In India, due to rapid industrial development during the

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1 The An Asian Journal J.of Hort. of June Soil Science, 2008 Vol. (June, 3 (1) 2010) : (...) Vol. 5 No. 1 : 1-6 Research Paper : Effect of organic and inorganic amendments on abatement of industrially polluted soils grown with castor crop Accepted : January, 2010 See end of the article for authors affiliations Correspondence to : T. VENKATA SRIDHAR Department of Soil Science, Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute, Regional Agricultural Research Station, MARUTERU (A.P.) INDIA ABSTRACT A study on Effect of organic and inorganic amendments on abatement of industrially polluted soils grown with castor crop was conducted at College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad for evaluating the amendments to abate the polluted soils. The results revealed that in Isnapur soils, highest castor dry matter yield was observed in treatment applied with the application of RDF (NPK) + 5t VC ha -1 (41.80 g pot -1 ), whereas in Katedan soils, highest dry matter was observed with N and K (RDF) + 60 kg P 2 ha -1. Among the treatments highest N and K contents were observed in castor crop grown on Isnapur polluted soil with the treatment of RDF (NPK) + 5 t VC ha -1, whereas P content was highest in treatment with the application of 100 kg P 2 ha -1 along with N and K as RDF. The,, and contents were decreased with the application of phosphorus, vermicompost and CaCO 3. Application of 5% CaCO 3 along with RDF showed significant reduction in contents over other treatments. Key words : Polluted soils, Amendments, Heavy metals, Micronutrients, Castor In India, due to rapid industrial development during the last two decades, disposal of industrial effluents has become a serious problem. As a result, application of industrial effluents to land became popular in the recent past as an alternative means of treatment and disposal (Chhonkar et al., 2000). Besides being a useful source of plant nutrients, these effluents often contain high amounts of various organic and inorganic materials as well as heavy metals, depending upon the industry from which these are originating. The unscientific disposal of untreated or under-treated effluents has resulted in accumulation of heavy metals in soil, crops and water bodies. The heavy metals accumulating in soils may get entry into the human and animal food chain through the crops grown on it. The heavy metal contaminated soils can be remediated through two contrasting approaches i.e., pollutant stabilization and phyto decontamination. Therefore, more logical and scientific methods like immobilizing the pollutant metals in soil by using chemical amendments can be one of the approaches. Keeping this in view, an investigation was carried out on Effect of organic and inorganic amendments on abatement of industrially polluted soils when grown with castor crop. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey was conducted on agricultural soils continuously irrigated with industrial effluents in and around Isnapur tank and Noormohammad tank and 25 surface samples were collected from each area. Out of these samples bulk surface samples having highest toxic metal contents (one each from Isnapur and Katedan tank area) were collected and used for pot culture experiment at College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study the efficacy of amendments like single super phosphate, vermicompost and lime on two different polluted soils collected from these two industrial areas. Bulk surface samples having highest polluted elements (one from Isnapur and one from Katedan) were collected, air dried in shade and were pounded to pass through 2 mm sieve. The soil was filled at the rate 5 kg plastic bucket (5 kg capacity). The following treatments were applied with four replications and the data were analysed using completely randomized design (CRD). The test crop used in this experiment was castor (cv. KRANTHI). The treatments were T 1 : Control, T 2 : NPK (RDF), T 3 : N and K (RDF) + 20 kg of P 2 (SSP), T 4 : N and K (RDF) + 40 kg of P 2 (SSP), T 5 : N and K (RDF) + 60 kg of P 2 (SSP), T 6 : N and K (RDF) + 80 kg of P 2 (SSP), T 7 : N and K (RDF) kg of P 2 (SSP), T 8 : NPK (RDF) + VC (5 t ha -1 ) and T 9 : NPK (RDF) +CaCO 3 (5%). The recommended dose of fertilizer applied was 60 kg N: 35 kg P 2 : 30 kg K 2 O. The plants were harvested with a stainless steel scissors up to the base, above the soil. Initially, the samples were washed followed by sun drying and subsequently they were oven dried at 70 0 C to constant weight and dry weight was recorded. The plant samples were grounded to fine powder and preserved carefully for analysis. Finely

