Research trends of Drinking Water Quality Management in Japan

Transcription

1 Research trends of Drinking Water Quality Management in Japan JST-NSERC Workshop on Sustainable Water Use Venue: Fujisoft Akiba Plaza, Tokyo, Japan Dates: 21st & 22nd October 2013 Mari ASAMI 1

2 Contents 1. Trends in drinking-water quality issues in Japan 2. Radioactive nuclides in the nuclear accident 3. Perchlorate contamination and counter measures 4. Formaldehyde precursor - Huge contamination in Tokyo area 5. Risk management 2

3 Contents 1 1. Trends in drinking-water quality issues in Japan 2. Radioactive nuclides in the nuclear accident 3. Perchlorate contamination and counter measures 4. Formaldehyde precursor - Huge contamination in Tokyo area 5. Risk management 3

4 Trends in Drinking-water Quality Issues in Japan Chemical issues Microbiological issues Heavy Metals/Organics/ Ammonia/Nitrate Pathogens Wastewater/ Environmental Contamination Agricultural chemicals/eds/dioxane/ppcps Chlorine resistant protozoa Cryptosporidium etc. Eutrophication /Algae bloom DBP Intrinsic issues Taste/Odor/ Trace chemicals Water source/disinfection/treatment Lead/ Water tank Protozoa/ Virus Radiological issues Bromate Chlorate/ Chlorine odor 2000 s Water safety plans/water source protection/treatment chemicals 1990 s Changing lead pipes/water tank surveillance 1980 s Introduction of advanced water treatment Radioactive nuclides 1970 s Improvement of disinfection/powdered activated carbon 1960 s High-growth period-water source development/establishment of governmental structure: wastewater standard/environmental standard/waterwork s law 4

5 Trends in Drinking-water Quality in Japan -Detail- Microbiological issues Increase of advanced water treatment Introduction of UV Turbidity control for each filter Bromate Chemical issues Agricultural chemicals/eds/ 1,4-Dioxane/ PPCPs Radiological issues Chlorate/ Chlorine odor Radioactive nuclides NDMA Formaldehyde precursor Continued Chlorine resistant protozoa Cryptosporidium etc. /Virus Lead/ Water tank 1990 s Changing lead pipes /Water tank surveillance 2000 s Water safety plans/ Water source protection/ Treatment chemicals Intrinsic issues and countermeasures QA/QC for Water quality testing/ SOP determined by governmental notice/ GLP(JWWA) 5

6 Japanese Water Quality Standard and Related Items Water Quality Standard (Water Works Law) Management Items (Director Notice, 2003) Items for Further Study (Advisory Council, 2003) Undefined toxicological evaluation No sufficient data in purified water Water works responsibility for analysis Compulsory periodical investigation Heavy metals and chemicals detected above 10% of target values 30 Health related items + 20 Deteriorates Director s request for analysis Subsidiary to the Water Quality Standard Items of provisional target values and low level detection Important items for water quality management 15 Health related items including total of 121 agricultural chemicals + 12 Deteriorates 48 items listed for investigation Subject to Rolling Revision 6

7 Contents 2 1. Trends in drinking-water quality issues in Japan 2. Radioactive nuclides in the nuclear accident 3. Perchlorate contamination and counter measures 4. Formaldehyde precursor - Huge contamination in Tokyo area 5. Risk management 7

8 The Great East Japan Earthquake On 11 March 2011, the Great East Japan earthquake brought triple large disasters; EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE Partial water failure TSUNAMI NUCLEAR ACCIDENT Whole water failure Simulated cesium-137 distribution by Dr.Ohara, NIES 8

9 Damage of water supply facilities and recovery, The Great East Japan earthquake, 2011 Total 2.57million houses experienced suspension of water supply Recovery Data especially on first 3days may be insufficient Damaged After shock After shock After shock 45 thousand families left evacuated and unrecovered due to Tsunami damage 9

10 Detection of radionuclides in tap water and water restriction for drinking purpose. Radioactive iodine (I-131) Exceeding the water restriction indicator; 300Bq/kg Exceeding the water restriction indicator for infants; 100Bq/kg NPP Detected above 10Bq/kg 10

11 Results of surveys on radioactive materials in tap water Iitate-mura (village) Small-scale water supply utility in Fukushima prefecture Tokyo water supply utility MHLW 11

12 Contents 3 1. Trends in drinking-water quality issues in Japan 2. Radioactive nuclides in the nuclear accident 3. Perchlorate contamination and counter measures 4. Formaldehyde precursor - Huge contamination in Tokyo area 5. Risk management 12

13 Perchlorate Perchlorate is one of emerging contaminants, used for air bags, rocket fuels, fireworks and so on. It was highly found in water of Tokyo area. Our study proved it was discharged from at least two big factories. µg/l Much higher than in other area. Raw Finished Perchlorate Tone Tone Tone Musashi Tone Kansai Kansai Kansai Others Others Others Others Kosaka K., Asami M., et al., Occurrence of perchlorate in drinking water sources of metropolitan area in Japan, Water Research. 41(15) ;

14 Trend of perchlorate in Tone and Watarase river 過塩素酸濃度 (μg/l) Perchlorate concentration (µg/l) 過塩素酸濃度 (μg/l) Perchlorate trend in Tone River 利根川水系における過塩素酸濃度推移 Items for further study; Indicator level 25μg/L (2011.4~) Perchlorate trend in Watarase River 渡良瀬川における過塩素酸濃度推移 Items for further study; Indicator level 25μg/L (2011.4~) Reduction by 利根大堰 manufacturers 荒川御成橋 pushed by MOE, 江戸川関宿橋 Water Supply Bodies and NIPH EPA 暫定勧告値 A 三国橋 part of Water Safety Plans EPA 暫定勧告値 0 14 Data from Tokyo Metropolitan Gov. 14

