BLACK SEA AQUACULTURE IN BULGARIA

Transcription

1 BLACK SEA AQUACULTURE IN BULGARIA Violin Raykov*, Tsenka Konsulova*, Ivelina Bekchieva**,Konstantin Petrov** * Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Varna,IO BULGARIA vraykov@io-bas.bg * *NAFA, Hristo Botev Blvd 17, Sofia 1000 konsulova@io-bas.bg Training Workshop on site selection, allocated zones for aquaculture and site management for coastal marine aquaculture (WGSC-SHoCMed) Central Fisheries Research Institute, Trabzon, Turkey February 2013

2 National strategy, policy, planning, priorities: National Strategic Plan for Fisheries and Aquaculture The National Program of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development (the national strategic document for fisheries and aquaculture sector) supports and guarantees the fulfilment of the priorities and measures of the National Strategic Plan for Fisheries and Aquaculture (NSPFA) and the Operational Program for Fisheries and Aquaculture (OPFA) during the period , as they are determined in the Regulation of the Council of the European Union 1198/2006 and in the Regulation of the European Commission 498/2007, related to European Fisheries Fund (EFF). These strategic documents ensure the sustainable development of the fisheries sector in Bulgaria;

3 FAA,2001,Chapter IV(Aquacultures,St.Gazzete,94/2005, in force from 01/01/2006); National law for waters Bulgarian national programme for collection, management and use of fisheries data (2008); Environmental protection act /last amendment /; On the rules for ecological assessments of plans and programmes ( on/naredbi/naredba_za_usloviqta_i_reda_za_izvyrsvan e_na_ekologicna_ocenka_na_planove_i_programi_zagl_iz m_dv_br_.pdf) Water Act ( Acts_in_English/Water_Act.pdf /last amendment / Ordinance N 1 for water monitoring /repealing Order N 5 for monitoring of water/ ( on/naredbi/vodi/n1_monitvodi.pdf Ordinance N 2 for protection of water from pollution from agricultural sources /repealing Order N 2 for protection of water from pollution from agricultural sources since 16/10/2000 / on/naredbi/vodi/n2_nitrati.pdf13/09/2007 Ordinance 8, Quality of Marine Coastal Waters Ministry of Environment and Waters, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Regional Development ( on/naredbi/vodi/n8_kraibrvodi.pdf02/02/2001 Ministerial ordinance N 321 for establishment of priority and priority dangerous substances in water area 05/06/2007

4 Introduction The major disadvantage of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal area in relation to mussel cultivation is the absence of sheltered from winds and waves regions. Therefore, initially two types of installations bearing collectors were designed and their resistance to wind and wave action tested buoyant storm-proof star type installation (Konsulov, 1980) and underwater installation (Klissurov and Krastev, 1976). During the phase of experimental and semi-commercial cultivation major biological and biotechnological parameters of cultivation on the basis of experimental studies and semicommercial farms were derived. The review of mussel culture development along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast (coastline 378 km) distinguishes two phases: Experimental and semi-commercial cultivation ( ). Commercial cultivation by private firms ( ).

5 Historical review - experimental and semi-commercial cultivation ( ). In 1984 the complete normative documentation was created. Mussel farm near Cape Kaliakra Mussel farm near Sozopol

6 T Co / % Meat yield Lam. veliger - log N 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF CULTIVATED MUSSELS I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Months 0, IV stage I -II stage III stage I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Months Frequency distribution of gonad maturation stages of cultured mussels during the year: 0-IV resorbing - resting stages; I-II gonad s developing stages; III maturity (according to Baird, 1966; Renzoni, 1973). L.veliger To C % Mussel's meat yield Annual variations of sea water temperature (ToC), Lamellibranchia veliger quantity (ind/m3- N) and mussels meat yield in the Kaliakra region. Development Stage III - maturity of fertilized egg to ciliated trochophore and 0-IV larvae resting stage. stage

7 W ( g ) W ( g ) L ( mm ) W ( g ) g g Advantages of cultivated mussels 1/ Increased rate of growth Seasonal dynamic of mean ind. meat weight (g) per size groups of cultured (A) and naturally grown mussels (B) W Sp S 7 seasons W Sp S seasons A A size groups size gr A B 2/ Increased index of condition 3/ Lack of pearls 4/ Out of danger referring Rapana predatory press, lethal hypoxia, silting 5/ Regular supervision by sanitary and hygiene control. 6/ Not endangered human health because of lack of toxic phytoplankton species V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 0 I II III IV V L(mm) VI VII Months VIII IX X W(g) XI XII A I II III IV Growth rate of cultivated mussels: A - spring generation and B - autumn generation X XIXII I IIIII IV VVI VII L (mm) Months VIII IXX XI XII I II IIIIV V VIVII W (g) B VIII IXX

