Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1027:49(3): AL-Taay & et al.

Transcription

1 IMPACT OF BAZIAN CEMENT FACTORY ON AIR, WATER, SOIL, AND SOME GREEN PLANTS IN SULAIMANI CITY-IRAQ M. S. A. AL-Ty * A. H. A. Al-Assie ** R. O.Rsheed *** Resercher Prof. Assist.Prof. Coll. of Sci., Univ. of Tikrit Coll. of Sci., Univ. of Tikrit Coll. of Sci. Univ. of Sulimni muqddlte@yhoo.com ABSTRACT This study ws crried out to ssess impcts of industril ctivities on environmentl qulity in Bzin cement fctory, Sulimni. Environmentl impct of fctory ws crried out from Septemer 2015 to August 2016 t studied re locted t north west of city with coordintes of 35º36'242"- 045º04'470".Pollutnt prticles cn hve s consequence reduction of iodiversity nd qulity of wter, soil nd whole ecosystems. Especilly, cement dust cn e emitted t every stge of cement production which ffects on photosynthetic process, lef stomt, discolortion, enzymtic mlfunction, growth reduction nd productivity of plnts. In this study, wter, soil, ir nd three plnts (Pltycldus orientlis, Euclyptus spp. nd Meli zedrch) smples were collected. Ten wter sources including 6 wells, 3 tnks nd control in nd round fctory were selected in order to evlute some physicochemicl chrcteristics of wter. Concentrtions of some hevy metls including cdmium, chromium, led, copper, nickel, iron nd zinc were determined to evlute pollution sttus. Soil smples include twelve different sites nine of them re cement dust exposed with three control sites. Sme work for them hd done. Hevy metl nlysis nd chlorophyll content for plnts lso determined. Air gses results hd tken online from computer fixed on min stck monthly. Also dust from min stck hd collected nd nlyzed for physicochemicl prmeters nd hevy metls. Results showed tht were within norml stndrds. Keywords:Cement ; impcts; hevy metls; plnts; physicochemicl prmeters. الطائي وآخرون مجلة العلوم الزراعية العراقية )4( تأثير مصنع اسمنت بازيان عمى اليواء والماء والتربة وبعض النباتات الخض ارء في مدينة السميمانية-الع ارق المستخمص مقداد شياب أحمد الطائي باحث كمية العموم,جامعة تكريت عقيل حسين عمي العاصي أستاذ كمية العموم, جامعة تكريت muqddlte@yhoo.com ري ازن عمر رشيد أستاذ مساعد كمية العموم, جامعة السميمانية أجريت ىذه الد ارسة لتقييم تأثي ارت األنشطة الصناعية عمى جودة البيئة في مصنع بازيان لألسمنت, السميمانية. تمت الد ارسة اسمنت بازيان من أيمول آب إلى في المنطقة التي تقع شمال غرب السميمانية باحداثيات لمصنع 35º36'242" يمكن أن تؤدي المموثات إلى تخفيض التنوع البيولوجي ونوعية المياه والتربة والنظم البيئية بأكمميا. وبصفة خاصة,.045º04'470" اخذت يمكن أن ينبعث غبار اإلسمنت في كل مرحمة من م ارحل إنتاج األسمنت مما تؤثر في عممية التمثيل الضوئي, وانتفاخ األو ارق, وتمونيا, والعجز األنزيمي, والحد من النمو وانتاجية النباتات. في ىذه الد ارسة تم جمع عينات المياه والتربة واليواء وثالثة نباتات )بالتيكالدوس أورينتاليس, ويوكاليبتوس, ميميا أزيدا ارش(. تم اختيار عشرة مصادر مياه منيا 2 بئر و 3 خ ازنات وعينة سيطرة في المصنع وحولو لتقييم بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية لممياه. تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيمة الكادميوم والكروم والرصاص والنحاس والنيكل والزنك تم تقديرىا لتقييم حالة التموث. شممت عينات التربة اثني عشر موقعا مختمفا تسعة منيا تحت تاثيرغبار االسمنت مع ثالثة مواقع مقارنة. وقد تم تحديد ذات الطرق المستخدمةفي قياس نسب العناصر لعينات المياه. كما تم تحديد العناصر الثقيمة ومحتوى الكموروفيل لمنباتات. وقد نتائج الغا ازت الجوية من االنترنت من الكمبيوتر المثبت عمى المدخنة الرئيسية لتحديد المعايير الفيزيائية والكيميائية والعناصر الثقيمة. وأظيرت أغمب النتائج أنو في حدود المعايير العالمية. الكممات المفتاحية: مصنع األسمنت. التأثي ارت البيئية معادن ثقيمة النباتات. المعممات الفيزيائية. شيريا. كما تم جمع وتحميل الغبار من المدخنة *Received:23/7/2017, Accepted:24/12/

