Marine Biosecurity Research. Dr Graeme Inglis Programme Leader Marine Biosecurity (NIWA)

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1 Marine Biosecurity Research Dr Graeme Inglis Programme Leader Marine Biosecurity (NIWA)

2 NIWA Funded research in marine biosecurity Core-funded Programmes Marine Biosecurity Sustainable Aquaculture Cawthron MPI Cultured Shellfish programme Operational research Operations (e.g. national marine surveillance) Local authorities Industry Universities

3 Science & the biosecurity system Pre-border Border Post-Border Prevention Early detection Incursion response Pest management Risk assessment & mitigation: Species, Pathways, Locations Surveillance: Species, Pathways Locations Strategies, tactics & tools: Eradication Containment Harm minimisation Domestic spread Population management Impact mitigation Adaptation Prioritisation

4 Unknown pre % of Total Discoveries The challenge 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 326 non-indigenous species 377 cryptogenic species

5 The challenge

6 Understanding ecosystem impacts Powell (1937) Trans. Roy. Soc. NZ 66:

7 Understanding ecosystem impacts Powell 1930 s Not sampled

8 Understanding impacts on valued species Powell (1937) Lohrer et al. (2008)

9 Freqeuncy of occurrence in crab stomachs greater than 30% full (%) Understanding impacts on ecosystem function Food Types

10 Mean (+S.E.) CPUE Understanding impacts on valued species 4 National Marine High Risk Site Surveillance Waitemata Harbour Asian paddle crab NZ paddle crab Date

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12 Tools for management - sensitive surveillance & response Efficient survey design Early detection Delimiting Sensitive tools Molecular probes Next-generation sequencing

13 SHELLFISH AQUACULTURE BIOSECURITY: MARINE PESTS Future threats to shellfish aquaculture? Patterns, predictors and impacts of biofouling on mussel farms Effectiveness of aquaculture practices in reducing transfer of biofouling Biofouling on offshore mussel farms: managing risk pathways?

14 Understanding invaders Distance from larval source

15 Tools for management - biofouling Encapsulation Heat treatment Chemical delivery systems Chlorine/lime/acetic acid/ammonia Desiccation/air drying Novel antifouling systems

16 Tools for management Before treatment 2 weeks after

17 Augmentative biocontrol enhancing natives DEFOULED FOULED

18 Hello Boys! Pheromones & crab sex European shore crab Males search out & guard premoult females Sex pheromone (urindine diphosphate, UDP) identified in urine of pre-moult females

19 Can we isolate a pheromone for use in NZ? Native paddle crab (Ovalipes catharus) Separated pre-moult urine into 15 fractions Fraction 3 contains a highly specific sex pheromone

20 Can we isolate a pheromone for use in NZ? Asian paddle crab (Charybdis japonica) Weak response to UDP Hard shell mating? Test 11 compounds from Fraction #3 of Ovalipes urine on male crabs

21 Are there opportunities in invaders? Japanese mantid shrimp (Oratosquilla oratoria) Kaipara & Hokianga Bay / Green tailed prawn (Metapenaeus bennettae) Auckland & Whangarei Asian Lady Crab (Charybdis japonica) Hauraki Gulf & Whangarei

22 AQUACULTURE BIOSECURITY: DISEASE RESILIENCE Greenshell Mussels: Significance of endemic pathogens Pathways and control points for exotic pathogens Toolbox for disease risk management Oysters: Pacific oysters and OsHV-1 resistance Remote setting of hatchery spat Market potential for rock oyster selection & culture Existing and emerging diseases of flat oysters

23 Acknowledgements NIWA Oli Floerl, Drew Lohrer, Michael Townsend, Cindy Baker, Don Morrisey, Kimberley Seaward, Michael Bruce Cawthron Grant Hopkins, Barrie Forrest, Susie Wood, Xavier Pochon, Javier Atalah, Lauren Fletcher MPI Andrew Bell, Eugene Georgiades, Brendan Gould, Simon McDonald, Tim Riding, Dan Kluza, Naomi Parker