Baselines and benchmarks 2009

Transcription

1 Benchmarks and Baselines 2009

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3 Executive Summary The aim of this work, which has been funded by the Construction Resources and Waste Platform 1, was to produce a set of benchmarks for the arsings for construction waste and management and set a baseline for Construction waste is defined as waste arising from the construction phase only and does not include waste arising from demolition, excavation or groundworks. These figures have been combined to produce a baseline for construction waste arisings (excluding demolition, excavation and groundworks) of 11.6 million tonnes for Performance indicators and benchmarks relating to waste management routes and diversion from landfill have been produced. Data has been collected from BRE s SMARTStart system and BRE s SMARTWaste Plan tool from projects completed by the end of February A range of performance indicators including waste per 100m 2 floor area and waste per 100K project value were calculated for new build construction projects. These were then ranked to produce benchmark figures for standard, good and best practice. The benchmark figures were used together with estimates of construction output for 2009 to produce an estimate of construction waste arising from new build construction for 2009 of 7.7 million tonnes; this is equivalent to 162 tonnes per million of new build construction output. These performance indicators can be used by policymakers, planners, designers, clients and contractors to assist in waste management strategies promoting waste reduction and increased recovery. The waste data available for refurbishment projects is still limited compared to that for new build projects. Following consultation with industry a revised set of refurbishment project types has been developed to help produce a set of benchmarks more relevant to uses. There is not yet enough data available to produce benchmarks for these new categories but data collection is ongoing and revised refurbishment benchmarks are likely to be produced in future. In order to estimate waste arisings from refurbishment, a set of performance indicators were produced for refurbishment projects in the same way as those produced for new build projects. These were used together with an estimate of repair and maintenance output to produce an estimate of waste arisings from refurbishment for 2009 of 3.8 million tonnes equivalent to 87 tonnes per million of repair and maintenance output. 1. This work has been funded by the Construction Resources and Waste Platform (CRWP) which was funded by Defra to provide support to the construction industry on resource efficiency. CRWP has now been subsumed into the Waste Resources Action programme (

4 Contents Description of the project 02 > Objectives 02 Methodology for production of Performance Indicators 03 > Sources of data used to produce benchmarks 03 > Performance indicators produced 04 > Statistical analysis of data 04 New build construction baseline data 05 > New build construction project types 05 > Performance indicators 06 > Performance indicators from projects reporting in volume 06 > Volume of waste per 100m 2 floor area 06 > Tonnes of waste per 100m 2 floor area 07 > Volume/tonnes waste per 100K project value 07 > Performance indicators from projects reporting in tonnes 08 > Tonnes waste per 100K project value 08 > Information on Construction Output 09 > Baseline for New Build waste arisings for > Total waste arising from new build construction 09 > Detailed waste arising from residential new build by product 10 Refurbishment Baseline Data 13 > Refurbishment project types 13 > Performance Indicators 15 > Information on Refurbishment Output 15 > Estimate of Refurbishment waste arisings for > Total waste arising from refurbishment, Total waste arising for England,

5 Waste management routes 21 > Segregation of waste 21 > Waste management routes 21 > Waste management routes by waste product 22 Conclusion and recommendations 25 Appendix A 26 Appendix B Floor area performance indicators for new build construction volume 28 Appendix C Conversion factors used to calculate tonnage based perfomance indicators 33 Appendix D Floor area performance indicators for new build construction tonnes 34 Appendix E Project value performance indicators for new build construction volume and tonnes 39 Appendix F Project value performance indicators for new build construction based on tonnage projects 50 Appendix G Performance indicators for refurbishment projects 55 Prepared for: CRWP 16 March 2010 Client report number Prepared by Name Maggie Blackwell Position Senior Consultant Approved on behalf of BRE Name Katherine Adams Position Principal Consultant BRE Garston WD25 9XX T + 44 (0) F + 44 (0) E enquiries@bre.co.uk This report is made on behalf of BRE. By receiving the report and acting on it, the client - or any third party relying on it - accepts that no individual is personally liable in contract, tort or breach of statutory duty (including negligence).

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7 Page 2 02 Description of the project The aim of the project was to produce a set of benchmarks for construction waste and set a baseline for construction waste arisings for 2009 Data. This data has been collected from BRE s SMARTStart system and BRE s SMARTWaste Plan tool. Objectives > > Collect data from completed construction projects from different sources and develop a method for extracting suitable data for development of benchmarks. > > Create a baseline dataset and benchmarks in 2009 for: Waste generation related to construction activity; Waste generation related to construction product type; and Percentage of waste sent to landfill, recycled or re-used. Data about the value or floor area of construction during 2009 has been used to calculate a baseline dataset. > > Produce a range of performance indicators for construction projects including: Volume of waste per 100m 2 floor area for different project types and for different waste types. Volume of waste per 100K project value for different project types and for different waste types. Percentage of waste landfilled. Percentage of waste recycled on-site and off-site. Percentage of waste re-used on-site and off-site.