2 INTRODUCTION Different industril ctivities re degrding vrious environmentl components like wter, ir, soil nd plnt vegettion. Environmentl pollution s result of cement industry could e defined s dverse impct induced for wter, ir nd soil through vrious ctivities, eginning from mining ctivity of rw mteril up to its crushing, grinding, nd other processes developing in cement plnt. Cement industry is one of 17 most polluting industries listed y Centrl Pollution Control Bord (CPCB) (27). Wter is sic need for survivl of ny living eings, plnts nd nimls. Estlishment nd opertion of ny industry ffects wter resources of re. Ground wter is generlly considered clener thn surfce wter, on which mjority of popultion depend (11). Both ground nd surfce wter chemistry re controlled y composition of its rechrge components, geologicl nd hydrologicl vritions within quifers (44). Polluted Improved knowledge is required for understnding nd evluting suitility of groundwter for different purposes. Groundwter qulity comprises physicl, chemicl nd iologicl qulities of groundwter (35). Temperture, turidity, colour, tste nd odour mke up list of physicl wter qulity prmeters. Since most groundwter re colourless, odourless nd without specific tste, concern is chemicl qulities. Nturlly, groundwter contins minerl ions nd these ions slowly dissolve from soil prticles, sediments nd rocks s wter trvels long minerl surfces in pores or frctures of unsturted zone nd quifer (23). Cement sector is emitting lrge mount of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen nd cron. These gses cn contriute to helth prolems nd environmentl impcts, such s cid rin, ground level ozone, glol wrming, wter qulity deteriortion, nd visul impirment (11). Toxic metls nd orgnic compounds re relesed when industril wste is urnt in cement kiln. Other sources of dust emissions include clinker cooler, crushers, grinders, nd mterils-hndling equipment (31). Dust which is emitted during cement processes re eventully deposited on soil, sediment, wter nd plnts. Dust emissions from cement nd other relted industries therefore hve to e given ttention for control. This is necessry in view of pollution lod nd its impct on the environment (28). In mjor reserch on effect of pollutnt sustnces on vegettion performed in res round cement industry in most prts of world, clerly, destruction of plnt life y rising mteril entry hs een proved. Emissions from cement fctories towrd nture vi wether, wter nd soil tht re included s feeder sources of plnt nd their concentrtion eside plnt disturs their metolic ctivities in providing vitl needs (43). Roert G. Blezrd defined cement s dhesive sustnce cple of uniting frgments or msses of solid mtter to compct whole (16). Cement industries re generlly ssocited with high dust emissions into tmosphere. Emitted dusts re nturlly eliminted s deposits to erth surfce through dry or wet deposition in rinfll (34). Dmging consequences of relesed dust prticles for soil, flor nd fun of the cement fctory neighorhood could e considerle (8) nd dmging effects of dust fll, which is chrcterized y enriched hevy metls such s Led (P), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), nd Cdmium (Cd) (6) nd on wter (18). A cement fctory (Bzin Cement) ws situted t Bzin nd joined Lfrge Group in 2008 in frme of cquisition of Orscom Cement Group. Aim of present study is:1. get some informtion out impcts of zin cement fctory on dust, wter, soil, plnts nd ir components in nd out of fctory to show its effect to environment. 2. study physicochemicl prmeters in dust, wter, soil, plnts nd ir. 3. determine chlorophyll content of study plnts. 4. Evlution of hevy metls concentrtion in dust, wter, soil nd plnts leves. 5. evlute hevy metls ioccumiltion in plnts tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study re: Sulimni is one of importnt Irqi cities of Kurdistn region. Sulimni province occupies more thn 1200 km² in Kurdistn region of Irq. Most of region is high plteu, more thn 850 m ove se level, 353

3 ecoming incresingly mountinous towrds Zgros mountin in north, from this re the lrge perennil river, the lesser Z descends eventully drining to river Tigris. There re lso mny ephemerl wtercourses which ecome dry during summer; re ounds with springs nd sources of underground wter, most of which re used for wter supply nd irrigtion purposes (29). Bzin cement fctory is one of the gretest nd lrgest cement fctory in Kurdistn region, tht locted t north west of Sulimni governorte 35º36'245"- 045º04'473" nerly 30 km fr from city centre of Sulimni within the oundries of zin. Plnt equipments re designed nd mnufctured y leding Germn compny "Polysius - AG" nd constructed y n Egyptin leding compny in Middle Est nd Mediterrnen Bsin "Orscom construction". Environmentl effects of this fctory should e ssessed ecuse of its high economic importnce. Therefore, impct of emissions should e determined. Geologicl formtion of certin re hve gret impct on wter qulity due to erosion or leching lnd crust or during Sites Well 3 Coordintes 35º36'198"- 045º04'684" percoltion towrd different quifers. Kurdistn region of Irq mde of foothills, mountins nd lluvil sin (32), so it is plying vitl role in distriution nd occurrence of ground wter. Are ounded y Ltitudes (35º29'50"- 35º42'45") nd Longitudes (44º57'30"- 45º16'25") nd occupies re estimted to e out km 2. Series of mountins (Kuwik nd Ulolgh) divide whole sin in two-su sins termed Recent su sin nd Pil Spi sin (14). Smpling sites nd smple collection Wter smples were collected from ten smpling sites. Selected sites included wells nd tnks situted t different loctions. Wter smples were collected for chemicl nd physicl prmeters ccording to regulr schedule per month intervl periods during septemer 2015 to August Tle 1 show wter sources nd their coordintes. All wter smples were collected following instructions recommended y Americn Pulic Helth Assocition APHA (3). 3 plnts nd their soils collected from four sites in nd ner fctory (1km) (12 sites) s shown in Tle 2. Tle 1. show sites of wter sources, coordintes Descrition Locted inside fctory ner the oiler. Symol used in study SW1 Well 5 35º36'190"- 045º04'644" Locted inside fctory ner pcking prt. SW2 Well 6 35º36'588"- 045º04'268" Locted inside fctory ner pcking prt. SW3 Well 7 35º36'217"- 045º04'802" Locted outside fctory ner gte3. SW4 Well 8 35º36'084"- 045º04'582" Locted inside fctory ner gte3. SW5 Well 10 35º36'344"- 045º04'225" Locted inside fctory ner gte2 nd pcking prt. SW6 Tnk º36'362"- 045º04'426" Locted inside fctory ner wter sttion. ST1 Tnk º36'211"- 045º04'457" Locted inside fctory ner CCR. ST2 Tnk º36'364"- 045º04'428" Locted inside fctory in wter sttion. ST3 Sites CCR Gte3 Out Control Coordintes 35º36'242"- 045º04'470" 35º36'190"- 045º04'644" 35º36'233"- 045º04'837" 35º33'726"- 045º21'299" Tle 2. show sites of plnts nd their soil with coordintes Descrition Occur ner min stck with wind direction. Occur ner min stck ut ginst wind direction in the iggining of fctory. Out of fctory (1 km) fr from it. Occur in city center fr from ny pollution source. Symol SS1,SS5,SS9 (For soils) SP1.SP5,SP9 (For plnts) SS2,SS6,SS10 (For soils) SP2,SP6,SP10 (For plnts) SS3,SS7,SS11 (For soils) SP3,SP7,SP11 (For plnts) SS4,SS8,SS12 (For soils) SP4,SP8,SP12 (For plnts) Plnts nd their soils Pltycldus oreintlis Meli zsdrch,euclyptus spp. Pltycldus oreintlis Meli zsdrch,euclyptus spp. Pltycldus oreintlis Meli zsdrch,euclyptus spp. Pltycldus oreintlis Meli zsdrch,euclyptus spp. 354

