Wastewater Reuse and Innovation Ecosystem

Transcription

1 Global Innovation Ecosystem 2008 March 14, 2008 Tokyo Wastewater Reuse and Innovation Ecosystem OHGAKI, Shinichiro 1

2 Vulnerability of Water System Natural vulnerability 自然的脆弱性 - Uncertainty of rainfall snowfall 降雨降雪は 不安定 不確定なもの - Uneven distribution of fresh water 淡水資源は偏在 偏在が容易に移動 - Eco-system is sensitive to water quantity and quantity. 自然生態系生物群は 水の量と質に敏感 - All impacts connects to all water components. 循環系ゆえ 一部の変化が水環境 水資源全体へ広く影響 2

3 Social vulnerability 社会的脆弱性 -Necessities for sanitation, but water conveys pathogens 衛生的環境を維持するための素材であるが 疾病を伝播する媒体でもある -Supply capacity has been designed for demands, and dose not have enough margin. それぞれの地域で 水利用のシステムは 基本的には必要量のみに対応している 降水量の大きな変動など外的変動への適応力は小さい -Sensitive to natural disasters 自然災害 ( 地震 洪水 渇水 津波 火山噴火など ) の影響を受けやすい -Local and international conflicts for water resources 同じ水資源を巡り 異なる利水間で生じる 国際的不安材料 3

4 Water system in Asia experience six major surges simultaneously: -Increasing urban population, -Rapid economic growth and centralization, -Unprecedented technological development, -Social and cultural fragmentation, and -Surge of economic globalization -Climate change (mitigation and adaptation) 4

5 These surges cause; Many kind of threats to water resources and water environment especially in mega-cities and the surrounding areas. 5

6 Natural disaster (extreme case) Groundwater and well damage due to Tsunami (Sri Lanka, December 2004 ) 6

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8 Social vulnerability = urbanization Urban Population Distribution of in Africa, Eurasia and Australia Continents 10 million (Dr. Ohta, Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration, The Univ. of Tokyo) 8

9 8 urban regions were over 10 millions 30 urban regions were over 5 millions (Prof.Okata, csur, UT,2008) 9

10 19 urban regions were over 10 millions 41 regions were over 5 millions (Prof.Okata, csur, UT,2008) 10

11 23 urban regions will be over 10 millions, 60 regions will be over 5 millions, 627 millions people will live in these 60 Megacities (Prof.Okata, csur, UT,2008) 11

12 Correlations between regional GDP and groundwater use Surge of economic globalization caused the change of water use in mega-cities. Bandung, Indonesia Bangkok, Thailand (IGES Policy Brief #4, March 2006) 12

13 Kobe Yodo River 13

14 Earthquake (South Hyougo Pref. 1995) 14

15 Urgent stand taps (Ashiya city) 15

16 Yodo river: an example of unintended wastewater reuse for drinking water 洛西 T 放流平常時 ケース 1 2= , , 鳥羽 T 放流平常時 ケース 1 2= , , 吉祥院 T 放流平常時 ケース1 2= , , Sewage Treatment Plants 伏見 T 放流平常時 ケース 1 2= , , 石田 T 放流平常時 ケース1 2= , , 淀川 ( 枚方地点 ) 平常時 ケース ,590 12,100 17, 洛南 T 放流平常時 ケース 1 2= , , water purification plants (advanced treatment) 下流側には 8 ヶ所の浄水場 ( すべて高度浄水処理 ) ( 出典 : 藤木修ほか ; 京都大学環境衛生工学研究会第 28 回シンポジウム に加筆 ) 冬期結果 凡例地点名称 ( ケース区分 ) BOD(mg/L) NH4-N(mg/L) 大腸菌群数 ( 個 /cm 3 ) クリプトスポリジウム ( 個 /L) 16

