2017 Journal of Industrial Ecology

Transcription

1 SUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR: Vidal, R., E. Moliner, P.P. Martin, S. Fita, M. Wonneberger, E. Verdejo, F. Vanfleteren, N. Lapeña, and A. González Life cycle assessment of novel aircraft interior panels from renewable or recyclable polymers with natural fiber reinforcements and nonhalogenated flame retardants. Journal of Industrial Ecology. This supporting information includes 3 sections and 14 tables. Sections 1 and 2 contain tables showing life cycle inventory (LCI) of linseed oil, graphene, flax yarn, and the aircraft panel for an aircraft Boeing Section 2 also contains a table showing operating conditions for the same aircraft. Section 3 presents end of life LCIs for recycling and for incineration of deca-bde, conventional skin, aramide honeycomb, decorative film, linseed oil resin, poliethermide, geopolymer-flax, and PLA-flax. 1 Life cycle inventory of materials Table S1 LCI of 1 metric ton of epoxidized linseed oil Epoxidized linseed oil 1 ton Included cultivation, fertilizers, oil extraction, expoxidation and transport Resources Air 2.35 kg Sulfur 0 kg Energy, from uranium 1874 MJ Energy, from hydro power MJ Energy, from oil 1.69E+07 kj Limestone 35.4 kg Phosphate ore kg Sodium chloride kg Sulfur kg Occupation, arable, non-irrigated 5000 m2a Yield: 2 ton/ha.year Palladium {RER} treatment of automobile catalyst 0.07 kg Alloc Def, U Water, decarbonised, at plant/rer U kg Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant/rer U Phosphoric acid, industrial grade, without water, in 85% solution state {RER} purification of wet-process phosphoric acid to industrial grade, product in 85% solution state Alloc Def, U S kg kg

2 Sulfuric acid {RER} production Alloc Def, U 0.01 kg Hydrogen, liquid, at plant/rer U kg Formic acid from methyl formate, at plant/rer S kg Magnesium sulphate, at plant/rer S 5.73 kg Particulates, < 10 um 0.19 kg Particulates 0.6 kg Ammonia kg Hydrogen chloride kg Dinitrogen monoxide 2.49 kg From fertilizers Carbon dioxide, fossil kg Carbon monoxide, fossil 0.98 kg Nitrogen oxides 3.51 kg Sulfur dioxide 2.03 kg Hexane 0.9 kg Methane 1.83 kg Benzene kg Formaldehyde 0.02 kg NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, 0.25 kg unspecified origin VOC, volatile organic compounds 0.18 kg Suspended solids, unspecified 3.82 kg Sulfate 0.01 kg Hydrocarbons, unspecified 0.17 kg Water kg Disposal, ash from deinking sludge, 0% water, to residual kg material landfill/ch U Composting organic waste/rer U 6.62 kg Organic waste from oil extration Hazardous waste, for underground deposit {DE} 0.01 kg treatment of hazardous waste, underground deposit Alloc Def, U Municipal solid waste {CH} treatment of, sanitary landfill Alloc Def, U kg Table S2 LCI of 1 kg of graphene by ultrasonication Graphene 1 kg Graphite /RER 1.01 kg Diethyl ether, at plant/rer kg Solvent Production Diethyl ether, at plant/rer kg Solvent recovery Electricity, medium voltage, production RER, at grid/rer kwh solvent recovery Electricity, medium voltage, production RER, at grid/rer kwh solvent recovery Hydrochloric acid, 36% in H2O, from reacting propylene and chlorine, at plant/rer 0.2 kg solvent recovery S-2

3 Nitrogen, liquid, at plant/rer kg solvent recovery Steam, in chemical industry /GLO kg solvent recovery Steam, in chemical industry /GLO kg solvent recovery Water, decarbonised, at plant/rer 3838 kg Electricity, medium voltage, production RER, at grid/rer 109 MJ Ultrasonication Carbon dioxide, fossil kg Chloride kg Table S3 LCI of 1 kg of flax yarn Flax yarn 1 kg Economical allocation: for cultivation, for hackling. Rape seed, for sowing CH kg Due to the lack of LCI for flax seeds Lime, from carbonation, at regional kg storehouse/ch U Ammonium nitrate, as N RER kg Eq. to kg of ammonium nitrate Phosphate fertiliser, as P 2O 5 RER kg Eq. to kg of triple superphosphate Potassium chloride, as K 2O RER 0.15 kg Eq. to kg of potassium chloride Pesticide, unspecified RER kg Diesel, burned in chopper/rer U 6.49 MJ Electricity, medium voltage, production RER, at grid Electricity, medium voltage, production RER, at grid Electricity, medium voltage, production RER, at grid/ kwh Scutching kwh Hackling. Allocation kwh Flax dry spinning 2 Use Table S4 Operating conditions of an aircraft Boeing Operating conditions Boeing Operating empty weight 1 (kg) 178,756 Maximum structural payload 1 (kg) 67,319 Average flight distance 2 (km) 7,347 Number of flights per year Passenger load factor 2 (%) 82 Average daily utilisation 2 (hours) 13.0 Minimum design service objectives 3 20,000 flights / 60,000 hours / 20 years Notes: 1) Data obtained from the Boeing website ( 2) Values based on annual statistics for the UK airlines for the year 2012 (Civil Aviation Authority, 2013). 3) Data obtained from Banis et al. (1999). S-3