4 Figure 1. Loctions of sites nd wter sources in studied re within Bzin, Sulimni, Irq. (Google, 2015) Field nlysis: Air nd wter temperture ( C): Both of ir nd wter temperture were mesured y using clen mercury thermometer with scle mrked from (0 to 100 C), ir temperture ws mesured in shdow while wter temperture ws mesured y immersing thermometer in wter for few minutes to otin constnt reding. Thermometer ws rinsed with distilled wter fter ech use (2). Hydrogen ion concentrtion (ph): Hydrogen ion concentrtion of wter smples were mesured immeditely in the field using portle ph meter model.the instrument ws clirted initilly y stndrd uffers of 4,7 nd 9 s descrie y (2). Electricl conductivity (EC) in µs cm -1 : Conductivity of wter smples were determined using stndrd procedure of (2), efore ech smpling, clirtion of instrument ws done y specific stndrd solutions (0.1N KCl), finl results were corrected t (25 C) nd expressed in μs cm -1. Totl dissolved solid (TDS) in mg l -1 : TDS were mesured with ph-conductivity- TDS meter (COMBO HI model 98130). Turidity ws determined y using Turidity meter LP2000 (HANNA Instruments) fter instrument clirtion y known turidity stndrd solutions. Turidity ws expressed with Nephlometric Turidity Unit (NTU). Totl hrdness: An ccurte method ws used for determintion of totl hrdness nd clcium hrdness depending on procedure given y Theroux et l. (47). Mesurements of totl hrdness were conducted depending on mthemticl model elow: (ppm C 2.496) + (ppm Mg 4.115) = ppm Totl hrdness s CCO 3 Clcium nd Mgnesium Hrdness: hrdness of clcium nd mgnesium in ech wter smple ws mesured nd clculted ccording to equtions outlined y Theroux et l. (47): (ppm C 2.496) = Clcium hrdness s CCO 3 (ppm Mg 4.112) = Mgnesium hrdness s CCO 3. Alklinity: It is mesure of ility of wter to neutrlize cids. Totl lklinity ws determined y titrtion method recommended y (2), fter dding (5) drops of methyl ornge to 50 ml of wter smples, mixture ws with H 2 SO 4 (0.01N), results were represented s mgl -1 using the following eqution: Alklinity s mg CCO 3.l -1 = A B 50000/ ml of smple Where: A=ml of H 2 SO 4 titrnt B=Normlity of H 2 SO 4 Sodium nd potssium (N + nd K + ): Sodium nd potssium re reltively undnt elements, nd they re present to some extent in most nturl wters (15). Flme photometric method ws used s descried in APHA 355