8 Page 03 Methodology for production of Performance Indicators Sources of data used to produce benchmarks Data has been collected from BRE s SMARTStart system and from BRE s SMARTWaste Plan tool. SMARTStart is a web-based benchmarking tool which has been in use for over 5 years. New users can no longer register to use the SMARTStart tool but there are still some projects registered that are not yet complete. SMARTWaste Plan is a web-based tool for preparing, implementing and reviewing Site Waste Management Plan (SWMPs). Information on these tools is given in Appendix A. Both tools collect construction project data including the following project information: > > Cost of project > > Floor area of project > > Project address and location > > Type of project e.g. residential, commercial etc > > Length of project (start and anticipated end date) > > Number of employees > > If the project is construction, refurbishment and/or demolition > > Type of construction SMARTWaste Plan also collects data related to the preparation of SWMPs (responsibilities, waste minimisation, waste forecasts, waste management options), implementation of the plan (Duty of Care, training, actual waste arisings, ongoing review) and reviewing the plan. In addition, the following data is collected about the waste produced: > > Amount of waste (tonnage and or/volume) > > Cost of waste > > Percentage segregated, reused on-site, reused off-site, recycled on-site, recycled off-site, recovery on-site, recovery off-site, diverted from landfill Data on waste arisings is entered by the users and cumulative totals and performance indicators produced as the project progresses.

9 Page 04 Performance indicators produced Data from these tools has been used to produce the following performance indicators: > > Volume/tonnes waste produced per 100m 2 floor area > > Volume/tonnes waste produced per 100K project value > > Volume/tonnes waste produced by product type per 100m 2 floor area > > Volume/tonnes waste produced by product type per 100K project value Projects have been separated into New Build, Refurbishment and Demolition and performance indicators have been produced for different project types. Statistical analysis of data Data obtained from completed projects was subject to a number of logical and statistical tests, to ensure that the data used to produce the performance indicators and other data is valid. Initially all projects that meet the following criteria were selected. > > The floor area must be greater than 1 m 2. > > The amount of waste must be greater than 1m 3 or 1 tonne. > > The project value must be greater than 1. The performance indicators of m 3 waste per 100 m 2 floor area and m 3 waste per 100K project value were calculated for these projects. The range in the performance indicators was generally quite large and, in order to exclude any very high or very low results which may be unreliable, only those projects with performance indicators between the 5th percentile and 95th percentile have been selected for further analysis.

10 Page 05 New build construction baseline data New build construction project types Data has been collected via the SMARTWaste Plan tool from a range of new build project as shown in Table 1. Table 1: SMARTWaste Project classifications and examples Project Classification Examples Civil Engineering Retail Offices Other Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Leisure Public Buildings Residential Bridges, tunnels, roads, railways, utilities, car parks Food store, retail warehouse, shopping centre, supermarket, department store Institutional, suites, call centres, others Film TV studios, newspaper HQ, banks/building societies Primary Schools / Nurseries, universities, student accommodation, high schools Hospitals / nursing homes, health centres Industry (heavy, light, food), scientific labs, distribution/warehousing, farm buildings Cinema / Theatre, hotel/holiday camp, sports facilities, parks/gardens/playgrounds, pubs/clubs/restaurants Fire / police stations, government admin, prison service, museums/galleries, religious centres Flats / Apartments, houses, old peoples homes, student accommodation/hostels, military accommodation Performance indicators have been produced for each of the classifications listed.

11 Page 06 Performance Indicators Data from new build construction projects on SMARTStart and SMARTWaste Plan that were completed by the end of February 2010 have been analysed to produce a set of performance indicators for new build construction. It should be noted that these projects are for the construction phase only and do not include excavation or demolition waste. Performance indicators of m 3 /100m 2 floor area and m 3 / 100K project value have been produced using data from volume based projects. These results have then been used to calculate performance indicators of tonnes/100m 2 floor area and tonnes/ 100K project value by applying conversion factors. In addition, performance indicators of tonnes/ 100K have been calculated from projects reporting directly in tonnes. There are significantly more projects reporting in volume (670 passing the criteria) than reporting in tonnes (151 passing the criteria). Performance indicators from projects reporting in volume For new build construction, the number of completed projects (completion dates from April 2004 until February 2010) reporting in volume that passed the criteria of minimum floor area, project value and amount of waste was 670. The following performance indicators have been produced: Volume of waste per 100m 2 floor area The 5th and 95th percentile of the performance indicator m 3 waste/100m 2 floor area were calculated and the number of projects with performance indicators within these values was 603. The range of completion dates for these projects is shown in Chart 1. Chart 1: Completion dates of volume based projects Number of projects Total number of projects Number of projects included Year (to 28-2) These projects were analysed to calculate the average, median, minimum, maximum and standard deviation of the m 3 /100m 2 for the different project types and the results are summarised in Appendix B, Table B1. Performance indicators of m 3 waste per 100 m 2 floor area for individual waste product types have also been calculated from actual volume data entered on SMARTStart and SMARTWaste Plan. These performance indicators are shown in Appendix B, Table B2.