4 Table S5 LCI of the use of 1 kg of aircraft panel for an aircraft Boeing Input/output Fuel Amount Kerosene (kg) 2670 CO 2 (kg) 8410 CO (kg) 3.11 NO X (kg) 37.6 PM 2.5 (kg) 0.52 CH 4 (kg) 6.67E 03 NMVOC (kg) 1.33 SO 2 (kg) 2.67 N 2O (kg) 0.26 HC (kg) End of life 3.1 LCI of recycling Table S6 LCI of recycling of 1 kg of waste from different panel components Input/output Amount Core and skins, thermoset Core and skins, thermoplastic Decorative film Avoided products Filler, as milled limestone (kg) 1.00E+00 Thermoplastic polymer, as granulated PP (kg) 7.00E 01 Granulated PVC (kg) 7.00E 01 Electricity and fuel Electricity, MV (MJ) 3.13E E E 01 Diesel (kg) 9.21E E E 04 Auxiliary materials Tap water (kg) 3.56E E 01 Water, decarbonised (kg) 1.42E E 01 Sodium hydroxide (kg) 2.94E E 03 Zinc stearate, as Zn (kg) 2.18E E 06 Limestone, milled (kg) 1.19E E 03 Surfactants (kg) 9.10E E 04 Flocculants (kg) 1.12E E 03 Metal filters, as steel low-alloyed (kg) 7.00E E 05 Sludge, 65% water (kg) 9.46E E 02 Metal waste to recycling (kg) 7.00E E 05 Other solid waste to recycling (kg) 2.86E E 01 Wastewater (m 3 ) 1.45E E Incineration of deca-bde The burdens associated with deca-bde contained in the conventional panel were inventoried based on literature data. Wang et al. (2010) sampled the ashes and flue gases in two MSWIs and measured the contents of PBDEs and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). The high contents of PBDEs found in the bottom ash showed that PBDEs in the feeding waste may not be completely destroyed. Based on the findings of Wang et al. (2010), it was assumed that 2.45E 06% of deca-bde is not destroyed in the incineration process. The amount of undestroyed deca-bde was allocated between three pollutant pathways: 91.2% for bottom ash, 1.9% for fly ash, and 6.9% for flue gases. Moreover, a ratio of 3.05E 04 was assumed between the contents of PBDD/Fs and deca-bde. The flue gases are released into the atmosphere, whilst the solid wastes remaining after incineration are landfilled; bottom ash is disposed of in a sanitary landfill, while fly ash is treated as hazardous waste and need to be solidified with cement S-4

5 and disposed of in a residual material landfill. The disposal of ashes from MSWIs in landfills may release PBDEs and PBDD/Fs into the environment, and these should not be ignored from the inventory. Furthermore, the workers who handle and operate with these substances may receive significant exposure to PBDEs and PBDD/Fs via inhalation. The burdens associated with the incineration of 1 kg of deca-bde were thus inventoried as shown in Table S7. Table S7 LCI of the incineration of 1 kg of deca-bde. Input/output (flue gases) Deca-BDE (kg) PBDD/Fs (kg) Waste to sanitary landfill (bottom ash) Deca-BDE (kg) PBDD/Fs (kg) Waste to residual material landfill (fly ash) Deca-BDE (kg) PBDD/Fs (kg) Amount 1.70E E E E E E LCI of incineration Table S8 LCI of incineration of 1 kg of conventional skin Incineration of Conventional skin Municipal waste incineration plant/ (p) 2.5E-10 Slag compartment (p) E-09 Residual material landfill facility (p) E-11 Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O (kg) 2.182E-05 Quicklime, milled, packed (kg) E-06 Hydrochloric acid, 30% in H2O (kg) E-07 Chemicals inorganic (kg) E-07 Cement, unspecified (kg) Transport, freight, rail (tkm) Transport, lorry 20-28t, fleet average (tkm) Heat from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (MJ) Electricity from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (kwh) Carbon monoxide, fossil (kg) Carbon dioxide, fossil (kg) Methane, fossil (kg) E-06 Heat, waste (MJ) Decabromodiphenyl oxide (kg) 9.42E-11 Furan (kg) 2.88E-14 Bromine (kg) BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-06 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) river E-06 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) river E-06 Chloride (kg) river Bromine (kg) river Calcium, ion (kg) river Chromium VI (kg) river E-10 1 kg S-5