5 (3) using Corning- 400 Flme-photometer- U.K. Sodium nd potssium emission redings were tken t wvelength of 589 nd 767 nm, respectively. A series of stndrd stock solutions (0.1 to 8 mg l -1 ) of N + nd K + from NCl nd KCl were prepred for clirtion of the instrument, nd creting clirtion curve. Finl results were expressed in mg l -1. Chloride (Cl ): Agentometric method (Mohor Method) ws used for determintion of chloride content in wter smple. Silver nitrte solution (AgNO 3 ) s titrnt nd potssium chromte (K 2 CrO 4 ) s indictor were used, s descried y Swyer nd McCrty (42). Chloride (mg Cl l -1 ) = (V1 V2) N 35.45/Volume of smple 1000 where V1 is volume of silver nitrte required y the smple (ml), V2 volume of silver nitrte required y the lnk (ml), N normlity of silver nitrte, nd is moleculr weight of Cl -. Rective phosphorus (PO -3 4 ): All methods for estimting rective phosphorus re minly colorimetric dependence, nd most re depended on the formtion of lue colour solution ove cidic se. For lortory, procedure is descried y Prsone et l. (36). Wter smples were llowed to rect with mixed regent, consisting of mmonium molydte, scoric cid (kept frozen etween nlysis), concentrtion of sulphuric cid, nd trivlent ntimony 1-trtrte solution. Asornce of this solution ws mesured spectro-photometriclly using UV-VIS. Spectrophotometer (TU.1800, UK), t wvelength of 885 nm. Results were expressed in mg l -1. Nitrte nitrogen (NO - 3 ): Nitrte concentrtion of wter smples were estimted y using specil nitrte-sensitive memrne electrode (Ino l.ph, Ion, Cond.750- Multiprmeter lortory, WTW, Germny). Results were expressed in mg l -1. Sulfte ion (SO -2 4 ) in mg l -1 : Turidimetric method s descried y (1) ws used for sulfte determintion, when rium chloride ws used, nd results were recorded t wve length 420 nm within 30 seconds -2 intervls nd the SO 4 concentrtion is determined y comprison of reding with stndrd curve of sulfte concentrtion in the rnge 0.0 to 40 mg l -1. Hevy metls in wter smples (mg l -1 ): Hevy metls in wter smples were determined y tomic sorption s recommended y APHA (3). Procedure of insitution ws conducted depending on direct Air-Acetylene (C 2 H 2 ). (17); 40). Anlyst 700- Atomic sorption spectrophotometer nd Vrin-24fs Flme Atomic Asorption Spectrophotometer ws used for determintion hevy metls. Chemicl digestion ws done in lortories of iology deprtment then smple nlysis hve done t directorte of environment ls. in Sulimni city. Soil lortory nlysis Soil smples t ech loction were tken to l nd they were nlyzed for chemicl nd physicl properties. Briefly; returning g to l soil smples were dried nd sieved. Extrction method: 60 g of n ir-dried smple were mixed with 300 ml of de-ionised wter (if 1:1 or 60 to 300 if 1:5). Mixture ws shken in rotry shker for n hour, then left to stnd. Extrct ws pssed through filter pper. Then chemicl composition of extrcts (K +, N +, Mg 2+, C 2+, Cl -, NO 3 -, SO 4 2-, PO 4 nd nutrients) ws determined like wter smples. Hydrogen ion concentrtion (ph): Approch of this mesurement ws performed ccording to (19). Procedure of mesuring is s follow:1. ph vlue ws determined for 1:5 soil: distilled wter suspension, y tking 20 gm of dry ground soil: 100 ml of distilled wter. 2. Suspension ws shken using mechnicl stirrer nd llow to stnd for 30 minutes. 3. Suspension ws filtered with filtering ppers. 4. Electrode of ph meter (HANA instrument, ) ws immersed into filtered smple, nd ph vlue ws recorded. Electricl conductivity (EC) in µs cm -1 : Soil EC is mesurement tht correltes to soil slinity. Electricl conductivity ws determined y method descried y (19). Hevy metls in soil smples (mg l -1 ): Acid digestion of soil ws used for preprtion of smples to e mesured y Atomic Asorption Spectrometry (AAS) using Di- Acid (HNO 3 -HClO 4 ) method y (19). Hevy metls in min stck dust (mg l -1 ): Smple of dust hd tken from higher point of min stck. Dust hd collected in clen g. 356

6 Acid digestion for method ws used for preprtion of smple to e mesured y Atomic Asorption Spectrometry (AAS) using Di-Acid (HNO 3 -HClO 4 ) method y (19). Plnt lortory Anlysis Chlorophyll determintion (mg l -1 ): Collection of plnt smples: In this study, three commonly green trees (Euclyptus spp., Meli zedrch L. nd Pltycldus orientlis) were collected for experimentl purpose. These species re mostly preferred to grow in conditions under effect of min stck. Helthy nd uninfected trees were collected t their stge of mturity; nd cre ws lso tken during smpling of leves to void mechnicl injuries. Fresh lef smples were wsh thoroughly first in tp wter followed y distilled wter in the lortory, nlyzed for determintion of chlorophylls (Chl- nd Chl). Anlyticl procedure: Accurtely weighted 0.5g of fresh plnt lef smple ws tken, nd homogenized with 10 ml of extrctnt solvent (Acetone 80%). Homoginized smple very well y mortr nd pestle nd must pulverized completely, thus few grins of snd my help. This is lef homogente, then filter lef homogente through filter pper. Retentte is removed y filter pper (nd discrded) nd the extrct (or filtrte) is collected in testtue. Solution mixture ws nlyzed for Chlorophyll-, Chlorophyll- nd content in spectrophotometer. Eqution used for quntifiction of Chlorophyll-, Chlorophyll, nd crteniods re: Arnon's eqution to convert sornce mesurements to mg Chl g -1 lef tissue (13): Chl (mg g -1 ) = [(12.7 A663) - (2.6 A645)] ml cetone / mg lef tissue Chl (mg g-1) = [(22.9 A645) - (4.68 A663)] ml cetone / mg lef tissue Totl Chlorophyll = Chlorophyll +Chlorophyll. Hevy metls in plnt smples (mg l -1 ):. Acid digestion of plnt leves smples ws used for smples preprtion to e nlyzed y Atomic Asorption Spectrometry (AAS) using Di-Acid (HNO 3 -HClO 4 ) method y (19). Sttisticl Anlysis Bsic sttistics of mesured prmeters were estimted. Ptterns of vrition due to different plnts nd different sites were tested y using one-wy ANOVA. Rnge test ws used s post hoc test to compre etween mens t p>0.05. Softwre SPSS, version10 (SPSS, 1998) ws used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physicochemicl prmeters nd hevy metls of wter: Summry of physicl nd chemicl prmeters from ten sttions of wter re given in Tle 3, including men of vlues nd WHO stndrds. Concentrtion of hevy metls of wter smples (Cd, Cr, P, Cu, Ni, Zn nd Fe) re shown in Tle 4. Physicochemicl prmeters nd hevy metls of Soil: Both of tle 5 nd 6 give the sme results ut for soil smples. Different from wter smples, control smples for every type of plnts here we tke fourth site fr from ny pollution source in city centre (grden). Tht men here ecome three controls. Prmeters of plnts leves: Chlorophyll determention for three types of plnts during study period y determintion of oth chlorophyll nd hd done. After digestion of leves of collected plnts, determintion of hevy metls y tomic sortion spectrophotometer for sme seven metls those were determined for wter nd soil. Tle 7 nd 8 show totl chlorophyll conentrtions nd hevy metls concentrtions in collecting plnts leves respectivly. Physicochemicl prmeters nd hevy metls of dust: A summry of physicl nd chemicl prmeters of dust smple re given within Tle 5. Concentrtion of hevy metls (Cd, Cr, P, Cu, Ni, Zn nd Fe) re shown in Tle 6 357