12 Page 07 Tonnes of waste per 100m 2 floor area Tonnage based performance indicators were calculated using the same projects. Bulk volumes for individual waste products have been calculated for each type of project and conversion factors have been applied to each product. These conversion factors are based on conversion factors in the EA report of arising and management of construction and demolition waste in Wales and are shown in the Appendix C. An overall tonnage performance indicator was then produced for each project type. The conversion factors and the tonnage based performance indicators are shown in Appendix D, Table D1. The performance indicators of tonnes waste per 100 m 2 floor area for individual waste products are also shown in Appendix D2. In future, more tonnage data will be available from SMARTWaste Plan projects which report data directly in tonnes without the need for conversion. Volume/tonnes waste per 100K project value The analysis for the performance indicator m 3 waste per 100K project value was carried out in the same way as the analysis for m 3 waste per 100m 2 floor area and the results are summarised in Appendix E, Tables E1-E4. The range of the Performance Indicators has also been reviewed for these completed projects. The lower quartile has been assigned as best practice, the next quartile assigned as good practice and the top two quartiles assigned as standard practice. These can provide benchmarks for the industry to start improving their performance and moving from standard to best practice. These benchmarks for standard, good and best practice are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Standard, good and best benchmarks for new build construction Tonnes/ 100K Standard Good Best New build residential projects Other new build projects Building the future , A survey on the arisings and management of construction and demolition waste in Wales , GEWA0308BNRR-e-e.pdf?lang=_e

13 Page 08 Performance indicators from projects reporting in tonnes For new build construction, the number of completed projects (completion dates from April 2004 until February 2010) reporting in tonnes that passed the criteria of minimum floor area, project value and amount of waste was 151. The following performance indicators have been produced: Tonnes waste per 100K project value The 5th and 95th percentile of the performance indicator tonnes waste/ 100K floor area were calculated and the number of projects with performance indicators within these values was 135. The range of completion dates for these projects is shown in Chart 2. Chart 2: Completion dates for tonnage projects Number of projects Total number of projects Number of projects included (until 28-2) Year These projects were analysed to calculate the average, median, minimum, maximum and standard deviation of the tonnes/ 100K for the different project types and the results are summarised in Appendix F, Table F1. Performance indicators of tonnes waste per 100K project value for individual waste product types have also been calculated from actual volume data entered on SMARTStart and SMARTWaste Plan. These performance indicators are shown in Appendix F, Table F2. Benchmarks for standard, good and best practice have been calculated from the performance indicators calculated from tonnage based projects and these are shown in Table 3. These benchmark figures are similar to those produced from the volume based projects although the range from standard to best is larger. This is probably due to the fact that there are a smaller number of projects so the effect of those projects with very large or very small performance indicators is increased. For the purposes of producing an estimate of waste arisings the benchmarks produced from the volume based projects that will be used as the dataset is much larger. However, the graph of completion dates (Chart 2) shows that the number of projects reporting data in tonnes on SMARTWaste Plan is increasing so in the near future benchmarks from tonnage based projects will be more reliable. Table 3: Standard, good and best benchmarks for new build construction (tonnage based projects) Tonnes/ 100K Standard Good Best New build residential projects Other new build projects

14 Page 09 Information on Construction Output Data is available from the Office of National Statistics website 3 about the value of construction output for The construction output for England is summarised in Table 4. Table 4: Value of construction output for England, 2009 Value of construction output ( millions) New Housing Other New Work Excluding Infrastructure All new work Public Private Infrastructure Public Private Industrial Private Q ,412 1,410 2, ,202 12,070 Q ,299 1,584 2, ,889 11,924 Q ,140 1,665 3, ,496 11,714 Q ,190 1,878 3, ,980 11,840 Total 3,053 9,041 6,538 12,066 2,284 14,566 47,547 Baseline for New Build waste arisings for 2009 Total waste arising from new build construction The benchmarks for tonnes waste arising per 100K project value have been applied to the construction output figures to estimate the waste arising from new build construction in England for These results are shown in Table 5 and Chart 3. These figures assume that all projects are working at standard, good or best practice whereas in reality there will be a large range in performance. Table 5: Estimated waste arisings from new build construction in England, 2009 Standard Good Best Tonnes waste arising from residential new work Tonnes waste arising from other new work Total Tonnes waste arising from all new work 1,971,190 1,281, ,312 5,743,574 3,651,779 1,879,071 7,714,765 4,933,657 2,568, Table 4, downloaded