8 Biotechnical operations and mean parameters of cultivated mussels spring generation Biotechnological operations Suspending empty ropes for spat collection Months March - April Total weight kg/lin. m Weight of commercial production kg/lin. m June July % share of comm. production from total weight % share of meat content August September Thinning out and transplanting the mussels into the net bags October November December Realisation January of February the March production April May Total allowable June weight July August

9 The results obtained have determined the basis of mussel culture technology and were used for development of official standards certified by the national authorities. In 1984 a complete set of standards regulating mussel culture activities was endorsed by the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Environment. All sanitary and hygiene requirements for clean water and production were approved and certified. However, due to lack of market economy and ban of private commercial initiative the social and economic dimensions of this sustainable practice were very limited: the total commercial production during that period did not exceed t.

10 Present state of mussel culture practices in Bulgaria Black mussel (Mitilus galloprovincialis) tons(2011) Domestic market Private companies showed an increasing interest in mussel cultivation during the last years using the long lines type systems.

11 Permissions issued by: 1/ Ministry of Transport and Communication; 2/ Maritime Administration; 3/ Navy Headquarter; 4/ Black Sea Basin Directorate. License request to MOEW: 1/Personal data; 2/Activity description; 3/ Farm location; 4/ Area required; 5/ Map of the region; 6/ Scheme of the construction. Adopted by the Law of the Waters procedure for mussel cultivation license issuing. License is issued by the MOEW in three months period about 100 US$ tax.

12 Present state of mussel culture practices in Bulgaria Realized area 18% Area under preparation 82% According to the Law of the Waters (art. 14, p. 1) the territorial Black sea waters are exclusive state property. In accordance with the Order of the Director of the Black Sea Basin Directorate ( 136/ ) there are defined coastal water regions, which ensure appropriate living and reproduction conditions of the mollusks, with the total covered area of km2, which takes 45% from the total coastal area ( m2)

13 According to the Law of the Waters (art. 14, p. 1) the territorial Black sea waters are exclusive state property. In accordance with the Order of the Director of the Black Sea Basin Directorate ( 136/ ) there are defined coastal water regions, which ensure appropriate living and reproduction conditions of the mollusks, with the total covered area of km2, which takes 45% from the total coastal area ( m2)

14 Currently, the leading licensed private companies in mussel culture is Dalboka, Ltd. established in activities in the region Kavarna - Balgarevo coast, near c. Kaliakra. along the northern Black Sea and Black Sea Shells Ltd. (in front of Balchik). Three types of mussel culture installations are utilized: submersed type (160 m2 area - 50 t yield per year), long lines type and a constant surface installation set up on the basis of funding from the SAPARD Programme in 2003 (780 m2 80 t. yield per year)

15 ECOLOGICAL EFFECT OF MUSSEL CULTIVATION Recent investigations on 4 different benthic community types are carried out in August, 2003 in the region of mussel farm Dalboka : C collectors with cultivated mussels; UF under farm site benthic community; OF1 - out farm site benthic community (at 100 m distance from the farm); OF5 - out farm site benthic community (at 500 m. distance from the farm).

16 ECOLOGICAL EFFECT OF MUSSEL CULTIVATION Collectors - C Under farm site community - UF Out farm site communities - OF

17 Species number ECOLOGICAL EFFECT OF MUSSEL CULTIVATION According to the dendrogram of Bray Curtis similarity (calculated on log + 1 transformed abundance) the different community types are grouped together in 4 groups due to the different characteristic features of the communities C UF OF1 OF5 Sites The total number of species is highest in the OF1 site community, due not only to the highest number of Polychaeta species (typical for this silt zoocenosis) but also to the increased number of Molluscs including M. galloprovincialis, C. edule, R. venosa. Polychaeta Crustacea Mollusca Varia

18 H Community diversity and dominance Index of community dominance C UF OF1 OF5 Sites H ICD The community diversity index H (Shannon-Weaver) is higher in UF and OF1 sites (2.03 and 2.11 respectively), where the community dominance (ICD) is the lowest (0.18 and 0.12 respectively).