17 クリフ トスホ リシ ウム (Cryptosporidium parvum) USA, Wisconsin Milwaukee (1993): about 400,000 cases Ogose City, Saitama Pref. (1996): about 8800cases (diameter about 5μm) ( 国立感染症研究所寄生動物部ホームページより ) 17

18 (Another social vulnerability) Various scale of Water Utilities in Japan (as of March 31, 2006) Utility scale No. of utilities Population served More than 5000 people 1, ,790,000 Less than 5000 people 7,794 5,790,000 Small scaled 7, ,000 Total 17, ,120,000 (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan) 18

19 Change of Vulnerability and Adaptation high VULNERABILITY Measures against; Disasters, Health risk, Accidental water pollution,... Policies for; Energy saving, Water quality improvement, Well governance, Adaptation Climate Change low past 2008 future 19

20 Various Atmospheric Temperature in the World Stockholm De Bilt (Netherlands) Bangkok Singapore Beijing New York Seattle Melbourne Sapporo Tokyo Naha (Okinawa) Range of Monthly Average ( o C) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Original data source: 2007-Chronological Scientific Tables, National Astronomical Observatory, Japan) Locally specific solutions are required. 20

21 Increasing extreme cases of annual precipitation Trend of annual precipitation of Japan(1900 年 ~2004) Extreme droughts 1994-Drought 気象庁資料に基づき国土交通省水資源部で試算 21

22 Trend of Deepest-Snowfall at the Sea of Japan sides Ratio to normal year data (%) North Japan East Japan West Japan 細線 : 毎年の数値太線 :11 年移動平均値出典 : 異常気象リポート 2005, 気象庁 22

23 Water demand, L/cap.d Water Demand vs. Atmospheric Temperature ( Nagoya City, ) 名古屋市 ( 昭和 53~ 平成元年 ) Atmospheric Temperature ( ) 出典 : 建設省土木研究所 平成 6 年度地球温暖化が水需要に及ぼす影響に関する検討業務 23

24 Impacts due to 1994 Drought in Japan million people suffered reduced pressure and intermittent water supply in west Japan. - Around 80% of water environment quality monitoring station data became worse than Land subsidence due to increased groundwater use: Noubi Plains (Nagoya and surrounding area) subsidence >2cm 1-2cm (unit: monitoring points No. out of around 1500) (Source; 原沢 西岡編著 地球温暖化と日本 古今書院 2003) 24

25 Some adaptation options for water supply and demand (the list is not exhaustive) by 4 th -IPCC-AR(WGII). Source: IPCC the 4th Assessment Report 2007 WGII Chapter 3, p197,table

26 Source: IPCC the 4th Assessment Report 2007 WGII Chapter 3, p197,table

27 Mexico City: Wastewater Use for Irrigation 27

28 Mexico City 28

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35 Tianjin City, China: Wastewater Reuse for Toilet Flushing 35

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37 Residential area using reclaimed wastewater 37

38 Sea water use for toilet flushing in Hong Kong Impacts on quality :need research Strategy of adaptation against Extreme weather (including low temp and cold ) By-impacts on society by Water supply suspending is it the same as disaster Operation and maintenance Beyond sectors Demand side Supply side Estimation of cost due to risks Clarify What kind of information on climate change is required for adaptation by water utilities 38

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41 Tokyo Area 41

42 Water Network in Tokyo Yagisawa Dam Aimata Dam Yatsuba Dam Naramata Dam Fujiwara Dam Tokura Dam Kuriharakawa Dam Sonohara Dam Tonegawa riv. Shimokubo Dam Arakawa riv. Kusaki Dam Watarasegawa riv. Watarase Res. Water Channels Water Treatment Plants Nakagawa riv. Edogawa riv. Kasumigaura Takizawa Dam Urayama Dam Yamaguchi Res. Murayama Res. Tamagawa riv. Ogouchi Dam Arakawa Res. Dams In operation under construction Sagami Dam S.Ishii, COE Project, Tokyo University Shiroyama Dam Sagamigawa riv. 42 Modified from the source: Bureau of Waterworks, TMG