15 Page 10 Chart 3: Estimated waste arisings from new build construction in England, 2009 (tonnes) Tonnes waste arising Tonnes waste arising from residential new work Tonnes waste arising from other new work 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 Standard Good Best Detailed waste arising from residential new build by product. Details of housing completions in England are available from the Communities and Local Government website 4 and are shown for England in 2009 in Table 6. The total floor area for new build residential construction can be calculated from the median floor area of 88m 2 ( 5 ) and the total number of dwellings completed. The value of the total floor area has then been used together with the individual waste product performance indicators (tonnes waste/100m 2 floor area) to calculate the total amount of each waste product produced from new build residential construction in England in 2009 as shown in Table 7 and Chart 4. Table 6: Number of dwellings completed in England, 2009 Number of dwellings completed, England, 2009 Period Private Enterprise Registered Social Landlords Local Authorities All Dwellings Total floor area, m Q1 22,180 6, ,210 2,570,480 Q2 24,490 5, ,300 2,666,400 Q3 20,960 6, ,480 2,418,240 Q4 24,810 6, ,010 2,728,880 Total 92,440 25, ,000 10,384, EHCS, 2008, Personal communication

16 Page 11 Table 7: Tonnes waste arising from new build residential construction in England, 2009, by waste type Waste type Tonnes waste produced in England, 2009 % of total waste arising Asphalt and tar 27, Binders 8, Bricks 303, Canteen/office/adhoc 28, Concrete 341, Electrical and electronic equipment 2, Floor coverings (soft) 1, Furniture 1, Gypsum 79, Hazardous 2, Inert 401, Insulation 34, Liquids 2, Metals 29, Oils Other Packaging 85, Plastics 30, Tiles and Ceramics 19, Timber 129, Total 1,527,013 Demolition Waste

17 Page 12 Chart 4: Tonnes waste produced in England from new build residential construction, 2009 Tiles and ceramics Asphalt and tar Binders Plastics Timber Packaging Other Oils Metals Liquids Insulation Bricks Canteen/office/adhoc Concrete Inert Floor coverings (soft) Gypsum Hazardous Furniture Electrical and electronic equipment These results show that the main waste types are bricks, concrete, and inert which account for over 68% of the waste arisings. After that the main waste types are timber, gypsum, packaging, and insulation.

18 Page 13 Refurbishment Baseline Data Refurbishment project types Currently, refurbishment projects on SMARTWaste Plan are classified in the same way as new build project types as shown in Table 1. However, discussions with industry have shown that these project classifications may not be suitable for refurbishment and fit-out projects as there can be a large variation in the type of work carried out in these projects. Therefore, a revised set of classifications were produced as summarised in Table 8. Table 8: Proposed categories for refurbishment and fit-out projects Classification Minor refurbishment, R1 Major refurbishment, R2 Complete refurbishment, R3 Services, S1 Shell and core, F1 Category A Fit-out, F2 Category B Fit-out, F3 Description This will involve re-decorating, improving signage and lighting, replacing floor coverings, exterior painting and repair, minor changes to the fittings. Typically takes place at 5-yearly intervals. This will involve major changes to the services and the interior fittings but without any significant structural alterations. It may include the addition of a raised floor, improvements to core areas and entrance halls, new lighting, internal shading. Typically takes place at 25 yearly intervals and in conjunction with lease renewal. This will involve significant structural alterations, such as extension to the floors or partial demolition. New cladding may be fitted together the installation of new service and full fit out. Likely to take place with a lease renewal or sale. Complete replacement of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning plant. Associated pipework, ducting, terminal units, controls and insulation may be replaced or upgraded as necessary. Typically takes place at 25 yearly intervals. Shell-and-core developments include fully finished landlord areas (i.e. not part of space rented to tenant) comprising main entrance and reception, lift and stair cores, lobbies and toilets. The office floor areas are left as a shell ready for category A fit-out. Typically, category A is what the developer provides as part of the rentable office space and usually comprises the following: > > raised floors and suspended ceilings > > extension of the mechanical and electrical services > > finishes to the internal face of the external and core walls > > blinds Category B completes the fit-out to the occupier s specific requirements. It can typically comprise the following: > > installation of cellular offices > > conference/meeting room facilities and furniture > > reception area, tea point/kitchen fit-out > > enhanced services / specialist lighting > > IT and AV installations

19 Page 14 Existing SMARTWaste Plan users responsible for refurbishment and fit-out projects were contacted for their comments on these categories and where their projects would fit in these categories. In total, users were contacted about over 1200 projects but responses were only received from 206 users. Feedback from users showed that these categories were generally appropriate for commercial refurbishment projects but there should be a separate category for residential refurbishment. A summary of the results of the consultation are shown in Table 9. Table 9: Summary of refurbishment projects and classifications Refurbishment/Fit-out category Number of projects Number of completed projects reporting in volume Minor refurbishment, R Major refurbishment, R Complete refurbishment, R Services, S1 3 0 Shell and core, F1 4 0 Category A Fit-out, F2 3 1 Category B Fit-out, F Combinations of refurbishment and fit-out options 19 0 Decent Homes 9 1 No response Total These figures show that there are currently not enough completed projects to produce performance indicators for refurbishment projects in the new classifications. Modifications to SMARTWaste Plan will be made to ensure users enter details about the type of refurbishment project being carried out. Therefore, in future there should be more data in order to produce performance indicators and benchmarks for refurbishment projects according to these new classifications. For the purposes of producing an estimate of waste arisings from refurbishment and fit-out projects a set of performance indicators and benchmark figures for standard, good and best practice were produced in the same way as those produced for new build projects.

