Japan s experience and challenges of the WFE nexus

Transcription

1 Expert Group Meeting on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Energy Services in Asia and the Pacific, by addressing Water-Food Energy nexus Japan s experience and challenges of the WFE nexus 20 March 2013 Shigenori ASAI Deputy Director Japan Water Forum Secretariat of the Asia-Pacific Water Forum Secretariat of the Northern Water Network Secretariat of the Water Security Council of Japan

2 What is Japan Water Forum? Established in 2004 International NGO Successor to the secretariat of the 3rd World Water Forum President: Mr. Yoshiro Mori, former Prime Minister of Japan Vision The Japan Water Forum's vision is of a world where everyone enjoys the lasting benefits and values of safe water. Mission The Japan Water Forum, through its energy and commitment, promotes an understanding of the fundamental impact of water on everyone's lives, leading to decisive action to address the water issues on the planet.

3 JWF s s activities Policy recommendations Grass-roots roots activities Transmitting Japan s s knowhow to the world Capacity development and awareness-raising raising URL: Strategic partners Secretariat of the Asia-Pacific Water Forum Secretariat of the Northern Water Network Secretariat of the Water Security Council of Japan

4 River Management in Japan River Flow Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 作図 : 竹村 後藤

5 River Management in Japan Ancient times Early Modern period River basin River Rice paddies Cultivated fields Villages Sea 作図 : 竹村 後藤

6 River Management in Japan River Flow Water used for agriculture Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 作図 : 竹村 後藤

7 River Management in Japan River Flow Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 作図 : 作図 : 竹村 後藤

8 River Management in Japan River Flow Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec River runs dry => Conflicts 作図 : 竹村 後藤写真 : 胆沢平野土地改良区資料 作図 : 竹村 後藤

9 River Management in Japan s - River basin River Rice paddies Cultivated fields Urban area Sea 作図 : 竹村 後藤

10 River Management in Japan s - River River basin Dam Rice paddies Cultivated fields Urban area Sea 作図 : 竹村 後藤

11 River Management in Japan River Flow Water used for agriculture Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 作図 : 竹村 後藤

12 River Management in Japan River Flow Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 作図 : 作図 : 竹村 後藤

13 River Management in Japan River Flow りゅうすいせいじょうきのういじ としようすいじょうすいげすい ちょりゅう Stored in dam Discharge c Stored in dam Discharge Stored in dam Discharge Demand for urban water Demand for e-flow Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 作図 : 竹村 後藤 大崎 浅井 :

14 River Management in Japan GDP 600 Year 1997 Revision of The River Law Flood Control, Water Use & Environment Year 1964 Establishment of The River Law Flood Control & Water Use 100 Year 1896 Establishment of old river law Flood Control 0 明 29(1896) 明 31 明 33(1900) 明 35 明 37 昭 21 昭 23 昭 25(1950) 昭 27 昭 29 昭 31 昭 33 昭 35(1960) 昭 37 昭 39 昭 41 昭 43 昭 45(1970) 昭 47 昭 49 昭 51 昭 53 昭 55(1980) 昭 57 昭 59 昭 61 昭 63 平 2(1990) 平 4 平 6 平 8 平 10 平 12(2000) 平 14 平 16 Year ( 出典 : 長期遡及主要系列国民経済計算報告平成 2 年基準 経済企画庁 国民経済計算年報平成 12 年度版 経済企画庁をもとに竹村作成 )

15 River Management in Japan

16 River Management in Japan

17 River Management in Japan c Annual Precipitation (mm) Average Trend

18 River Management in Japan Dam B Current Dam A For flood control For use Sedimentation For flood control For use c After operational change Dam A Sedimentation Dam B For use Sedimentation For flood control Sedimentation 作図 : 竹村 後藤

19 River Management in Japan Current For flood control For use Sedimentation c After enlargement For flood control For use Sedimentation 作図 : 竹村 後藤

20 River Management in Japan y Height of Dam c 10m 1000 million m 3 10m 100 million m 3 Storage Volume of Dam x 10m 10m

21 小雀浄水場Difference of elevation: aprox. 55m 川堰( 財 ) リバーフロント整備センター寒River Management in Japan River Management Withdrawal in Japan Gravity flow 河川下流から取水し 上流側の消費地へポンプアップ ( 年間約 30 億円のコスト ) Pump up Sagami River Yokohama Pump up Withdrawal Pump up Withdrawal Pump up 酒匂川 Withdrawal

22 River Management in Japan Basin Water treatment plant Basin Withdrawal Water treatment plant 取水地点 Water treatment plant ( 財 ) リバーフロント整備センター

23 River Management in Japan Current Dam Basin c Withdrawal City A City B Sea Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge City C