6 Copper, ion (kg) river E-11 Lead (kg) river E-10 Silicon (kg) river E-06 Calcium, ion (kg) river Sodium, ion (kg) river BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term Chloride (kg) groundwater, long-term E-05 Bromine (kg) groundwater, long-term Calcium, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Chromium VI (kg) groundwater, long-term E-06 Copper, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term E-06 Lead (kg) groundwater, long-term 2.32E-05 Zinc, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term E-06 Calcium, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Sodium, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Silicon (kg) groundwater, long-term Heat, waste (MJ) river Decabromodiphenyl oxide (kg) groundwater, long-term 1.24E-09 Furan (kg) groundwater, long-term 3.79E-13 Process-specific burdens, municipal waste incineration (kg) 1 Process-specific burdens, slag compartment (kg) Process-specific burdens, residual material landfill (kg) Disposal, cement, hydrated, 0% water, to residual material landfill (kg) Table S9 LCI of incineration of 1 kg of aramide honeycomb Incineration of Aramide honeycomb Municipal waste incineration plant (p) 2.5E-10 Slag compartment (p) E-11 Residual material landfill facility (p) E-11 Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix (kg) Quicklime, milled, packed (kg) Hydrochloric acid, 30% in H2O (kg) Chemicals inorganic (kg) Cement, unspecified (kg) Transport, freight, rail (tkm) Transport, lorry 20-28t, fleet average (tkm) Ammonia, liquid, at regional storehouse (kg) Titanium dioxide, production mix (kg) Chromium oxide, flakes (kg) E-06 Electricity from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (kwh) Heat from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (MJ) Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace low-nox >100kW (MJ) Carbon monoxide, fossil (kg) Carbon dioxide, fossil (kg) Methane, fossil (kg) E-06 Nitrogen oxides (kg) S-6 1 kg

7 Ammonia (kg) E-05 Dinitrogen monoxide (kg) Cyanide (kg) E-05 Hydrogen chloride (kg) E-06 Sodium (kg) Heat, waste (MJ) BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) river E-05 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) river E-05 Nitrate (kg) river Chloride (kg) river Sodium, ion (kg) river BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term Nitrate (kg) groundwater, long-term Chloride (kg) groundwater, long-term Silicon (kg) groundwater, long-term Sodium, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Heat, waste (MJ) river Process-specific burdens, residual material landfill (kg) Process-specific burdens, slag compartment (kg) Process-specific burdens, municipal waste incineration (kg) 1 Disposal, cement, hydrated, 0% water, to residual material landfill (kg) Table S10 LCI of incineration of decorative film Incineration of decorative film Transport, lorry 20-28t, fleet average(tkm) Transport, freight, rail (tkm) Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix (kg) Quicklime, milled, packed, (kg) Hydrochloric acid, 30% in H2O (kg) Iron (III) chloride, 40% in H2O (kg) Chemicals inorganic (kg) Cement, unspecified (kg) Municipal waste incineration plant/ch/i U (p) 2.5E-10 Slag compartment (p) E-10 Residual material landfill facility (p) E-10 Electricity from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (kwh) Heat from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (MJ) Carbon monoxide, fossil (kg) Carbon dioxide, fossil (kg) Methane, fossil (kg) E-06 Sulfur dioxide (kg) E-05 Boron (kg) S-7 1 kg

