What is Ecology? Study of the rela.onships between organisms AND the rela.onships between organisms and their environment. theosophywatch.

Transcription

1 What is Ecology? Study of the rela.onships between organisms AND the rela.onships between organisms and their environment theosophywatch.com

2 Abio.c vs. Bio.c Factors Abio%c (nonliving) - soil, temperature, sunlight, water, gases, minerals, ph (acidity), etc. Bio%c (living) - Any living thing (all depend on abio.c factors for survival)

3 Organiza%on of the Living World Smallest Individual Population to Community Ecosystem Largest Biosphere

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5 Community Interac.ons What are they?? When organisms live together in a community, they are constantly interac.ng with one another. Types of interac;ons: Compe..on Preda.on/herbivory Symbiosis science.howstuffworks.com thebizzare.com

6 Habitat vs. Niche A habitat is an organism s environment A niche is the role an organism has in its habitat (ex. plants producing oxygen) troutunlimitedblog.com Every organism has a habitat and a niche

7 Competition Niche of Organism A Niche of Organism B When niches of 2 organisms overlap, competition results

8 Types of Compe..on Intraspecific between members of the same species Interspecific between members of different species Exclusion Principle two species cannot occupy the same niche at the same.me in a habitat Par.al overlap of niches can occur. The more overlap, the greater the level of compe..on

9 Preda.on/herbivory When one organism eats another The organism that is eaten is called the prey (in the case of herbivory, the prey is a plant) bio.miami.edu

10 Symbiotic Relationships Relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits

11 Symbio.c Rela.onships Mutualism - both organisms benefit from rela.onship (+, +) Parasi%sm - one organism benefits at the expense of the other (+, - ) Commensalism - one organism benefits while the other is unaffected (+, 0)

12 The source of all energy on earth is the sun The sun s energy is trapped by plants in photosynthesis and transformed into carbohydrates Energy is measured in calories (kcal) Energy Flow

13 How do organisms get energy? The trophic levels Producers (autotrophs) Consumers* (heterotrophs): - primary (herbivores - eat only producers) - secondary (eat primary consumers) - ter=ary (eat secondary consumers) Decomposers obtain energy by breaking down organic material (plant/animal waste or dead organisms) *A consumer can be all three types at the same =me (omnivore) or just a carnivore

14 Food Chains and Webs Show the path of energy through an ecosystem Arrows follow the direc.on of energy flow All food chains and webs have producers at the base

15 Food Webs Food webs show mul.ple food chains and how they are interconnected Example of a food web

16 Energy Flow in a Food Web At each step in the food chain, 90% of the energy is lost as heat Each organism in the chain receives approx. 10% of the energy from the organism it consumes (except for producers which get their energy from the sun) In the energy pyramid above, only 10% of the available energy is passed on to each trophic level

17 Ecological Pyramids Energy pyramid (shows how much energy is available to each level) Biomass pyramid (shows mass of organisms at each level) Pyramid of numbers (shows the number of organisms at each level)

18 Cycling of Ma\er vs. Energy Ma\er is recycled as it passes through any ecosystem. Energy is not recycled. It is used up by each organism

19 CO 2 (air) respira.on Producers make Carbohydrates Consumers Factories, cars decomposers Millions of years, high pressure and temperature CARBON CYCLE (Terrestrial) Fossil fuels (oil, coal)

20 N 2 fixing bacteria change N 2 gas into N 2 (gas) Denitrifying bacteria Change nitrates to N 2 gas Ammonia (in soil) Bacteria change ammonia into Nitrates (in soil) Bacteria change ammonia into Ammonia (in soil) plants Eaten by NITROGEN CYCLE (Terrestrial) Consumers