Solar Resource Mapping Republic of Maldives

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1 Solar Resource Mapping Republic of Maldives Supporting Strategic Planning and Commercial Development by Investing in Global Public Goods Ministry of Environment

2 Project Scope and Methods Preliminary modelling and planning of Phase 2: Project inception and stakeholder engagement; preparation of initial solar resource and meteorological data calculated by satellite-based and meteorological models; preliminary validation using ground-based data available in a wider region; preparation of Phase 2. Ground-based data collection for two years: Implementation of a groundbased measurement campaign using high quality instruments, with regular data transmission and reporting, for the purpose of validating and improving the initial solar models and for generating reliable high-resolution solar and meteorological data for any site in the Maldives. Production of validated solar resource atlas: Preparation of validated solar resource data and maps. The report Solar Atlas of Maldives describes the methodology and the findings of the project. Project Timeline Phase 1 / 2015 Interim resource assessment based on satellite-data analysis and global datasets Phase 2 / Solar measurement campaign to validate and improve interim resource assessment Phase 3 / 2018 Publication of validated resource atlas and accompanying datasets Our team during the installation campaign Pyranometer Hukseflux SR20 Fully equipped station Knowledge exchange Example of the quality control of the measured data (Hanimadhoo, DNI, RSP, Jan 2016 Dec 2017) passed physical limit low visual check partial sun below horizon Solargis data vs ground measurements GIS data layers Cross-comparison of the modeled and ground-measured data: 1-minute and 30-minute aggregations (Hulhule, 24 months) Visualisation of DNI data in Google Earth software

3 Global Horizontal Irradiation Global horizontal irradiation (GHI) represents a total amount of shortwave radiation received by a horizontal surface. It is considered as a solar resource reference and enables comparing individual sites or regions. It is the most important parameter for energy yield calculation and performance assessment of flat-plate photovoltaic (PV) technologies. 1 Map of GHI long-term average (period ) Daily totals kwh/m² Yearly totals Overview of GHI at four solar meteorological stations Comparison of long-term average of daily totals: original and regionally-adapted values Solar meteorological station Original 5.58 Adapted 5.51 Difference [%] Long-term monthly averages, minima and maxima Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Long-term average of GHI daily totals 3 Interannual variability Year Average daily totals of GHI 20 km 4

4 Direct Normal Irradiation Direct normal irradiation (DNI) is the amount of solar radiation from the direction of the sun. It is the most important parameter for energy yield calculation and performance assessment of concentrating solar power and concentrating solar photovoltaic technologies. DNI is also important for the calculation of global irradiation received by tilted or sun-tracking photovoltaic modules. 1 Map of DNI long-term average (period ) Daily totals kwh/m² Yearly totals Overview of DNI at four solar meteorological stations Comparison of long-term average of daily totals: original and regionally-adapted values Solar meteorological station Original 4.22 Adapted 3.96 Difference [%] Long-term monthly averages, minima and maxima Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Long-term average of DNI daily totals 3 Interannual variability Year Average daily totals of DNI 20 km 4

5 Results The data measured at four solar meteorological stations contributed substantially to understanding of solar resource availability and variability in Maldives. The measurements also helped to improve accuracy of the solar model in the region. Now, the model can produce more accurate solar and meteorological data for any location. The overall uncertainty of yearly values for the most of territory of Maldives has been reduced from the original ±6% to ±3.5% for global horizontal irradiation (GHI), and from ±12% to ±6% for direct normal irradiation (DNI), respectively. Complete set of measurements is publicly available for download. For each site, collocated with the solar merteorological stations, a set of historical time series representing a period of 1999 to 2017 is calculated by the accuracy-enhanced models. The model data outputs include also TMY for P50 and P90 probabilities of exceedance. The procedures and results are documented in the consultancy reports, and have been supported by workshops. Long-term annual estimates Acronym Uncertainty of the Solargis model Original After regional adaptation Theoretically best-achievable Global Horizontal Irradiation GHI ±6.0% ±3.5% ±2.5% Direct Normal Irradiation DNI ±12.0% ±6.0% ±3.5% Technical reports, online data access and more information esmap.org/re_mapping_maldives globalsolaratlas.info/downloads/maldives energydata.info 2 Malé, the capital of Maldives, with the position of solar meteorological station The Republic of Maldives has no conventional resources of energy. Providing electricity to the dispersed islands is overwhelmingly dependent on imported diesel fuel. Supporting the development of renewable energy (RE) contributes to longer term goals including the World Bank s twin corporate goals of (i) eliminating extreme poverty by 2030 and (ii) boosting shared prosperity. The Government of Maldives is aware of environmental degradation as a result of the heavy dependence on diesel fuel and global warming. The improved quality of available information on RE resources in the Maldives by developing solar resource maps and models as one of the priority renewables will (i) provide a detailed assessment and geospatial planning framework for RE resources in the Maldives, (ii) increase the awareness and knowledge of the Government and other energy sector players on RE potential, and (iii) encourage new public and private sector investments in RE projects. Map data sources: Solar resource database 2018 Solargis Topo data provided by Government of Maldives, 2015 Solargis database version: 2.1 Map issue date: Copyright 2018 Solargis. Disclaimer: Considering the nature of climate fluctuations, interannual and long-term changes, as well as the uncertainty of measurements and applied methods, Solargis does not take any responsibility whatsoever, and does not give any warranty on the accuracy of the data that were used to produce this map. Solargis has done its utmost to assess climate conditions based on the best available data, software, and knowledge. It is recommended that this map be used as a guideline rather than an instrument for building the solar power systems. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

6 About Solar Resource Mapping This leaflet presents results from the World Bank s Solar Resource Mapping project in Maldives. The project is funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), under a global initiative in support of renewable energy resource assessment and mapping, together with the Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), both administered by the World Bank and supported by bilateral donors. The Solar Resource Mapping project in Maldives has been developed in a close coordination with the Ministry of Environment (previously Ministry of Environment and Energy) of Maldives, the World Bank s primary country counterpart for this project. Under the project, a solar and meteorological measurement campaign was carried out on four meteorological sites for a period of two years with the aim of reducing the uncertainty and improving the accuracy of solar resource models in the Maldives. The results are presented in the country-wide regionally adapted satellite-based solar model. The data and maps with improved accuracy can be used for knowledge-based decision making for solar energy investments in Maldives. The results will also be uploaded into the Global Solar Atlas. Project results can be consulted also on globalsolaratlas.info and energydata.info websites World Bank Group The World Bank Group is one of the world s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries. Its five institutions share a commitment to reducing poverty, increasing shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development. ESMAP ESMAP is a partnership between the World Bank Group and its 18 partners to help low and middle income countries reduce poverty and boost growth, through environmentally sustainable energy solutions. Solargis Solargis is an international consultancy and technology company in the field of solar resource and photovoltaic energy assessment. The company has been leading the execution of Solar Resource Mapping project in Maldives, in cooperation with the subcontractor Suntrace and the local partner Renewable Energy Maldives, who were responsible for solar measurement campaign. MAIN CONTRACTOR Solargis s.r.o. Mytna 48, Bratislava Slovakia company@solargis.com SUBCONTRACTOR Suntrace GmbH Grosse Elbstrasse 145c Hamburg Germany LOCAL PARTNER Renewable Energy Maldives Pvt. Ltd. REM Showroom, G. Fus Hadheebee Magu Male Republic of Maldives