7 S/N Tle 3. Physico-chemicl prmeters of wter smples of the studied sites during the studied periods from Septemer 2015 to August 2016 Prmeter Air Temp. Wter Temp. ph EC T.D.S Alklnity Turidity Totl Hrdness Chloride Cl - Sodium N Potsium K Mgnisium Mg Clcium C Sulphte Nitrte Phosphte WHO Well ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.723c 0.73± ± ± ± ± ± Well ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±5.327c 0.77± ± ± ± ± ± Well6 26± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±5.355c 0.77± ± ± ± ± ± Well ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Well10 Control Tnk6000 Note: mens followed y sme ltter re not significntly different t (P<0.05) ccording to one-wy ANOVA. Rnge test. Well ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.987c 1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.693c 1.05± ± ± ± ± ± Tnk ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.262c 0.80± ± ± ± ± ± Tnk ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.199c 0.94± ± ± ± ±

8 Tle 4. Hevy metl concentrtion (mg/l) in wter smples of the studied sites during the studied periods from Sept to August Hevy metl Cdmium (Cd) Chrome (Cr) Copper Cu) Led (P) Nickel (Ni) Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe) WHO Well * * ± c ± ± ± ± Well * * ± d ± ± ± ± Well * ± ± ± ± ± Well * * ± cd ± ± ± ± Well * * ± c ± ± ± ± Well * ± ±* ± ± ± Control * 0.006± d ±* ±* ± ±0.307 Tnk ± ± ± ± Tnk * ± ± ± Note: Mens followed y the sme ltter re not significntly different t (P<0.05) ccording to one-wy ANOVA. Rnge test. Tle 5. Physico-chemicl prmeters of soil smples of the studied sites during the studied periods from Septemer 2015 to August Tnk * * ± ± ± ± ± Prmeter ph EC Alklnity Totl Hrdness Chloride Cl - Sodium N Potsium K Mgnisium Mg Clcium C Sulphte Nitrte Phosphte ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 370.8± 320.3± 314.2± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 541.6± 546.5± 578.8± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±41 757±38 812± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±577c 233±382c 192±29 480±10 314±54 9.3c 91c 6c 898± ±332c 325±573c 247±424c 415±747c 303±483c 371±551c 23± ± ± ±1 23.3± ± ±2.88 c 32c 8.32c c 20.7±12.2c 20.1±17.3c 19.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± 5.388± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±7 90.4±8 98.8±8 89.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 126.7± 132.4± 120.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±5 74.9±4 90.9±6 85.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±5 28± ±4 31.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.732± 1.977± 2.170± ± ± ± ± ± ± Note: Mens followed y the sme ltter re not significntly different t (P<0.05) ccording to one-wy ANOVA. Rnge test. Min stck 7.20± ± ± ± ± ±18.28 c 95.4± ± ± ± ± ±

9 Tle 6. Hevy metl concentrtion (mg/l) in soil smples of the studied sites during the studied periods from Septemer 2015 to August Hevy Min stck metl Cdmium (Cd) Chrome (Cr) Copper Cu) Led (P) Nickel (Ni) Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe) 1.355±0.87 9c 3.54± ± ±0. 528c 0.863± 0.646c ± ± 1.171c 0.225± c 1.56±2.5 0c 1.527±0.895c 5.20± ±0.3 44c 2.800*f 5.350*e 13.38* 10.70*c 8.030* 13.19* 9.820* 9.330*c 12.04* 9.360*cd d cd d 6.230*e 5.350*e 5.52±3.65c 3.720± ± ± ±1 15.3± ± ± 60.6± ± ± ±48.7 d 9d d 156d.94d 3c 4.8c 0.926d ± ± ± ± ±6 9.07± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±5 3.42± ± ±5 5.92± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±4 7.98± ± ± ± ± ±10. 12±8.28 ± ± ± ± ±45. 52± ± ±5 47.8± ± ± ±42.1 2c 9d 1ef 2ef 3.8de 9.7f 90ef 2.8c d de Note: Mens followed y the sme ltter re not significntly different t (P<0.05) ccording to one-wy ANOVA. Rnge test ± c 26.76* ± ± ± ±2.23g Tle 7. Totl chlorophyll conc. (mg/l) in the leves of plnt smples of the studied sites during the studied periods Sept to Aug Hevy metl Totl chlorophyll ±0.728 c ± ± ± ±0.4 72c ±0. 568c ±0. 437c ±0.455 c ±0.424 c ±0.395 c ±0.837 c ±0.506 c Note: Mens followed y the sme ltter re not significntly different t (P<0.05) ccording to one-wy ANOVA. Rnge test. Tle 8. Hevy metl concentrtion (mg/l) in the leves of plnt smples of the studied sites during the studied periods Sept to Aug Hevy metl Cdmium 6.80± ± ± ±1 7.42± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±9.76 (Cd) Chromium 5.05± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±3.89 (Cr) ± ± ± ± ± 14.14± ± ± ± ± ±1.3 Copper Cu) 18.40±11.54 c 79 1c c 7c 5c 4c 6c 96c 18.6± ± ±2 13.9± ± ± ±5.78 Led (P) 8.93±10.86e 13.6±18de 25.77*c 60.43±* 34.40* 7d c 8.9d.5de de d e 20.73± ± ± ± ± 17.92± ± ± ± ± ±0.69 Nickel (Ni) 17.26± ±67. 97± ± ± 98.2± ± ± ± ±69.3 Zinc (Zn) 50.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2 802± ± ± ± ±320 Iron (Fe) 1318± ± Note: Mens followed y the sme ltter re not significntly different t (P<0.05) ccording to one-wy ANOVA. Rnge test.