15 Contents 4 1. Trends in drinking-water quality issues in Japan 2. Radioactive nuclides in the nuclear accident 3. Perchlorate contamination and counter measures 4. Formaldehyde precursor - Huge contamination in Tokyo area 5. Risk management 15

16 Formaldehyde precursor contamination in Tone river Wastewater treatment facility =Relating facilities Gumma Chemical industry A Saitama Tochigi May 2012 =Water supply treatment plants stopped water introduction 870 thousand people suffered from water suspension!! Tokyo Tone River Kanagawa 100 km Chiba 16

17 Detection of formaldehyde nearly above the standard in water supplies along Tone river The chemical industry A in Saitama Pref. sent 60 tons of Hexamine to waste(water) treatment facility. It took over treatment of the waste without knowing exact contents of the waste, simply treated and discharged into the river. Hexamine:PRTR substance Contract career log Pow = HCHO Chemical industry A Contract with the facility A waste(water) treatment facility Just neutralized discharge Tone river Formaldehyde formation in chlorination + Hypochlorite Water treatment plants 17

18 Contents 5 1. Trends in drinking-water quality issues in Japan 2. Radioactive nuclides in the nuclear accident 3. Perchlorate contamination and counter measures 4. Formaldehyde precursor - Huge contamination in Tokyo area 5. Risk management 18

19 Risk management of water supply How to avoid or shorten water failures! Water safety plans source identification, water analysis, and crisis management. Customers need continuous water supply! Hydrophilic substances are important, which can be detected, thanks to recent progress of analytical equipment, but cannot be removed. MHLW is trying to list up harmful substances to water supply, in order to ask discharging facilities to reduce amount! 19

20 Risk management is... How to make this area smaller! Rapid recovery 100% Function Accident Damage Recovery time Damage minimization Total management Thank you for your attention! Please contact to if you have questions. 20

21 Standard items Standard items and data exceeding 10, 50 and 100% of the standard value Cases / Year (%) Based on the Statistics of Water Supply Water Quality,

22 Standard items Standard items and data exceeding 10, 50 and 100% of the standard value Cases / Year (%) Based on the Statistics of Water Supply Water Quality,

23 Standard items Standard items and data exceeding 10, 50 and 100% of the standard value Cases / Year (%) Based on the Statistics of Water Supply Water Quality,

24 Management Items Management items and data exceeding 10, 50 and 100% of the indicator value Cases / Year (%) Based on the Statistics of Water Supply Water Quality,

25 Management of Agricultural Chemicals Management Items Water Quality Standard (0) Priority Pesticides (120) Second candidate pesticides (16) Other candidate pesticides (84) Chemicals detected above 10% of target values None of agricultural chemicals categorized as water quality standard High possibility of detection analytical methods partly available Production, ADI, and area distribution were considered. Managed as Total Agricultural Chemicals -total sum of the detected values divided by each target value Pesticides for further study DI = i DV GV i i 1 Excluded pesticides (14) Not important nor detected Less important but may detected. Estimated domestic shipping below 50 tons/year MHLW Advisory Council,

26 Items for further study 1/2 Data obtained Based on the Statistics of Water Supply Water Quality,

27 Items for further study 2/2 Data obtained Based on the Statistics of Water Supply Water Quality,

28 Surveys on radioactive materials in tap water at early stage Implementation status of monitoring inspection plans on radioactive materials in tap water in 2011 Inspections have been conducted Speedy public announcements of survey results have been made. Inspections are difficult to conduct because of the disaster Continuous and regular surveys on tap water had been conducted at emergency state almost for one year. TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Focused and regular monitoring has been conducted in Fukushima prefecture and its neighboring regions including Tokyo. Map of Geospatial Information Authority of Japan is used. 28

29 Tentative Map of Radiation Dose in Air A map of air radiation dose at 0.5-1m height measured by national or local governments, tentatively made at early stage based on volunteer info collection; map/fukushima.html and contoured by Dr. Kunihiko Takahashi, National Institute of Public Health, Japan

30 Image of iodine behavior in environment Air Particle Particulate iodine H H C H I I Environmental water I Particle H H C H I Water treatment Removed by sedimentation and filter Partially removed by activated carbon Reacted with organics? H H C H I Tap water H H C H I Organic iodine incl. iodoform I I Iodine gas Image I O H I Ion - HOI I - Oxidation Oxidation and adsorption I O H O O I O - Organic iodine incl. iodoform O O I O - Iodate ion hardly removed H Hydrogen C Carbon O Oxygen I Iodine 30

31 Image of cesium behavior in environment Air Environmental water Water treatment Tap water Cs I Cs Cs Particle Cs Removed by sedimentation and filter Particle Cs + Cs Partly removed + Cs Cesium particulate Usually cation (Cs + ) can adsorb onto turbid or particulates I Iodine Cs Cesium 31

32 Nuclear Safety Commission, Japan 2002 Rationale of Protection for Radiological Exposure Exposure Normal After an accident Criteria to avoid exposure just after an accident Indoor evacuation 20mSv Evacuation 50mSv *Exposure below 100mSv/y would hardly cause health problems, but set as low as reasonably achievable principle. Criteria in normal situation: 1mSv/y To minimize exposure under normal operation of nuclear power plant operation Criteria still in continuing emergency mSv/y* Criteria after emergency 1-20mSv/y Long-term criteria 1mSv/y An accident An accident seized Time elapsed 32

33 Radioactive iodine-drinking water guideline level WHO GDWQ 10 Japanese Emergency Indicator for infants 100 Japanese Emergency Indicator for adults 300 IAEA intervention level in emergency 3000 Iodine-131 (Bq/L) Remade from 33