24 River Management in Japan An idea for future Dam Basin c City A Small wastewater treatment plant City B Small wastewater treatment plant City C Small wastewater treatment plant Sea

25 River Management in Japan c Fallow rice field Decentralized Wastewater Treatment 分散処理場 Lower level treatment 低レベル下水処理 Reservoir Sea

26 Wastewater Management in Japan Tama River in 1970 出典 : 東京都環境局

27 Wastewater Management in Japan Tama River in 1970s 出典 : 東京都環境局

28 Wastewater Management in Japan

29 Wastewater Management in Japan Population trends for on site & off site sanitation systems in Japan Source: Japan Sanitation Consortium

30 Wastewater Management in Japan Tama River in 2010

31 Wastewater Management in Japan Ideal future sewage system toward the formation of the recycling society

32 Wastewater Management in Japan Possible amount of reduction of greenhouse effect gas within the sewage system

33 Wastewater Management in Japan Kobe Biogas Project The digestive gas (composition: approx. 60% methane, approx. 40% carbon dioxide) is then refined to a concentration of 98% methane. Kobe Green Sweets Project Kobe has been adding unused local biomass (food waste, ligneous waste) to sewage sludge in an effort to increase the amount of gas produced and improve the effectiveness of sludge processing. Higashinada sewage treatment plant in Kobe City

34 Wastewater Management in Japan Water surface control device which improves combined sewers Provided by Tokyo Sewerage

35 Wastewater Management in Japan For more details, please contact JSC c Central contact point of WES Hub JSC aggregates AAA s knowledge and know-how, and serves as a contact point of WES Hub Organizer Member cities AAA (Alliance Advanced Agency) AAA is a city having advanced technologies and experiences in the field of water and environment infrastructure. AAA provides solutions to the water and environmental issues considering the perspective of urban development including tourism, based on its unique experiences. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism MLIT organizes and supports the activities of WES Hub. Authorize of city to become AAA Provide financial support for AAA Provide operational support for WES Hub

36 Wastewater Management in Japan c 下肥を運ぶ農民 ( 世渡風俗図鑑 )

37 Wastewater Management in Japan 出典 日本がいちばん苦しかったとき 2001年 毎日新聞社発行

38 Modern society in Japan Government (ex. Ministry) Sector Copyright: Dr. Kotaro Takemura

39 Modern society in Japan Roles of NGO / NPO People suffered Government (ex. Ministry) Sector Copyright: Dr. Kotaro Takemura

40 Modern society in Japan (billion ( 億円 yen) ) 1,600 16,000 Annual budget for 河川局予算 the river ( 当初 国費 bureau, ) の推移 MLIT of Japan 1,200 12,000 13,714 13,746 13,183 12,707 12,659 13,038 13,093 12,753 12,224 11,636 11,316 11,070 10,903 10, ,420 9,948 9,580 9,233 c 800 8,000 8,838 8,512 6, , H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20 H H22 災害復旧等は除く ( 一般公共事業のみ ) H22 については 他に社会資本整備総合交付金 ( 約 2.2 兆円 ) がある Year

41 Past society in Japan during high economic growth period People not suffered Government (ex. Ministrty) Sector Japanese Government and People during the period of expansion Copyright: Dr. Kotaro Takemura

42 Modern society in Japan People suffered Government (ex. Ministry) Sector Copyright: Dr. Kotaro Takemura

43 Post-modern society in Japan People not suffered Private company Not-for-profit organization Government (ex. Ministry) Sector Copyright: Dr. Kotaro Takemura

