Funded by. EU GCC CLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: Contact us:

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1 EU GCC CLEAN ENERGY NETWORK II Join us: Contact us:

2 The sun as energy source

3 The sun as energy source

4 The sun as energy source The solar components Radiation can be transmitted, absorbed, or scattered by the atmosphere Three fundamental components of solar radiation: global, direct, and diffuse solar radiation. In CSP only direct radiation is used DNI: Direct Normal Irradiation

5 The sun as energy source Advantages Abundant and renewable Geographically distributed High exergy content Disadvantages Intermittent Variable Relatively low surface density

6 CSP Technology: the basics ü Steam ü Power CSP system Turbine and generator Electric grid

7 CSP Technology: the basics

8 CSP Technology: the basics Solar to thermal Solar to work Thermal to work

9 CSP Technology: the basics Why concentration? Efficiency (%) Thermal to work Solar to thermal Solar to work Operating temperature (K) Thermal losses of the receiver depend mainly on two parameters: Area & Temperature Thermodynamic cycle efficiency depends mainly on Temperature If I want to increase the temperature in order to increase the thermodynamic cycle efficiency The only way to keep the same thermal losses is to reduce the area That means concentration!

10 CSP Technology: the basics Why concentration? Relationship between: Temperature, Efficiency and Concentration.

11 CSP Technology options Linear Focus 2D (max. C ~ 100) Absorber tube and secondary concentrator Flat or slightly curved reflector Parabolic Trough Linear Fresnel

12 CSP Technology: options Point Focus 3D (max. C ~ 10000) Central Receiver (Tower) Parabolic Dish / Engine (Stirling)

13 CSP Technology options Summary Central Receiver (C~ ) Dish Stirling (C~ ) Parabolic Trough (C ~50)

14 CSP Technology options Parabolic Trough Absorber tube and secondary concentrator Linear Fresnel Flat or slightly curved reflector Central Receiver (Tower) Parabolic Dish (Stirling)

15 Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Steel Structure Parabolic shaped reflector Absorber Tube Pylons Foundations

16 Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Collector Size o Width: 5 to 5,76 m, o Length: 100 or 150 m Loop o 600 or 800 m, o 4 x 150 m or 8 x 100 m

17 Parabolic Trough Absorber tube

18 Parabolic Trough Absorber tube Glass pin to evacuate the air Vacuum between the glass cover and the steel pipe Glass-to-Metal welding Steel pipe with selective coating 'Getter' to keep and maintain the vacuum Expansion bellows Glass cover

19 Parabolic Trough Power conversion system Solar Field

20 Parabolic Trough Plant schemes: Without storage 104 bar/371 ºC steam 390 ºC oil Steam turbine Solar collectors Oil Circuit. Steam generator Condenser G 295 ºC oil Auxiliar heater Deaerator Reheater Oil expansion vessel 17 bar/371 ºC steam Preheater

21 Parabolic Trough Plant schemes: With (indirect) thermal storage Superheated steam Steam turbine Solar Field Molten salts (hot tank) Condenser Steam generator. Deaerator G Molten salts (cold tank) Reheater Oil expansion vessel Reheated steam Preheater

22 Parabolic Trough Plant schemes: ISCC (Integrated Solar Combined Cycle) 395 C Stack Exhaust 100 C Steam 540 C, 100bar Storage Solar HX HRSG Steam turbine 94 MW G ~ Cooling Tower Air and vapour 295 C Condenser Air Air Parabolic Trough field Gas turbine 124 MW G ~ Electricity to the grid

23 CSP Technology options Parabolic Trough Absorber tube and secondary concentrator Linear Fresnel Flat or slightly curved reflector Central Receiver (Tower) Parabolic Dish (Stirling)

24 Linear Fresnel Absorber tube Rectangular flat reflectors

25 Linear Fresnel Solar Collector 2.25 m 3 m 1.1 m 10 m 77.5 m 13 m 31 m Red line shows one LFR module (1733 m2)

26 Linear Fresnel Receiver Secondary concentrator Evacuated Absorber tube

27 Linear Fresnel Solar field Minimizes terrain usage Maximizes production Land occupation factor 71 % (PT < 30%)

28 Linear Fresnel Plant Schemes: Direct Steam Generation (DSG)

29 CSP Technology options Parabolic Trough Absorber tube and secondary concentrator Linear Fresnel Flat or slightly curved reflector Central Receiver (Tower) Parabolic Dish (Stirling)

30 Central Receiver (Tower) Receiver Tower Heliostats field Power Conversion System

31 Central Receiver (Tower)

32 Central Receiver (Tower) Heliostat

33 Central Receiver (Tower) Heliostat developments CESA 40m 2 Bright Source 15m 2 EASY 3-7 m 2 SANLUCAR 120 m 2 ATS150 m 2

34 Central Receiver (Tower) Solar Field

35 Central Receiver (Tower) Receiver Geometry External Cavity Volumetric

36 Central Receiver (Tower) Heat Transfer Fluid Water/Steam Saturated Superheated

37 Central Receiver (Tower) Heat Transfer Fluid Molten Salts

38 Central Receiver (Tower) Heat Transfer Fluid Air

39 CSP Technology options Parabolic Trough Absorber tube and secondary concentrator Linear Fresnel Flat or slightly curved reflector Central Receiver (Tower) Parabolic Dish (Stirling)

40 Parabolic Dish (Stirling) Parabolic concentrator Receiver Engine (Stirling)

41 Parabolic Dish (Stirling) Engine (Stirling engine) Theoretical efficiency = Carnot Efficiency Real efficiencies 40%.

42 Parabolic Dish (Stirling) Developments Boeing Infinia SAIC/STM DISTAL EURODISH SBP/Solo

43 Conclusions Concentrating solar thermal technologies are not NEW Prove of concept in the 80 s (demonstration and commercial) Large number of commercial experiences since the last 10 years Four main technologies already available, several technological options. They have a huge potential. What is the Challenge? The challenge is to produce electricity from Concentrating Thermal Solar Technologies at a competitive cost.