«Innovations for environmental monitoring and health; Systems with synergies for policies and research»

Transcription

1 «Innovations for environmental monitoring and health; Systems with synergies for policies and research» (the who, when, where and from what issues for Health) Andreas N. Skouloudis (*) David Rickerby

2 EU Legislation for atmospheric pollution Level-1: Static no atmospheric transport based on Logistics of Emissions [Large combustion plants and from mobile sources Dir:203(1985) on AQ standards for nitrogen oxides NO x Dir:779(1980) on air quality limit values and guide values for SO 2 and suspended particles] Level-2: With dispersion but with long temporal averaging [Dir:62(1996) Air-Quality Framework Directive. Sets objectives for ambient air quality (AQ). Requires assessment of AQ and availability of this data to the public, including alert notices] Level-3: Interaction with Fiscal and Health Effects Dir:12 (1994) Introduced stringent limit values for all ambient pollutant concentrations. Reflects Auto/Oil study recommendations, evaluating all transportation-related policies according to cost/effectiveness guidelines. Environment & Health Action Plan ( ) The new daughter directives (2008) Pesticide directive (441/91) and its review (SANCO/2692) of 25 July 2001

3 Challenges from Directives Specifications are becoming stricter and frequently adapted to new legislative requirements (due to the review of limit values and averaging periods). There is a need to analyse hotspots or pollution episodes in high spatial resolution. We should identify and monitor emission sources. Hence, to demonstrate emission reductions and compliance to Directives and There is need for restrictions of spraying in agriculture which means new sampler and verification campaigns.

4 Approaches using SDI and TDI data for Environment and Health 1. TARGET DIFFERENTIATING METHODOLOGY (SDI). 2. METHODOLOGY FOR TEMPORAL HAZARDS (TDI). Envisat 2007, Montreux Apr 2007

5 1. TARGET DIFFERENTIATING METHODOLOGY 1. Generate population density maps with high spatial resolution. 2. Based on local age-pyramid data (country or regional basis) calculate the population density map of the specific age group to be examined. 3. Obtain suitable road network layers or layers of areas that are important hot spots for pollutant emissions. 4. Produce strips at 50m, 200m and 350m distance from each side of these roads. 5. Overlay the maps from steps 2 and 4 and extract the exposure data the population affected in the buffer area. 6. Sum the totals for the whole country or the region of interest. 7. Repeat the process by changing the areas of interest in step 3 (e.g. ports) 8. Repeat the process when new data on the road infrastructure or population data become available (ideally every five/ten years).

6 Stripes of 50,200,350m at each side of roads

7 EU15 Specific Health Effects Children of age 0-4 years old 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, % Distance from each side of road: 50m 2.0% 1.6% 2.0% 2.5% 3.4% 2.0% 2.7% 2.1% 1.7% 2.2% 1.1% 1.9% 1.3% 3.6% AT BE DE DK ES FI FR GR IE IT LU NL PT SE UK

8 2. METHODOLGY FOR TEMPORAL HAZARDS 1. Access provincial mortality and identification of areas that are significantly higher than regional and national data. 2. Confirm the temporal variation of data mortality for years 3. Identify areas at high resolution (5-10m2) with intensive agriculture in the vicinity of urban or semi-urban areas. 4. Examine the type, periodicity and duration of agriculture during the annual cycle. 5. Verify the temporal evolution of land claimed for agriculture against the natural background from r.s. images over years. 6. Compare the local population data in high spatial resolution against the average data. 7. Establish the excess mortality in the same temporal period. 8. Identifying zones of downwind risk and set recommending protection strategies. 9. Through a series of frequent remote images identify illegal changes of natural background and violations of local and European legislation near urban areas.

9 Population Health Crete Semi Urban+Rural (per 1000 inh.) Lasithi Semi Urban+Rural (per 1000 inh.) Greece SemU+Rural (per 1000 inh.) 12 Deaths Years

10 Health Effects % LOCAL POPULATION AGE GROUP

11 2. Verified Health Effects The 2% difference from the provincial data in 1981, were increased to 11% and 10% in 1991 and 2001, respectively. Equivalent to an excess mortality of 1042 and 1231 persons respectively. These numbers will continue to increase due to migration of labor and population increases especially for the age group of years old. Envisat 2007, Montreux Apr 2007

12 Bacteria captured on nm posts in an experimental Labon-a-chip Consistent New Technologies

13 Reporting Terminals Network TERMINAL NETWORK CONNECTION SENSOR MANAGEMENT UNIT SENSING UNIT REQUIREMENTS Multi-detection Pre-processing capabilities Monitoring sensing device Network communication (Send/Receive DATA)

14 Download of the CEHIS Reports (restricted for EC services) page updated on 06 May 2009: Study Methodology (v 4.1) State-of-the-art report (v 5.1) Key stakeholders & selection methodology (v 3.4) Questionnaires and stakeholders interviews (v 1.3) End users workshop 4 July 2008 (v2.4) Report from final public awareness event Sep 2008 (v 2.8) Case Study-1; Public health for general population risks (v 1.5) Case Study-2; Individual risks (v 2.3) Vision of the E&HIS connectivity (v 2.3) Final Study report including recommendations for research and policy actions (v 3.4)

15 Area of Specific Efforts Health consequences are now visible in micro-scales, and for specific population groups or occupational hazards; It is possible to identify the synergies between exposure and environment and attribute effects on specific population groups according to age or occupation; Merging relevant layers of environmental data is also feasible for assessing the environmental burden of diseases; There is always a temporal lag in integrating layers of information for environmental monitoring & health and this can effect cumulative population doses; We should seek combination with other sources from the ground (telematic uses, traffic counts etc) and (Near) real-time has/will allow identification of important acute effects;