19 Community abundance OF5 Polychaeta Crustacea Mollusca Oligochaeta Varia C / N* OF1 UF The total abundance is highest in collectors due to the attached M. galloprovincialis specimens ( ind/m2- calculated to sq. m from linear meter for comparative analysis). Trends of increased Crustacean species abundance in UF community (70.1 % from the total abundance) and decreased domination of Polychaeta and Oligochaeta in OF1 in comparison with OF5 communities are outlined. The availability of 2574 ind/m2 fish larvae on the collectors demonstrates that the zone is playing role as a spawning and nursery fish area.

20 % Community abundance % 36.23% 70.1% 71.38% C UF OF1 OF5 Sites Polychaeta Crustacea Mollusca Oligochaeta Varia Percentage share of the main zoobentos groups in the total abundance.

21 Platichthys flesus, European flounder - Some experiments in 80s; - Some experiments of IFR on the marine aquaculture of O.mykiss

22 Main challenges national and possible solutions Development of aquaculture will lead to the development of the organic aquaculture sector as well. Both pond farming and net-cages farming have many options for development; Aquaculture production in the country could reach tons and even more in the next 10 years. This will depend on how aquacultures will be supported by the state and on the investors interest for developing this sector. The increase in the aquaculture production will result in a decrease of commercial fishing over the natural fish populations of the Black Sea and the Danube River and it will give opportunities for natural resources rehabilitation.

23 Besides having good quality of water supply for aquaculture it is also necessary to improve water monitoring and control systems: state authorities monitoring and control in accordance with the legislation and self-control by introducing HACCP and Good Production Practices into all production sites. In order to achieve diversification in aquaculture production, it is necessary to apply the new technological and technical achievements (for example closed re-circulation systems) and to introduce some new species for production. A major priority for the country is the disease prevention measures and they are under the control of the National Veterinary Service and the Central Research Veterinary Institute within its structure. The system established is operating well and fish producers are cooperating with the state authorities.

24 Building of new capacities for breeding of fish and other aquatic organisms Improvement of production infrastructure Improvement of competitiveness of fish producers on international markets Extension of qualifications and improving of technical skills of employees in the sector Enhancement of fish production effectiveness and profitability via introducing of new technologies, new fish species Increased interest of investors in aquaculture production Potential for diversification of aquaculture production with market value and demanded on international market delicacy fish species and fish products (sturgeon, eel, crayfish, turbot, mussels etc.)

25 Better financial support of producers for aligning with EU standards (national and European funds); Improving of fish processing facilities and capacities will be in direct link to the development and increasing of domestic aquaculture production and with the improvement of market demand and consumers requirements for quality and diversity of fish and fish products Permanent closure of small scale aquaculture producers and loss of skills and productive capacity The development of the state policy in fisheries and aquaculture sector is in the beginning Lack of adequate state measures and compensations in case of natural disasters and high losses of production, especially losses of brood stock and fish-fingerlings Conflicts on water resources exploitation between general and common use (water supply, electricity etc.) and complex plus specific use for development

26 Conclusions and recommendations Mussel culture appears as a promising emerging industry in Bulgaria with both socio-economic and ecological implications. The mussel farms zones also playing role as a spawning and nursery fish areas. A new benthic community is formed under farms for cultivated mussels which is characterized with the highest percentage share of Crustaceans, known as the main victims of hypoxia. In the near farms zone improved stability of the benthic zoocoenoses is established. Being profitable and environmentally friendly at the same time, mussel farming proves to be a commercial activity compliant with the concept of sustainable development.

27 Conclusions and recommendations In the National strategy for development of mariculture in Bulgaria which is presently under preparation by the National Agency of Fishing and Aquaculture there will be proposed recommendations for approval on a governmental level of preferences in the legislation, concerning farmers who wish to deal with mussel cultivation as an alternative of the devastating to life on the sea floor bottom trawling. These preferences should include granting of credits for development of the ecologically friendly commercial activity "mussel cultivation" whereupon these credits should have lower percent of interest and almost two-year grace period for extinguishment, as well as a proposal for settlement of the issue concerning the farm insurance against natural disasters. Regular monitoring for ecological effect assessment as a result of mussel cultivation along the Bulgarian Black sea coast is recommended.

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30 1/ Ts. Konsulova, Biological bases of mussel M. galloprovincialis cultivation along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. PhD Thesis, Institute of Fisheries, Varna, Bulgaria, 173 p. 2/ Konsulova Ts., V. Todorova, V. Nikolov, Evolution of mussel cultivation along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast: case study, Proc. The First Biannual Scientific Conference: Black Sea Ecosystem 2005 and Beyond, Vol. II, Human impact: pp (CD)