20 Page 15 Performance Indicators The refurbishment performance indicators for volume based projects have been calculated in the same way as the new build performance indicators. However, for some project types there are limited completed projects on which to base the performance indicators. The performance indicators for project types which had 10 or more completed projects are shown in Appendix G, Table G1. The tonnage refurbishment performance indicators have been calculated directly from projects reporting in tonnes as there are a significant number of these for refurbishment projects. The performance indicators for project types which have 10 or more completed projects are shown in Appendix G, Table G2. The range of the Performance Indicators has also been reviewed for these completed projects as for new build projects above. The lower quartile has been assigned as best practice, the next quartile assigned as good practice and the top two quartiles assigned as standard practice. These can provide benchmarks for the industry to start improving their performance and moving from standard to best practice. These benchmarks for standard, good and best practice are shown in Table 10. Information on Refurbishment Output Data is available from the Office of National Statistics website 6 about the value of construction output for repair and maintenance projects for Repair and maintenance work is defined in the Construction Statistics Annual as work which is either repairing something that is broken, or maintaining it to an existing standard. For housing output, this includes repairs, maintenance, improvements, house/flat conversions, extensions, alterations, redecoration etc on existing housing. For non-housing this includes repairs, maintenance, redecoration, etc on existing buildings, which are not housing, for example schools, offices, roads, shops. The repair and maintenance construction output for England is summarised in Table 11. These benchmarks for standard, good and best practice are shown in Table

21 Page 16 Table 10: Standard, good and best benchmarks for refurbishment projects Tonnes/ 100K Standard Good Best Residential refurbishment projects Other refurbishment projects Table 11: Value of repair and maintenance construction output for England, 2009 Value of repair and maintenance work in England, 2009 ( millions) Repair and Maintenance Other Work Housing Public Private All Repair and Maintenance ENGLAND 2009 Q1 5,459 1,839 3,619 10,918 Q2 5,510 1,757 3,483 10,750 Q3 5,888 2,116 3,756 11,760 Q4 5,422 1,937 3,563 10, Total 22,279 7,649 14,422 44,350

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23 Page 18 Estimate of Refurbishment waste arisings for 2009 Total waste arising from refurbishment, 2009 The benchmarks for tonnes waste arising per 100K project value have been applied to the construction output figures to estimate the waste arising from new build construction in England for These results are shown in Table 12. These figures assume that all projects are working at standard, good or best practice whereas in reality there will be a large range in performance. Table 12: Estimated waste arisings from new build construction in England, 2009 Standard Good Best Tonnes waste arising from residential refurbishment work Tonnes waste arising from other refurbishment work Total Tonnes waste arising from all refurbishment 2,094,194 1,960, ,704 1,787,753 1,147, ,060 3,881,947 3,108,215 1,575,763 Chart 5: Estimated waste arisings from repair and maintenance work in England, 2009 (tonnes) Tonnes waste arising from residential refurbishment work Tonnes waste arising from other refurbishment work 4,500,000 4,000,000 Tonnes waste 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 0 Standard Good Best

24 Page 19 Total construction waste arising for England, 2009 The performance indicators have been used to estimate total waste arising from new build construction to be 7,714,765 tonnes and from repair and maintenance to be 3,881,947 tonnes in This gives a total figure of construction waste arising from new build construction and repair and maintenance to be 11,596,712 tonnes in This figure does not include waste from demolition or excavation work. This figure is much lower than that produced for 2008 as shown in Chart 6. Chart 6: Estimated construction waste arisings for 2008 and 2009 Comparison of waste estimates ,000,000 Tonnes waste arising from residential new work Tonnes waste arising from other new work 12,000,000 Tonnes waste arising 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 Standard, 2008 Standard, 2009 Good, 2008 Good, 2009 Best, 2008 Best, 2009

25 Page 20 This is partly due to the reduced construction output which has decreased by approximately 29% for residential new build construction from the 2008 and by approximately 13% for other new build construction (as shown in Table 13). In addition, it is also due to the fact that the benchmark figures for 2009 are approximately 30% lower than those for 2008 for standard practice (as shown in Table 13). This is likely to be due to the fact that there are significantly more projects so the effect of any outliers is reduced. The waste arisings per 1 million of construction output for 2008 was 41.1 tonnes and for 2009 was 24.9 tonnes. Table 13: Difference between 2008 and 2009 construction output and benchmark figures % decrease Residential new build Construction output 17,134,387,257 12,093,190, Benchmark, standard practice (tonnes/ 100K) Other new build Construction output 40,791,962,006 35,454,163, Benchmark, standard practice (tonnes/ 100K)