10 Wter: Air tempertures in this study were etween (14-38 C). Different vrition in Sulimni ws found y Al-Shheen (9), who recorded ir temperture rnged from 3 to 43 o C, nd y Frkh nd Adulrhmn (21) who recorded ir temperture etween 21 nd 40 o C s minimum nd mximum temperture, our results greed with those oserved y Muhmmd (32) through his work t cement fctory in Sulimni nd recorded ir temperture rnged from to o C. Wter temperture is most importnt fctor of wter which hs gret del of influence on vrious chemicl nd iologicl rections tking plce in wter. Temperture of groundwter ws rnged etween 15 to 24 C, nd this reflected sesonl vritions throughout monitoring period. ph indicte slightly cidic to sic chrcter t given temperture. ph is n significnt fctor tht decides the suitility of wter for vrious purposes (7). Rnge of ph vlues in wter smples (6.67 to 8.23), which re within 6.5 to 8.5 recommended y WHO (50) in drinking wter s shown in Tle 3 indicted tht ll groundwter collected from study res re excellent. Closeness of vlue my e due to similrity in prent mteril of study re. Electricl Conductivity is useful tool to evlute purity of wter (4). EC rnges from 226 to 935 μscm -1. Vlue found in the present study indicted tht ll wells nd tnks wter were under 2,250 μscm -1 s suitle. Lrge vrition in EC is minly ttriuted to lithologic composition nd nthropogenic ctivities previling in re. Normlly, irrigtion wter with n EC of < 700 μscm -1 cuses little or no thret to most crops, while EC > 3000 μscm -1 my limit their growth (48). Totl dissolved solids usully relted to conductivity. Wter contining more thn 500 mg/l of TDS is not considered desirle for drinking wter supplies, though more highly minerlized wter my e used where etter qulity wter is not ville (26). Mximum vlue of TDS during study period ws found s 630 mg l -1 t smpling loction (ST2) in Decemer nd minimum ws 189 mg l -1 in (SW1) in Septemer. TDS vlues of ll wter smples of selected sites re within limits. Hrdness is property of wter which prevents lther formtion with sop nd increses oiling points of wter (37). Totl Hrdness ws found in wter smples rnges from 143 mg l -1 (ST3) to 475 mg l -1 (SW6), which shows vlues higher thn permissile limit prescried y WHO (50). Turidity: In most wters, turidity is due to colloidl nd extremely fine dispersions. Turidity vlues vried etween 0.38 NTU (SW6) to 18.7 NTU (SW1). Mny of wter smples shows greter vlue thn limit prescried y (50). Sodium is common element present to some extent in most nturl wters. Its concentrtion vried from negligile in fresh wter to considerle in sewter nd rckish wter. When comined with certin nions, sodium imprts slty tste to drinkle (15). Averge undnce of sodium ction in ground wter is generlly less thn 5 mg l -1 ; moreover sodium ction consists out % of soil nd out 2.5% of the erth s crust (3). Most wter supplies contin less thn 20 mg l -1, ut in some countries its level my exceed 250 mg l - 1. Sline intrusion, minerl deposits, nd sewge effluents cn ll contriute significnt quntities of sodium to wter. An overll men sodium ion concentrtion recorded for the present work ws 2.12 mg l -1. Minimum sodium ion concentrtion ws 0.8 mg l -1 determined t (ST2) during mid-mrch, while mximum sodium ion concentrtion ws 10.2 mg l -1 mesured t (SW5) during sme month. No firm conclusion cn e drwn concerning the possile ssocition etween sodium in drinking wter nd occurrence of hypertension; therefore, no helth sed guideline vlue is proposed. However, mximum permissile concentrtion of sodium ws 250 mg l -1 (50). Accordingly, ll studied groundwter smples during this investigtion were within desirle concentrtions nd were in sfe side for drinking purpose. Potssium: Potssium is slightly less common thn sodium nd more undnt in sedimentry rocks. Sources of potssium re principl potssium minerls of silicte rocks, such s mic nd microcline (24). It is well known tht potssium concentrtion is less thn tht of sodium in nturl wters (22). Potssium occurs in ground wter s result of minerl dissolution, from decomposing plnt mteril, nd from griculturl runoff (3). Potssium ion concentrtion showed n overll men

