1.) What is Ecology? Living world is like a household with an economy every organism plays a role

Transcription

1 Living Environment

2 1.) What is Ecology? Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings Word was coined in 1866 by a German biologist Ernst Haeckel Based on the word economy Living world is like a household with an economy every organism plays a role

3 Factors in Ecology Abiotic Factors: NON-LIVING, were never alive! Ex.) light, soil, temperature, ph, water How do they influence living things? Biotic Factors: LIVING organisms Ex.) Humans, plants, dogs, etc. How do they interact and influence one another?

4 List all the abiotic and biotic factors!

5 Terms to Know! Habitat: Where an organism lives Niche: The role and position the species has in the environment (who, what, when, where)

6 What s your habitat? What niche do you fill?

7 Organization Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Organism

8 Biosphere Contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists This includes land, water, and air (or the atmosphere) Extends from about 8 km above Earth s surface to as far as 11 km below the surface of the ocean

9 Biome A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities

10 Ecosystem A collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment

11 Community Different populations that live together in a defined area

12 Population A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

13 Species A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

14 Organism An individual organism

15 2.) Energy Flow Every organism needs energy to power its life processes What do you need energy for on a daily basis? THINK!

16 Main Source of Energy The SUN! Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth Of all the sun s energy that reaches Earth s surface, only 1% is used by living things

17 Exceptions! Some organisms don t use the sun for energy Instead they obtain energy from inorganic chemical compounds Ex.) Mineral water that flows underground or boils out of hot springs and undersea vents is loaded with chemical energy

18 Autotrophs Organisms that use energy from the environment to fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds to complex organic molecules Capture energy from the sun or chemicals and use that energy to produce food Ex.) plants, some algae, and certain bacteria

19 Producers Organisms that make their own food Also known as autotrophs!

20 Photosynthesis The process in which autotrophs/producers harness energy from the sun Light is used to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

21 Equation Gives us oxygen so that we can breathe!

22 Chemosynthesis The process by which organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates Ex.) Bacteria that in live: Volcanic vents in the deep ocean Hot springs in Yellowstone Park Tidal marshes along the coast

23 Consumers Organisms that cannot produce their own energy cannot harvest energy from the sun Must rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply Also referred to as heterotrophs

24 There are many different types of heterotrophs: 1. Herbivores 2. Carnivores 3. Omnivores 4. Detritivores 5. Decomposers

25 Herbivores Organisms that obtain energy by eating only plants Ex.) Cows, caterpillars, deer

26 Carnivores Organisms that eat other animals Ex.) Snakes, dogs, owls

27 Omnivores Organisms that eat both plants and animals Ex.) Humans, bears, crows

28 Detritivores Organisms that feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter Called detritus Ex.) Mites, earthworms, snails, and crabs

29 Decomposers Organisms that break down organic matter Ex.) Bacteria, fungi

30 3.) Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers)

31 Food Chain A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Always starts with a producer (autotroph)

32 Food Web Links all the food chains in an ecosystem together Consists of many food chains and can be very complex

33 Trophic Level Each step in a food chain or food web Producers make up the first level Consumers make up the second, third, or higher levels Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy

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35 Ecological Pyramid A diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web Initial energy source is the sun (autotroph is 1 st level) Three different types: Energy pyramid Biomass pyramid Pyramids of numbers

36 Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level Rest of energy is lost as heat Decreases at each level by 90%

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38 Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid Biomass: the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

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40 Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level Based on population size at each trophic level. Populations decrease at each successive trophic level but inversion possible.

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42 Symbiosis Interactions between two different organisms living in close physical association AKA living together and interacting

43 Types of Symbiotic Relationships 1. Mutualism (+/+): Both organisms benefit. 2. Commensalism (+/0): One organism benefits while the other is not affected. 3. Parasitism: (+/-): One organism benefits while the other is harmed.

44 Mutualism

45 Commensalism Cattle egret and cow Remora Fish and Shark Burdock & Animals

46 Parasitism

47 TO DO: Guided Notes Quiz Pyramid WS Oh Deer Lab Cycles lab