26 Page 21 Waste management routes Segregation of waste The projects used to determine the performance indicators for new build construction were analysed further to calculate the total amount of waste segregated and the percentage segregated. The percentage segregated rates varied from 0% to 100% and the average was 28.7%. Waste management routes The same projects were analysed to determine the percentage of waste reused, recycled, recovered and landfilled and a figure for the percentage of waste diverted from landfill calculated for each project. The percentage recovered is based on information entered on the SMARTWaste Plan system about the amount of waste sent for recovery (via a waste transfer station) and the actual recovery rates for the final waste disposal facility. If no information was available about the recovery rates a figure of 50% recovery was used. The overall figures for each waste management route are shown in Table 14. Table 14: Percentage of waste reused, recycled, recovered and landfilled for new build construction % Reused % Recycled % Recovered % Landfilled % Diverted from landfill Residential new build construction Other new build construction All new build construction These figures suggest that there is a slightly higher rate of diversion from landfill from residential new build projects with higher recovery rates and lower recycled rates. However, the difference is very small and there is a smaller dataset for residential (86 projects) than for other new build project (383). The figures for percentage of waste diverted from landfill are shown in Chart 7 which shows the percentage of projects achieving a certain figure for percentage diversion from landfill. Benchmarks for standard, good and best practice were calculated and are shown in Table 15.

27 Page 22 Chart 7: Percentage of waste diverted from landfill for new build construction projects % waste diverted from landfill Percentage of projects Table 15: Benchmarks for % waste diverted from landfill for new build construction projects % diverted from landfill Standard Good Best All new build construction < > 78.4 Waste management routes by waste product For all new build projects the waste management routes for the different waste products were examined. A summary of the percentage reuse, recycled, recovered and landfilled is shown in Table 16 together with figures for % of waste diverted from landfill. The waste management routes for the main waste products are shown in Chart 8.

28 Page 23 Table 16: Percentage of waste reused, recycled, recovered and landfilled by waste type Waste type Average % reused Average % recycled Average % recovered Average % landfilled Average % diverted from landfill Asphalt and tar Binders Bricks Canteen/office/adhoc Concrete Electrical/electronic equipment Floor coverings (soft) Furniture Gypsum Hazardous Inert Insulation Liquids Metals Mixed Oils Other Packaging Plastics Tiles and Ceramics Timber Figures may not total 100% due to rounding.

29 Page 24 Chart 8: Waste management routes for main waste products Average % Bricks Concrete Gypsum Inert Insulation Packaging Timber 0.00 Average of % reused Average of % recycled Average of % recovered Average of % landfilled Metals These results show that there is little reuse of the main waste product groups with this mainly being confined to inert and bricks. The major waste products that are landfilled are insulation, mixed waste, hazardous, binders and floor coverings. For the main waste products shown in Chart 8 above, benchmarks for percentage diverted from landfill were produced by looking at data from all projects that produce the waste and assuming that the top quartile is best practice, the next quartile is good practice and the remainder is standard practice. The benchmarks are shown in Table 17 below. Table 17: Benchmarks for % diverted from landfill for main waste product groups % diverted from landfill Waste product Standard Good Best Bricks < Concrete < Gypsum < Inert < Insulation < >79.5 Packaging < > 95.8 Timber < > 98.9

30 Page 25 Conclusion and recommendations Since reporting on benchmarks and estimated waste arisings for 2008, there is significantly more data available from completed projects to produce performance indicators and benchmarks. The performance indicators for new build construction are now based on a large dataset for all classifications. Data on refurbishment projects is still more limited than for new build. However, there are sufficient completed projects available to produce performance indicators and benchmarks for tonnes waste arising/ 100K project value which have been used to then estimate waste arisings for Following consultation with SMARTWaste Plan users a new set of classification for refurbishment projects has been developed. Although there was not enough information on existing projects to produce performance indicators for these new classifications, in future information about the new classifications will be collected for all new refurbishment and fit-out projects registering on SMARTWaste Plan. Data from the performance indicators produced has been used together with information about construction output to estimate construction waste arisings for 2009 of 11,596,712 tonnes (this excludes waste arising from demolition, excavation and groundworks). Completed projects have been analysed to calculate the percentage of waste reused, recycled, recovered, landfilled and diverted from landfill. These calculations have been carried out overall and for individual waste products. Performance indicators and benchmarks will be produced every three months for new build construction projects; these will include waste arisings/100m 2 and waste arising/ 100K for different project types and different waste products. Where data is available, a similar set of performance indicators for refurbishment projects will also be produced. From March 2010 a small fee will be charged for providing the data which will also include further performance indicators such as percentage of waste reused, recycled, recovered and diverted from landfill.