11 mgl -1.Minimum potssium ion concentrtion ws 0.12 mg l -1 noted t (ST2) during Decemer, while Mximum potssium ion concentrtion ws 5.4 mg l -1 oserved t (SW6) during August. Smples reveled lower concentrtions of potssium thn sodium in ccordnce to results otined in Sulimni city y Mustf (33). According to previously mentioned stndrds, nd correspondingly present results, t ll studied sites wter were within desirle levels nd were in sfe side for drinking wter purpose. Clcium nd mgnesium: source of clcium nd mgnesium in nturl wter re vrious types of rocks, industril wste nd sewge (49). Vlues of clcium vried from 33.3 mg l -1 (SW2) to 156 mg l -1 (SW6) nd vlues of mgnesium rnged from 13 mg l -1 (ST3) to 63 mg l -1 (SW5). Sequence of men concentrtion vlues of ctions in groundwter of study re is K > N > Mg > C s shown in Tle 3. C 2+, Mg 2+ nd ph re primrily controlled y wter-rock interction in re (5). Chloride content rnges from 1.72 to 88 mgl -1 with vlues within 250 mgl -1 recommended y WHO (50) recorded in ll wter sources. Alklinity is n importnt chrcteristic of nturl nd polluted wter, in which mesurement of potentil hydrogen differentites etween their lklinity or cidity (24). Minimum level of lklinity in studied re ws 133 mg l -1 recorded from (ST3) in My while mximum vlue oserved ws 285 mg l -1 recorded for (SW5) during Mrch. Result cn e concluded tht vrition in lklinity my e connected with more thn one fctor, mong them dissolved cron dioxide concentrtion, microorgnism ctivities, nd hydrolysis of icronte ions. Anon (12) explined tht most Irqi wters re generlly dominted y HCO 3 ions which hydrolyses to give n lkline solution. Bicrontes in feed wter ct s mjor source for cronte, icronte nd hydroxide lklinity. Cron dioxide is insolule in wrmer wter nd so is removed with hot wter. This cuse n increse in ph gin nd shift in lklinity forms from icronte to cronte nd from cronte to hydroxide (42). Sulphte concentrtion rnges from 5.01 to mgl -1 which re within norml rnge recommended for drinking wter y WHO (50). Otined results ws lower thn result otined y Mustf (33) nd Rshid (39) for well wter, ut they gree with tht otined y Hussien nd Ghrie (25) who concluded tht presence of the sulphte ion in groundwter is due to dissolution of leched sulphte, nd gypsum, which exists in soils. Nitrte concentrtion rnged etween to 6.96 mgl -1 which were ll within WHO (50) cceptle limit of 50 mgl -1 in drinking wter. This implies tht ll indistril nd nthropogenic ctivities in re do not ffect groundwter sources. High nitrte concentrtion cuses methemogloinemi with symptoms of pleness, luish mucous memrnes, digestive nd respirtory prolems (30). Rective Phosphorus: Phosphorus is chemicl commonly mteril found in soil, rock nd plnts. It is n essentil nutrient for plnts growth. Ground wter rrely contins more thn 0.1 mg l -1 phosphorus unless they hve pssed through soil contining phosphte or hve een polluted y orgnic mtter (15). Phosphorus concentrtion during period of this investigtion rnged etween ( ) mg P- PO 4 l -1. High levels of phosphorus my e result of excessive use of fertilizers such s super-phosphte in re which led to increse of phosphte concentrtions in ground wter. Both phosphte nd cly prticles hve negtive chnges resulting in pssge of the ion through soil during rinflls nd rechrging quifers s descried nd oserved y Shekh (45). Mjority of hevy metls were not detected in groundwter of study re, while other hevy metls (P, Mn nd Ni) re within rnge recommended y WHO (50) in drinking wter. Sttisticl results for physicochemicl prmeters reveled only significnt differences t (P<0.05) mong studied sites for most prmeters. TDS, turidity nd clcium vlues reveled significnt differences mong sites nd months. Sodium vice vers hd reveled significnt differences mong months only. And for hevy metls were reveled significnt differences mong sesons for Cdmium nd chromium only. But for zinc nd iron were non significnt for oth. Copper reveled oth in sesons nd sites. Led only in sesons. Nickel in sites. 364

12 Soil: Physicochemicl properties for soil smples summrized in oth tles 5, 6. Physicochemicl prmeters were used to determine qulity of soil for growth of plnts nd if there re ny effect of cement components on them. ph vlues of soil smples reveled no significnt differences t ll sites, lthough it rnged from 7.07 to 8.44 nd showed no pprecile differences within loclities. Differences mong ph vlues my ttriuted to differences of wter physicochemicl which ffects gses nd orgnisms ctivities, due to the reduction in CO 2 while Photosynthesis nd Respirtion (10). Soil with ph greter thn 8.5 is generlly clled s sodic soil. But ph of ll soils smples re less thn 8.5 indicting tht soil smples re free from sodicity hzrds. This redction could e due to the decresed mount of cronte nd icronte. Differences within sites my ttriute to site of min stck nd wind. Also ph of wter tht used for irrigtion rnged from 6.67 to Sttisticlly there were significnt differences in soil totl solule slts content etween sites ut within norml rnges nd not fr from results in control sites. Concentrtions of detected metls (Cd, Cr, Cu, P, Ni, Fe, nd Zn), showed vrile vlues depending upon the smpling site. Increment of soil metls in the sme re my e result of precipittion of hevy metls over yers nd tht ws cler from the results of min stck soil. These results re lower thn results mentioned y Bn nd Aziz (14). Also here for hevy metls results showed it like control. Using this fctory for 12 yers did not increse concentrtion of hevy metls to toxic levels in the soil. Sttisticl results for physicochemicl prmeters reveled significnt differences t (P<0.05) mong oth studied sites nd months for most prmeters. ph, nitrte nd phosphte vlues reveled significnt differences only mong sites. And for hevy metls were significnt for oth sesons nd sites just for nickel nd zinc were only in sites. Plnts: Totl chlorophyll concentrtion is unifying prmeter for indicting the effect of specific interventions. However, it is importnt to record chnges in two components of chlorophyll, chlorophyll A (chl) nd chlorophyll B (chl) nd especilly their rtio. This is due to the fct tht hevy metls could ffect ech component t different level creting chnges in some prt of plnts physiology nd not in others. Concentrtions of chl nd chl nd totl chlorophyll (totl chl/chl/chl), were clculted using the methodology developed y Arnon (13). Here in this study there were norml vlues of hevey metls ginst norml vlues of chlorophyll. Sttisticl results for totl chlorophyll reveled significnt differences t (P<0.05) mong oth studied sites nd months. This study indictes tht totl chlorophyll in control plnts ws lwys higher ut not much. Exposure to prticulte deposition my lter plnt growth without physicl dmge to plnt. Moreover, ccumultion of dust prticultes on studied plnt leves could e mjor prolem in their production. It ws proposed tht the pigments content of light hrvesting complex is n importnt spect relted to tolernce of plnts to dust pollution. Chlorophyll content is essentil for the photosynthetic ctivity nd reduction in chlorophyll content hs een used s indictor of ir pollution it is firly sensitive to ir pollutnts. Continuous cement fctory pollution closes stomt so interfering with gseous exchnge. In ll three plnts species growing ner fctory were hving lesser quntity of chlorophyll (41). In present study it ws not clerly indictes tht cement industry pollution ffect photo synthetic ctivity nd chlorophyll content dversely. Men concentrtions of some hevy elements in plnts re presented in tle 8, for (Pltycldus orientlis, Euclyptus spp. nd Meli zedrch) respectively. All selected elements P, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Cu nd Zn re low nd vlues re generlly elow 100mgKg -1 nd not fr from control smples results. Sttisticl results for hevy metls in plnts leves reveled significnt differences only mong sites for most metls, only for copper nd led were for oth. In this study Meli zedrch ws more sensitive to dust pollution followed y Euclyptus spp. nd Pltycldus oreintlis. It ws not clerly indictes tht cement fctory pollution ffect photo synthetic ctivity nd chlorophyll content. In comprison to gseous ir pollutnts, only limited studies hve een crried out on effect of prticultes ir pollutnts on plnts espicilly in Sulimni city. Dust of min stck: Cement dust chnges elementl concentrtion of soil nd its physicochemicl properties. It is lso mjor source of such prticulte mtter s SOx, 363