8 Hydrogen chloride (kg) E-06 Antimony (kg) E-11 Zinc (kg) E-07 Calcium (kg) E-05 Heat, waste (MJ) BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) river E-06 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) river E-06 Sulfate (kg) river Boron (kg) river Chloride (kg) river Antimony (kg) river Zinc, ion (kg) river E-05 Calcium, ion (kg) river BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term Sulfate (kg) groundwater, long-term Boron (kg) groundwater, long-term Chloride (kg) groundwater, long-term Antimony (kg) groundwater, long-term Zinc, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Calcium, ion (MJ) groundwater, long-term Heat, waste river Process-specific burdens, municipal waste incineration (kg) 1 Process-specific burdens, slag compartment (kg) Process-specific burdens, residual material landfill (kg) Disposal, cement, hydrated, 0% water, to residual material landfill (kg) Table S11 LCI of incineration of 1 kg of exposidized linseed oil resin Disposal Linseed oil resin to municipal incineration Municipal waste incineration plant (p) 2.5E-10 Slag compartment (p) E-10 Residual material landfill facility (p) E-10 Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant (kg) Quicklime, milled, packed, at plant (kg) Hydrochloric acid, 30% in H2O, at plant (kg) 1.775E-05 Chemicals inorganic, at plant (kg) E-05 Cement, unspecified, at plant (kg) Transport, freight, rail/ (tkm) Transport, lorry 20-28t, fleet average (tkm) Ammonia, liquid (kg) Titanium dioxide, production mix (kg) Chromium oxide, flakes (kg) E-06 Electricity from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant/ch U S-8 1 kg

9 Heat from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant/ch U Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace low-nox >100kW/RER U Carbon monoxide, biogenic (kg) Carbon monoxide, fossil (kg) E-05 Carbon dioxide, biogenic (kg) Carbon dioxide, fossil (kg) Methane, biogenic (kg) E-06 Methane, fossil (kg) E-07 Sulfur dioxide (kg) Nitrogen oxides (kg) Ammonia (kg) E-05 Dinitrogen monoxide (kg) Cyanide (kg) E-05 Phosphorus (kg) E-06 Hydrogen chloride (kg) E-09 Calcium (kg) 1.667E-05 Heat, waste (MJ) BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) river E-05 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) river E-05 Sulfate (kg) river Nitrate (kg) river Phosphate (kg) river E-07 Chloride (kg) river Calcium, ion (kg) river E-05 BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term Sulfate (kg) groundwater, long-term Nitrate (kg) groundwater, long-term Phosphate (kg) groundwater, long-term Chloride (kg) groundwater, long-term E-06 Calcium, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Heat, waste (MJ) river Process-specific burdens, residual material landfill (kg) E-10 Process-specific burdens, slag compartment (kg) Process-specific burdens, municipal waste incineration (kg) 1 Disposal, cement, hydrated, 0% water, to residual material landfill (kg) Table S12 LCI of incineration of 1 kg of poliethermide Incineration of Poliethermide Municipal waste incineration plant (p) 2.5E-10 Slag compartment (p) E-11 Residual material landfill facility (p) E-12 Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix (kg) S-9 1 kg

10 Quicklime, milled, packed (kg) E-05 Hydrochloric acid, 30% in H2O (kg) E-07 Chemicals inorganic (kg) 7.518E-07 Cement, unspecified(kg) Transport, freight, rail (kg) Transport, lorry 20-28t, fleet average (kg) Ammonia, liquid, at regional storehouse/ (kg) Titanium dioxide, production mix (kg) E-05 Chromium oxide, flakes (kg) E-06 Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace low-nox >100kW (MJ) Carbon monoxide, fossil (kg) Carbon dioxide, fossil (kg) Methane, fossil (kg) E-06 Nitrogen oxides (kg) Ammonia (kg) E-05 Dinitrogen monoxide (kg) Cyanide (kg) E-05 Heat, waste (MJ) BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) river E-05 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) river E-05 Nitrate (kg) river BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term Nitrate (kg) groundwater, long-term Heat, waste (MJ) river Disposal, cement, hydrated, 0% water, to residual material landfill (kg) Process-specific burdens, municipal waste incineration (kg) 1 Process-specific burdens, slag compartment (kg) Process-specific burdens, residual material landfill (kg) Table S13 LCI of incineration of 1 kg of geopolymer-flax Incineration of Geopolymer flax Municipal waste incineration plant (p) 2.5E-10 Slag compartment (p) E-10 Residual material landfill facility (p) E-10 Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant (kg) Quicklime, milled, packed, at plant (kg) E-05 Hydrochloric acid, 30% in H2O, at plant (kg) E-05 Chemicals inorganic, at plant (kg) E-05 Cement, unspecified, at plant (kg) Transport, freight, rail (tkm) Transport, lorry 20-28t, fleet average (tkm) Ammonia, liquid, at regional storehouse (kg) E-05 Titanium dioxide, production mix, at plant (kg) E-06 S-10 1 kg