31 Page 26 Appendix A SMARTWaste Plan From 6 April 2008 it is a legal requirement for all construction projects in England over 300,000 to have a SWMP, with a more detailed plan required for projects over 500,000. These plans are designed to encourage better waste management practices, improve environmental performance, reduce the cost of waste disposal and reduce waste crime such as fly-tipping. It is estimated that a fly-tipping incident occurs every 35 seconds which costs approximately 45 million to dispose and clean, 5 million in enforcement and 50 million cost to landowners per year. Both local authorities and the Environment Agency have the power to enforce SWMP implementation and the Code for Sustainable Homes already requires the mandatory use of a SWMP. BRE have designed a free software tool for preparing, implementing and reviewing a SWMP called SMARTWaste Plan. This tool includes an integrated waste measurement tool (updated and improved version of SMARTStart). SMARTWaste Plan helps users manage all aspects of creating SWMPs and measuring waste generated on their projects. At present, there are over 3,000 companies registered to use the tool including over 70% of the top 50 contractors. For more details on SMARTWaste, please go to: www. smartwaste.co.uk SMARTStart SMARTStart is a waste auditing tool which enables users to start the process of evaluating waste management across all their sites. It is particularly valuable in helping to apply sustainable waste management techniques. Here are some of the key features of SMARTStart: > > In terms of benchmarking and monitoring: SMARTStart stores and presents information on the contents of containers leaving site. Containers are visually assessed as they leave site and the percentage volume of 14 waste groups are entered into the users secure website account. From the data entered, SMARTStart generates graphs, tables, an audit log, an Environmental Performance Indicator (EPI) and a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for each individual site and on a company-wide basis. Users can compare the EPI and KPI with national averages produced by BRE and Constructing Excellence to see how well they are performing compared with the rest of the industry. > > The output obtained from SMARTStart will enable users to monitor performance in relation to Site Waste Management Plans, monitor the effect of changes in waste reduction and recovery methods and help users to prepare and complete new plans. > > SMARTStart provides users with a greater understanding of the amounts and types of waste leaving their sites. Analysis of this information can be used as a basis for applying sustainable waste management techniques to reduce the amount of waste generated and save money, time and effort. At present, there are over 800 projects registered on SMARTStart. New users can no longer register on SMARTStart.

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33 Page 28 Appendix B Floor area performance indicators for new build construction - volume Table B1: Summary of m 3 /100m 2 for different project types m 3 /100m 2 Retail Office Education Healthcare Number of projects Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation Range Minimum Maximum m 3 /100m 2 Industrial Buildings Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed use Number of projects Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation Range Minimum Maximum

34 Page 29 Table B2: Summary of m 3 /100m 2 for different waste types Waste product m 3 /100m 2 for different waste products Retail Office Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Bricks Tiles and Ceramics Concrete Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Gypsum Binders Plastics Timber Floor coverings (soft) Electrical and electronic equipment Furniture Canteen/office/adhoc Liquids

35 Page 30 Waste product m 3 /100m 2 for different waste products Retail Office Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Oils Asphalt and tar Hazardous Other Mixed Total

36 Page 31 Table B2: Summary of m 3 /100m 2 for different waste types (continued) Waste product m 3 /100m 2 for different waste products Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed Use Bricks Tiles and Ceramics Concrete Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Gypsum Binders Plastics Timber Floor coverings (soft) Electrical and electronic equipment Furniture Canteen/office/adhoc Liquids

37 Page 32 Waste product m 3 /100m 2 for different waste products Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed Use Oils Asphalt and tar Hazardous Other Mixed Total

38 Page 33 Appendix C Conversion factors used to calculate tonnage based performance indicators Description Density factor (tonnes per m 3 ) EWC code EWC description Asphalt and tar bituminous mixtures Binders gypsum based construction materials Bricks bricks Canteen/office/adhoc mixed municipal waste Concrete concrete Electrical and electronic equipment discarded equipment Floor coverings (soft) textiles Furniture bulky waste Gypsum gypsum based construction materials Hazardous C&D waste containing dangerous substances. Inert mixtures of concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramics Insulation insulation materials Liquids paints, inks etc Metals mixed metals Mixed mixed C&D waste Other Packaging mixed packaging Plastics plastics Soils soil and stones Tiles and Ceramics tiles and ceramics Timber wood

39 Page 34 Appendix D Floor area performance indicators for new build construction - tonnes Table D1: Summary of Tonnes/100m 2 for different project types Tonnes/100m 2 Tonnes/100m 2 Retail Office Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Conversion factor Mean Median Tonnes/100m 2 Tonnes/100m 2 Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed use Conversion factor Mean Median

40 Page 35 Table D2: Summary of Tonnes/100m 2 for different waste products Description Tonnes/100m 2 Retail Offices Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Bricks Tiles and ceramics Concrete Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Gypsum Binders Plastics Timber Floor coverings (soft) Electrical and electronic equipment Furniture Canteen/office/adhoc Liquids