43 watershed Structure of water flow in Tokyo watershed Tokyo Area watershed Reuse,Recycle Natural environment 43

44 Artery of water in Tokyo downtown 10 km Copyright:Hajime Canal Project 44

45 Vein of water in Tokyo downtown 10 km Copyright:Hajime Canal Project 45

46 46 Copyright:Hajime Canal Project

47 Copyright (C) JAPAN STAINLESS STEEL ASSOCIATION All rights reserved 47 Stainless steel pipe for service pipes Leakage rate Leakage rate Stainless steel pipe for service pipes

48 Comparison of Wastewater Reuse Facilities Implementation in Area Kitakyushu Around Tokyo Bay Total 3,047 facilities (as of 2005) 48

49 Comparison of Wastewater Reuse Facilities Implementation in Building Purposes Office School Conference Hall Total 3,047 facilities (as of 2005) 49

50 Reclaimed Wastewater Use for Toilet Flush in Skyscrapers and Tokyo City Hall, Shinjuku, Tokyo Shinjuku Area Ochiai Sewage Treatment Plant 50 (Tokyo Metropolitan Government)

51 Supply Destinations of Reclaimed Water from Shibaura Wastewater Treatment Plant Osaki Shinagawa Shiodome Miscellaneous Water Use Toilet Flushing Road Sprinkling Train Washing Shibaura STP (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan) 51

52 Ozone Tolerance Membrane Separation System for Reclamation of Effluent from Sewage Treatment Plant (Shibaura STP) 52

53 Cost of reclamation and recycle Cost (yen/m3) Reclamation and recycle cost 10 US$ Water supply and wastewater discharge cost Water Use ( m3 / day ) (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japan; Water Resources in Japan,2005ver.) 53

54 Wastewater reuse in agricultural area Kagawa Prefecture 54

55 Tadotsu City 55

56 Wastewater reuse system in Tadotsu City, Kagawa Pref Seto-naikai Sea Landscape reuse Wastewater Treatment P. 10,000m3/d Wastewater Recharge to stream, or Agric. Irrigation in high demand season 9 Ponds for agricultural irrigation Filter+O3+Act.Carbon ( 高速濾過 オゾン 活性炭 ) Recharge to GW Water Purif. P. (RO,NF) Unconfined GW 浅井戸 Water supply 56

57 Small landscape reuse 57

58 Wastewater Reclamation Plant (Filter+O3+Activated Carbon) 58

59 Groundwater Recharging Point 59

60 Agricultural Irrigation Pond 60

61 another Agricultural Irrigation Pond 61

62 Irrigation Channel 62

63 Water Purification Plant (RO and NF) raw water : unconfined groundwater 63

64 Wastewater reuse Implementation in Tadotsu City 1. Leadership by the governor of the city 2.Combination of budgets from different governmental sectors with own budget 3.For improving high rate of young people leaving their agricultural job 4.Consensus based on historical experiences of intense droughts 5.Shortage of water for paddy fields due to the geographical features 6.Development of technology 64

65 Possible actions in GIES for adapting to climate change 1. Water supply system has various natural and social vulnerable points. These points will be attacked by extreme weather conditions and frequent and/or extended droughts due to climate change. 2. These vulnerable points are locally specific. Water utilities should develop locally specific and flexible measures against extreme weather in cooperation with other sectors, such as wastewater sectors, agricultural sectors. 65

66 3. It is necessary to accelerate drawing up adaptation policies and research/development for adaptation technologies coupled with conventional measures against conventional vulnerabilities. 4. Economic constrains for the implementation should be analyzed quantitatively for public consensus. 5. Impacts of climate change on water quality related to water supply and water environment have been uncertain, and the research on this issues is required. 6. Information which water sides need for adaptation policy should be conveyed to climate change researchers. 66

67 Thank you 67