11 Chromium oxide, flakes, at plant (kg) E-08 Electricity from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (kwh) Heat from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (MJ) Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace low-nox >100kW (MJ) Carbon dioxide, biogenic (kg) Carbon monoxide, biogenic (kg) Methane, biogenic (kg) E-06 Sulfur dioxide (kg) E-06 Nitrogen oxides (kg) E-05 Ammonia (kg) E-06 Dinitrogen monoxide (kg) E-06 Cyanide (kg) E-06 Boron (kg) Hydrogen chloride (kg) E-09 Silicon (kg) Calcium (kg) E-05 Aluminium (kg) E-05 Sodium (kg) Heat, waste (MJ) BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-06 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-06 TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) river E-06 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) river E-06 Sulfate (kg) river Nitrate (kg) river E-05 Boron (kg) river Chloride (kg) river Silicon (kg) river E-05 Calcium, ion (kg) river E-05 Aluminium (kg) river E-06 Sodium, ion (kg) river BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term Sulfate (kg) groundwater, long-term Nitrate (kg) groundwater, long-term E-05 Boron (kg) groundwater, long-term Chloride (kg) groundwater, long-term E-05 Silicon (kg) groundwater, long-term Calcium, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Aluminium (kg) groundwater, long-term Sodium, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Heat, waste (MJ) river Disposal, cement, hydrated, 0% water, to residual material landfill (kg) Process-specific burdens, municipal waste incineration (kg) 1 Process-specific burdens, slag compartment (kg) Process-specific burdens, residual material landfill (MJ) S-11

12 Table S14 LCI of incineration of 1 kg of PLA-flax Incineration of PLA flax Municipal waste incineration plant (p) 2.5E-10 Slag compartment/ (p) E-10 Residual material landfill facility (p) E-11 Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant (kg) Quicklime, milled, packed (kg) Hydrochloric acid, 30% in H2O (kg) E-06 Chemicals inorganic (kg) E-05 Cement, unspecified (kg) Transport, freight, rail (tkm) Transport, lorry 20-28t, fleet average (tkm) Ammonia, liquid, at regional storehouse(kg) Titanium dioxide, production mix, at plant (kg) E-05 Chromium oxide, flakes, at plant (kg) E-07 Iron (III) chloride, 40% in H2O (kg) Electricity from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (kwh) Heat from waste, at municipal waste incineration plant (MJ) Natural gas, burned in industrial furnace low-nox >100kW (MJ) Carbon monoxide, biogenic (kg) E-05 Carbon monoxide, fossil (kg) Carbon dioxide, biogenic (kg) Carbon dioxide, fossil (kg) Methane, biogenic (kg) E-06 Methane, fossil (kg) E-06 Sulfur dioxide (kg) E-07 Nitrogen oxides (kg) Ammonia (kg) E-05 Dinitrogen monoxide (kg) E-05 Cyanide (kg) 1.37E-05 Phosphorus (kg) E-05 Hydrogen chloride (kg) E-09 Silicon (kg) E-05 Calcium (kg) E-05 Aluminium (kg) E-06 Magnesium (kg) E-06 Sodium (kg) 2.63E-06 Heat, waste (MJ) Boron (kg) Zinc (kg) E-07 BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) river E-05 TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) river E-06 DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) river E-06 Sulfate (kg) river E-05 Nitrate (kg) river Phosphate (kg) river E-06 Chloride (kg) river Silicon (kg) river E-07 Calcium, ion (kg) river E-05 S-12 1 kg

13 Aluminium (kg) river E-07 Magnesium (kg) river E-06 Sodium, ion (kg) river E-05 BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (kg) groundwater, long-term TOC, Total Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon (kg) groundwater, long-term Sulfate (kg) groundwater, long-term Nitrate (kg) groundwater, long-term Phosphate (kg) groundwater, long-term Chloride (kg) groundwater, long-term E-05 Silicon (kg) groundwater, long-term Calcium, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Aluminium (kg) groundwater, long-term Magnesium (kg) groundwater, long-term Sodium, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Heat, waste (MJ) river Boron (kg) river Zinc, ion (kg) river E-06 Boron (kg) groundwater, long-term Zinc, ion (kg) groundwater, long-term Process-specific burdens, municipal waste incineration (kg) 1 Process-specific burdens, slag compartment (kg) Process-specific burdens, residual material landfill (kg) Disposal, cement, hydrated, 0% water, to residual material landfill (kg) S-13

14 References Banis, D., J. A. Marceau, M. Mohaghegh Design for corrosion control. Aero Magazine. (8). Wang, L. C., H. C. Hsi, Y. F. Wang, S. L. Lin, and G. P. Chang-Chien Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in municipal solid waste incinerators. Environmental Pollution 158(5): S-14