41 Page 36 Description Tonnes/100m 2 Retail Offices Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Oils Asphalt and tar Hazardous Other Mixed Total

42 Overview of Demolition Waste in the UK Page 37 Table D2: Summary of Tonnes/100m 2 for different waste products (continued) Description Tonnes/100m 2 Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed Use Bricks Tiles and ceramics Concrete Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Gypsum Binders Plastics Timber Floor coverings (soft) Electrical and electronic equipment Furniture Canteen/office/adhoc Liquids

43 Overview of Demolition Waste in the UK Page 38 Description Tonnes/100m 2 Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed Use Developments Oils Asphalt and tar Hazardous Other Mixed Total

44 Page 39 Appendix E Project value performance indicators for new build construction volume and tonnes Table E1: Summary of m 3 / 100K for different project types Retail Office Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Number of projects Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation Range Minimum Maximum Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed use Number of projects Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation Range Minimum Maximum

45 Page 40 Table E2: Summary of Tonnes/ 100K for different project types Retail Office Tonnes/ 100K Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Conversion factor Mean Median Tonnes/ 100K Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed use Conversion factor Mean Median

46 Page 41 Table E3: Summary of m 3 / 100K for different waste products Description m 3 /100K Retail Offices Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Bricks Tiles and Ceramics Concrete Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Gypsum Binders Plastics Timber Floor coverings (soft) Electrical and electronic equipment Furniture Canteen/office/adhoc Liquids

47 Page 42 Description m 3 /100K Retail Office Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Oils Asphalt and tar Hazardous Other Mixed Total

48 Page 43 Table E3: Summary of m 3 / 100K for different waste products (continued) Description m 3 /100K Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed use Bricks Tiles and Ceramics Concrete Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Gypsum Binders Plastics Timber Floor coverings (soft) Electrical and electronic equipment Furniture Canteen/office/adhoc Liquids

49 Page 44 Description m 3 /100K Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed use Oils Asphalt and tar Hazardous Other Mixed Total

50 Page 45 Table E4: Summary of Tonnes/ 100K for different waste products Description Tonnes/ 100K Retail Offices Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Bricks Tiles and ceramics Concrete Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Gypsum Binders Plastics Timber Floor coverings (soft) Electrical and electronic equipment Furniture Canteen/office/adhoc Liquids

51 Page 46 Description Tonnes/ 100K Retail Offices Education Healthcare Industrial Buildings Oils Asphalt and tar Hazardous Other Mixed Total

52 Page 47 Table E4: Summary of Tonnes/ 100K for different waste products (continued) Description Tonnes/ 100K Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed Use Developments Bricks Tiles and ceramics Concrete Inert Insulation Metals Packaging Gypsum Binders Plastics Timber Floor coverings (soft) Electrical and electronic equipment Furniture Canteen/office/adhoc Liquids

53 Page 48 Description Tonnes/ 100K Leisure Public Buildings Residential Mixed Use Developments Oils Asphalt and tar Hazardous Other Mixed Total

54 Page 49

55 Page 50 Appendix F Project value performance indicators for new build construction based on tonnage projects Table F1: Summary of Tonnes/ 100K for different project types tonnage based projects Tonnes/ 100K Retail Offices Education Healthcare Number of projects Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation Range Minimum Maximum Tonnes/ 100K Industrial Buildings Public Buildings Residential Number of projects Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation Range Minimum Maximum

56 Page 51 Table F2: Summary of Tonnes/ 100K for different waste products Waste product Tonnes/ 100K Retail Office Education Healthcare Asphalt and tar Binders Bricks Canteen/office/adhoc Concrete Electrical and electronic equipment Floor coverings (soft) Furniture Gypsum Hazardous Inert Insulation Liquids Metals Mixed Oils

57 Page 52 Waste product Tonnes/ 100K Retail Office Education Healthcare Other Packaging Plastics Tiles and Ceramics Timber Total

58 Page 53 Table F2: Summary of Tonnes/ 100K for different waste products (continued) Waste product Tonnes/ 100K Industrial Buildings Public Buildings Residential Asphalt and tar Binders Bricks Canteen/office/adhoc Concrete Electrical and electronic equipment Floor coverings (soft) Furniture Gypsum Hazardous Inert Insulation Liquids Metals Mixed Oils

59 Page 54 Waste product Tonnes/ 100K Industrial Buildings Public Buildings Residential Other Packaging Plastics Tiles and Ceramics Timber Total

60 Page 55 Appendix G Performance indicators for refurbishment projects Table G1: Summary of m 3 / 100K for different project types m 3 / 100K Retail Office Education Number of projects Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation Range Minimum Maximum m 3 / 100K Healthcare Public Buildings Residential Number of projects Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation Range Minimum Maximum

61 Page 56 Table G2: Summary of Tonnes/ 100K for different project types Tonnes/ 100K Retail Office Education Residential Number of projects Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation Range Minimum Maximum

62 PROJECT PARTNERS