13 NOx, nd CO2 emissions. In this study, it clerly show increse in physicochemicl prmeters nd hevy metls in dust. Cuse of these results ecuse of it is first point of dust eject efore spreding in ir. Plnts results for hevy metls showed tht they cn use for iomonitoring of environment qulity, either s ioindictors of qulity or s ioccumultors of tmospheric deposition. All results show tht most of prmeters were within permissile limits set y WHO (50). Resons for this normlity in vlues is might e due to min stck filters nd continously mesurements for ll prmeters in nd out of fctory, so other fctories must follow sme tools, s result not ll industril fctories re pollution source, if they follow environmentl informtion. RECOMMENDATIONS Other studies should complete other prmeters. Study of ioremedition y microorgnisms in future. This study must conducted y other study y genetic tools to give nother evidence for these plnts for ccumiltion nd iomonitoring pollution. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, prise e to Allh for sustining my soul with nourishment to end this reserch work. There re ssured people whom without their support we would hve gret difficulties finishing this work. First, it hs een gret enefit working with my supervisors Assistnt professor Dr. Rezn Omer Rsheed nd Dr. Akeel l-ssie whom without their guidnce, support nd fruitful comments nd discussions, this project would never hve een completed. Specil thnks re lso extended to support of chirmn nd stff t Biology Deprtment, Sulimni University college of science. I didnt forget stff nd director of Bzin cement fctory, whom introduce me help ll study periods. Also specil thnks to stff of environment directory. REFERENCES 1.A.P.H.A. (Americn Pulic Helth Assocition) Stndrd Methods for Exmintion of Wter nd Wste Wter. 20 th ed. Wshington DC, USA. Vol (2). 2.A.P.H.A. (Americn Pulic Helth Assocition) Stndrd Methods for the Exmintion of Wter nd Wstewter. 21 th ed. Wshington DC, USA. Vol (2). 3.A.P.H.A. (Americn Pulic Helth Assocition) Stndrd Methods for the Exmintion of Wter nd Wstewter. 20 th ed. Wshington DC, USA. Vol (2). 4.Achry G. D., M.V. Hthi, A.D. Ptel nd K.C.Prmr,, Chemicl properties of groundwter in hilod tluk region, North Gujrt, Indi. E-Journl of Chemistry, 5(4): Adedeji A nd I.T. Ajide Qulity of well wter in Ede re Southwestern Nigeri. J. Hum. Ecol. 17: Adejumo J., O. Oioh, F.Akeredolu, H.Olniyi nd O. Asuiojo The Atmospheric Deposition of Mjor, Minor nd Trce Elements within nd Around Three Cement Fctories. J. Rdionl. Nucl. Chem. 179: Ahipthy M.V, nd E.T.Puttih, Ecologicl chrcteristics of vrishhvthi River in Bnglore (Indi), Environmentl Geology, 49: Akeredolu F Atmospheric environment prolems in Nigeri: An overview. Atmos. Environ. 23(4): Al-Shheen, F.A.A Some Ecologicl Studies on Sprolegnicee nd their Pthogenisity to some Fish in Dukn Bsin. M.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Sulimni. pp Alysery, A.A Study of phisichemicl of different res in sok sheuk nd lhyesh in De gr. De gr Gournl, vol. 3(3): Anit Duey Assessment of impct of cement dust on ground wter of the re ner jypee rew cement plnt, rew, M.P. Reserch inspirtion journl; 2(1): Anon Contriutions on Nturl Resources Reserch, Irq. UNDP Tech. Rep., Pris. 13.Arnon D Copper Enzymes in Isolted chloroplsts, polyphenoxidse in et vulgris. plnt physiology 24: Bn, E. N., nd B. K. Aziz, Two dimension resistivity imging/tomogrphy for hydrogeologicl study in Bzin sin-west Sulimni City, Kurdistn region-irq. In Ner-Surfce Asi Pcific Conference, Wikolo, Hwii, 7-10 July 2015 (pp ). 15.Brtrm, J. nd R. Blnce Wter qulity monitoring A Prcticl guide to the 364

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