per kg U, which is considered as reserves in this report. Resources: are that amount of energy resources which are either (i) proved but at present not economically recoverable, or (ii) geologically indicated. In the case of hydrocarbons, only recoverable amounts are considered. For coal this term is used for all resources inplace. Total resources for coal and uranium identical to remaining potential for hydrocarbons: The sum of reserves plus resources. Note that the reserves are not included in the resources. Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR): Comprises the cumulative production, reserves and resources is used mainly for hydrocarbons. 80

83 GLOSSAR Definitions of Reserves and Resources Crude oil Cumulative Reserves Resources Natural gas production technologically and economically minable demonstrated, not minable at present for technological and/or economic reasons not demonstrated, geologically possible remaining potential Total potential, estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) Coal Cumulative production Recoverable reserves* other in situ resources Total resources Uranium Cumulative Reserves Resources production discovered undiscovered RAR <$40/kg U RAR $40 80/kg U IR <$80/kg U RAR + IR >$80/kg U Prognosti cated Resource s Speculative Resources Total resources RAR Reasonably Assured Resources IR Inferred Resources (former EAR I: Estimated Additional Resources I) * under the current conditions of the respective country 81

84 GLOSSAR Country groups (regional) Europe Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroer Islands (to Denmark), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Gibraltar (to UK), Hungary, Ireland, Island, Isle of Man (to UK), Italy, Canal Islands (to UK), Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia (with Kosovo and Vojvodina), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vatican City, Yugoslavia CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States; 12 countries) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgisistan, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Africa Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabinda (to Angola), Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo (Democratic Republic, former Zaire), Congo (Republic), Cote d Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda,, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (Republic), St. Helena (to UK), Sudan, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Western Sahara (Democratic Arabic Republic), Zambia, Zimbabwe, Middle East Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen Austral-Asia Austral -part: Australia, Belau (Palau Islands, to USA), Cook Islands (to New Zealand), Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam (to USA), Kiribati (Gilbert Islands), Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Islands (to Australia), Northern Marianas, Timor-Leste, Palau, Pacific Islands (to USA), Pitcairn Island (to UK), Ryukyu Islands, Samoa (Western Samoa), Samoa (to USA), Solomon Islands, Tokelau Islands (to New Zealand), Tonga, Tuvalu (Ellice Islands), Vanuatu (New Hebrides), Wallis & Futuna (to France), West-Timor (to Indonesia) Asia -part: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, China (Republic; too: Taiwan), China (Peoples Republic), India, Indonesia, Japan, Cambodia, Korea (Democratic Peoples Republic; too North Korea), Korea (Republic; too South Korea), Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New-Caledonia, Pakistan, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, North America Greenland, Canada, Mexico, USA Latin America (Middle- and South America without Mexico) Anguilla (to UK), Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermudas, Bolivia, Brazil, Caiman Islands (to UK), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands (to UK), French Guyana (to France), Grenada, 82

85 GLOSSAR Guadeloupe (to France), Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique (to France), Montserrat (to UK), Netherlands Antilles (to Netherlands), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico (to USA), St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago, Turks & Caicos Islands (to UK), Uruguay, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (to UK), Virgin Islands (to USA) Economic Groups European Union (EU-15) Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Greece, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Sweden, Spain European Union (EU-25) European Union (from ): EU-15 plus new members: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Cyprus European Union (EU-27) European Union (from ): EU-25 plus new members: Bulgaria and Romania OECD (founded. 1949; 30 countries) Australia (1971), Austria (1996), Belgium (1949), Canada (1960), Czech Republic (1995), Denmark (1949), Finland (1969), France (1964), Germany (1949), Greece (1964), Hungary (1996), Ireland (1964), Island (1964), Italy (1964), Japan (1964), Luxemburg (1964), Mexico (1994), New Zealand (1973), Netherlands (1996), Norway (1996), Poland (1996), Portugal (1959), Slovakia (2000), Spain (1959), South Korea (1996), Sweden (1959), Switzerland (1959), Turkey (1996), United Kingdom (1964), USA (1960) OPEC (per ) Algeria, Angola (from January 2007), Ecuador (to and from ), Gabon (to ), Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela Natural Gas Markets European gas market Europe, CIS, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara (Democratic Arabic Republic) Asian gas market Austral-Asia, Middle East North American gas market North America Latin American gas market Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay 83

86 GLOSSAR Measures J Joule 1 J = 1Ws (Wattsecond) GJ Gigajoule 1GJ = 10 9 J = 278 kwh = 0,0341 tce TJ Terajoule 1 TJ = J = kwh = 34,1 tce PJ Petajoule 1 PJ = J = kwh = 34, tce EJ Exajoule 1 EJ = J = kwh = 34, tce m³ 1 cubic meter = 1000 Litre M.m³ 1 Mega cubic meter = 10 6 m³ G.m³ 1 Giga cubic meter = 10 9 m³ T.m³ 1 Tera cubic meter = m³ lb 1 pound 1 lb = 373,242 g t 1 ton = 1000 kg kt 1 Kiloton = 1000 t Mt 1 Megaton = 10 6 t Gt 1 Gigaton = 10 9 t Tt 1 Teraton = t 84