CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE BY CO 2 UTILISATION 3-8 J U N E 2018, B E R L I N, G E R M A N Y

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1 CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE BY CO 2 UTILISATION Q I A N Z H U 9 T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L F R E I B E R G C O N F E R E N C E O N I G C C & X T L T E C H N O L O G I E S 3-8 J U N E 2018, B E R L I N, G E R M A N Y

2 PRESENTATION OUTLINE CO2 utilisation options Current state of CCU technologies Environmental impacts of the CCU Key messages Q I A N Z H U Senior analyst and author at the IEA Clean Coal Centre

3 CO 2 UTILISATION OPTIONS Direct utilisation enhanced oil and gas recovery (EOR/EGR) beverage carbonation in greenhouses to enhance plant growth wastewater treatment, cleaning agent, solvent, fire retardant, etc. Indirect utilisation CO2 to fuels and chemicals CO2 co-polymerisation Mineralisation Algae-based fuels and chemicals (

4 TECHNOLOGY PATHWAYS Electrochemical conversion Photocatalytic/photothermal catalytic conversion, photosythesis Catalytic conversion Bioconversion (using microbes and enzymes) Polymerisation Mineral carbonation (Mennicken and others, 2016) Dream Production Project (Mennicken and others, 2016)

5 CONVERSION OF CO 2 TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION HZI-ETOGAS ( Blue Crude production ( DNV s ECFORM reactor (Agarwal and others, 2011)

6 CONVERSION OF CO 2 TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS PHOTOCHEMICAL CONVERSION Counter-Rotating-Ring Receiver/Reactor/Recuperator (CR5) of the Sunshine to Petrol (S2P) reactor (Miller and others, 2016) Different configurations for a solar reactor (Kho and others, 2017)

7 CONVERSION OF CO 2 TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS CATALYTIC CONVERSION Carbon Recycling International s George Olah CO 2 to CH 4 Plant ( Carbon Engineering s Air to Fuels (A2F) Process ( (

8 CONVERSION OF CO 2 TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS BIOCONVERSION LanzaTech s biological gas fermentation process ( E. coli discovered by the University of Dundee that can convert CO 2 to formic acid (

9 Cambridge Carbon Capture s CO 2 LOC technology ( CO 2 MINERALISATION Carbon8 Systems ACT plant in commercial operation to produce carbon-negative aggregate ( CarbonCure s CO 2 concrete curing process at work (

10 CO 2 COPOLYMERISATION CO 2 instead of crude oil: Covestro s newly opened 5,000 t/y plant in Dormagen, Germany that incorporates 20% CO 2 into a foam component (

11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE CCU LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS (LCA) Comparison of global warming potential of different CCU options by Cuéllar-Franca and Azapagic (2015) LCA of CO 2 cured concrete produced using CarbonCure process (Monkman and MacDonald, 2017)

12 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE CCU POTENTIAL CO 2 MARKET the potential anthropogenic CO2 supply could reach over 12.7 Gt/y the current global annual CO2 consumption is estimated to be to 299 Mt CO 2 /y the potential CO 2 demand in the near-term of up to 10 years is estimated to be 300 Mt/y, and Mt/y by 2050

13 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE CCU CCU S ROLE IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION CCU is the key element to transform the current linear economy to a circular carbon economy CCU enables the move of chemical and energy industry towards low- carbon production that reduce CO 2 emissions sustainably CCU presents expanded options and reduced costs for climate change mitigation CCU can help to accelerate the uptake of CCS by offsetting the costs

14 KEY MESSAGES CCU provides routs to use CO2 to substitute fossil fuels and introduce renewable energy into the production processes, allowing transformation of manufacturing industry to new sustainable production systems at minimal costs CCU should form part of an overall strategy to mitigate climate change, along with improved efficiency, curtailed consumption, expansion of renewable energy use and CCS CCU technologies are rapidly advancing with some are already in commercial operation and more are emerging in the commercial market. In a short-to-medium-term, CCU will continue its progression, especially in areas that are technologically more advanced such as CO 2 -derived polymers, CO 2 carbonation and methanol production In the long term, CCU will become a key element in a circular carbon economy with sustainable, low-carbon chemical and energy production

15 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING A N Y Q U E S T I O N S? Q i a n Z h u Q i a n. Z h i e a - c o a l. o r g