44 TEAM WATER JAPAN Government of Japan View Exchange Water Security Council of Japan Continuous Development in Domestic Watershed Directions Prime Minister Report Inter-Agency Coordinating Committee for Water Issues Cabinet Secretariat Cabinet Office National Police Agency Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Finance Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Ministry of Environment Ministry of Defense Recommendation Report Supra-Party Diet members Business Leaders Academy Leaders Influential Individuals Governing Council Special Committee Committee on Basic Policy How best to manage river basins in the 21st Century Committee on Cross-Sectoral Collaboration How to solve cross-sectoral issues by collaborating among sectors beyond boundaries Committee on Technology and Systems How to develop strategies for expanding Japan s waterrelated technology internationally Contribution to Global Water Security Development in region and watershed Safe & Stable National Land Development Solving Issues of Water, Food, and Energy Maintenance and Renovation of Water Infrastructure Request, Opinion Participation, Coordination [International Business] Ballast Water Purification Team Chubu Forum for Water's Life & Manufacturing Global Water Recycling and Reuse System Association Water Eco-City Team Water Finance Team India Water Business Team [Regional Management & Development] An inflection system suggestion inspection team of the rainwater On-site Treatment System Promotion Team Revitalization of Local Communities through Design of Water Small-scale Hydropower Development Team for Controlling Rainfall Runoff and Mitigating Heat Island Team Water Rescue -On-site Type Mobile Filter System for Disaster- Team-Water Service for Life-Japan The Federation of Defense by Water Disaster in the Zero Meter Cities Research Team for Sustainable Water & Environment Business Urban Tourism and Inland Navigation Network Water Science Study Team for Multiphase Flow Waterfront Renaissance Takumi Team Action Teams Request, Opinion [Water Intelligence] Common Platform for Water Information Satellite Meteorological Monitoring Water Science and Technology Strategy Team Support, Coordination [International Cooperation] Asia-Pacific Drinking Water Technology Information Station Collaborative Action Team for Sanitation International Program for Improvement of Water Safety and Health Japan Global Center for Urban Sanitation Mobile Seawater Purification and Drinking Water Supply System Team Water Industry Japan As of Feb,2012 [Material Recycle] Green Water Treatment Technology Research Lake and Dam Material Cycle Team Phosphorus Recycling Promotion Council Polysilicato-Iron Team for Water & Resources Recycling(TWRR with PSI) [Awareness Raising] PR Team through Water, Culture, and Technology TEAM WATER JAPAN PR SUPPORT TEAM Reproduction Team of Global Environment Main players of Team Water Japan are Action Teams which set to work on the issues of finance, planning, health, infrastructure, agriculture, energy, environment, disaster management, water, and other water-related portfolios. Contribution to International Society through International Cooperation and Business Promotion Field Activities, Dispatch of Experts Support& Cooperation for international organization & developing countries Collaboration with civil societies Government Agency Local Government Academic Circles Associations Financial circles Companies NPO, NGO Contact: wscj-com@waterforum.jp URL:

45 Recommendation Aiming at realizing a low-carbon and sustainable water and material circulating society (Tentative translation) Japan has the most rapidly aging population in the world accompanied by low birthrate and population decline. Create the post-modern civilization by inventing a de facto standard of the 21st-22nd century. Expanding society of post-war Japan Rapid increase in population and urban concentration Rapid growth of the industrial economy Period of water infrastructure construction Responding to the rapidly expanding society by building water infrastructures for flood control, agriculture, water supply, sewerage, and industry Today s Japanese society Declining birthrate, aging population and declining population Maturation of the industrial economy Government budget constraints Resource and energy constraints Period of maintenance and management Formation and management and operation of water infrastructural systems based on vertically divided administrative functions Problems that the Japanese water infrastructures face Increase of flood risk due to climate change Weakening of financial and human resources in local government Aging facility and increased maintenance operations at water infrastructure facilities Depletion of human resources with skills and know-how Energy-intensive water infrastructure systems Lost substance of the order of water use due to groundwater exploitation Loss of waterfront space Deterioration of biodiversity Overcoming the vertically The water infrastructural system divided administrative functions constructed during the economic growth Shifting to the integrated watershed management which enables water and period is unsustainable. material circulation Direction of solution -shifting to to the integrated watershed management which enables water and material circulation Water system innovation for a low-carbon society Comprehensive management and optimal operation of of existing water infrastructure Comprehensive operation of existing infrastructure beyond the administrative jurisdiction Combined management of flood control (flood countermeasure) and irrigation (drought countermeasure) Water circulation management with the integration of of surface water and ground water Establishment of a common understanding that groundwater is collective property of the watersheds Visualization of groundwater and its data accumulation and integrated watershed management involving all the stakeholders across administrative boundaries Integrated management and operation of of water supply and sewerage for wide area supply Resource sharing in terms of humans, finance, and facilities of water supply and sewerage Wide area management and operation based on watershed units Strategic maintenance management of of agricultural water facilities Promotion and expansion of maintenance and management activity with local community participation Sustainable maintenance and management based on urban-rural cooperation Enhancement of storage capacity and hydroelectric resources by heightening of existing dams Promotion of small-scale hydroelectric power generation utilizing agricultural waterway Construction of water supply allocation system with potential energy Utilization of sewage sludge as a source of energy and fertilizer for the future recycling society Revaluation and promotion of a combined wastewater treatment system Environmental protection of of the basin including the waterside Environmental protection of the ecosystem throughout entire watershed Construction of a water and material circulating society with sound ecosystem Aim for the realization of of a low-carbon and sustainable water and material circulating society by shifting to to the integrated watershed management which enables water and material circulation Toward a low-carbon and sustainable water and material circulating society Japan will provide leadership in in the world of the 21st - 22nd century. From Japan to to the world Dissemination of of Japanese experiences and accumulated wisdom and government know-how Development of of international water business with Japanese traditional and leading technology International contributions Achievement of global water security

46 Underground water in Japan

47 Small Hydraulic Power Generator 小水力発電機