2 2 ground plant samples were digested using 9:3:1 tri-acid mixture of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4 and HClO 4 (Wall et al., 1980). The contents were made up to 100 ml with double distilled water and it was utilized for estimation of all nutrients except nitrogen. For nitrogen estimation, seleniumsulphuric acid mixture was used. Chemical parameters in soil and nutrients in plant samples were analysed by the following standard procedures (Jackson, 1973; Lindsay and Norwell, 1978 and Tandon et al., 1993). Data were statistically analysed employing completely randomized design. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The characteristics of bulk surface soil samples collected from each industrial area are presented in Table 1 and the results showed that the sand, silt and clay contents in industrially effected areas were 69, 14 and 17 per cent in Isnapur and 61, 13 and 26 per cent in Katedan industrial area, respectively. The ph of bulk surface soils in both the industrial areas ranged from neutral to slightly alkaline in nature with a range of 7.34 (Isnapur) to 8.01 (Katedan). The values of EC, CEC, ESP and OC were more in these polluted soils might be due to the presence of more amounts of salts, sodium and organic constituents in the effluents (Aziz et al., 1994 and Sharma et al., 2000). These values of available N, P 2 and K 2 O content were 174, and 264 kg ha -1 (Isnapur) and 185, 12.5 and 245 kg ha -1 (Katedan). The concentration Table 1 : Characteristics of bulk surface samples collected from highly polluted areas of Isnapur and Katedan Characteristics Units Isnapur Katedan Sand % Silt % Clay % Texture sl scl ph EC dsm CEC cmol (P + )kg soil ESP % OC % N kg ha P kg ha K kg ha of DTPA extractable,, and in soils of Isnapur industrial area was 0.043, 1.38, 0.45 and 4.38 mg kg -1, respectively and in soils of Katedan industrial area, it was 0.08, 0.74, 0.17 and 8.65 mg kg -1. Higher concentration of these metals in polluted soils might be due to contamination of soils by effluents generated from different industries using various chemical constituents (Bhupal Raj et al., 1996 and Demirel and Kulege, 2004). Pot culture experiment showed that the drymatter yields of castor crop grown on these polluted soils were significantly influenced by application of phosphorus, vermicompost and CaCO 3. Among the treatments, vermicompost (5 t ha -1 ) application with RDF (NPK) showed highest dry matter yield grown on Isnapur polluted soil, while in Katedan polluted soil highest yield was observed in N and K (RDF) + 60 kg P 2 (Table 2). This variation was mainly due to the application of phosphorus in Katedan soils and use of vermicompost in Isnapur soils, both the sources being effective in inactivating the toxic metals present in polluted soils, paving the way for good yields. Ranesinghranwa and Singh (1999) and Mathavan (2001) reported similar results in wheat and vegetable crops, respectively. Castor grown on polluted soils of Isnapur and Katedan contained highest N and K contents in treatment T 8, where the application of RDF (NPK) + 5 t VC ha -1 was made, whereas highest P content was observed in treatments T 7, where N and K (RDF) kg P 2 was applied. Highest N and K contents were recorded due to supply of N and K and also from vermicompost. Vermicompost increased the available plant nutrients directly to the plants through increase in potential net nutrient mineralization rates (Sinha et al., 1981 and Shroff and Devesthali, 1994). Highest P content in castor was recorded in treatment with application of N and K (RDF) kg P 2 might be due to the addition of more fertilizers than required quantity. In addition to this, accumulation of organic matter to soil through effluents increased the mineralization and availability of nutrients in the soil and it also formed one of the reasons for the presence of high status of available nutrients in respective treatments. The results obtained corroborate the observation of Sinha et al. (1981). On the contrary Vasanthi and Kumaraswamy (1996) reported that increased contents of N and K of rice treated with vermicompost compared favourably to soils without vermicompost. Uptake of major nutrients by castor crop grown on Isnapur and Katedan soils also showed similar trend as that of contents (Table 2). The highest uptake of nutrients as observed in treatment with vermicompost might be

3 Table: 2 Effect of treatments on drymatter, N, P and K content and uptake in castor grown on Isnapur and Katedan soils Isnapur Katedan Uptake EFFECT OF ORGANIC & INORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON ABATEMENT OF INDUSTRIALLY POLLUTED SOILS GROWN WITH CASTOR CROP Content (%) Dry matter Content (%) Uptake Dry matter N P K N P K N P K N P K T1: Control T 2 : NPK (RDF) T3: N and K (RDF) + 20 kg P2O T 4 : N and K (RDF) + 40 kg P T5: N and K (RDF) + 60 kg P2O T 6 : N and K (RDF) + 80 kg P T7: N and K (RDF) kg P2O T 8 : NPK (RDF) + VC (5 t ha -1 ) T9: NPK (RDF) + CaCO3 (5%) Mean S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) that during the process of decomposition, earthworms might have transformed the fixed forms of nutrients into readily available forms that can be taken up by plants. Jadhav (1997) observed considerable increase in the uptake of major and secondary nutrients by rice under vermicompost treatment than with FYM. Kale et al. (1992) observed that in low land rice, vermicompost application improved the uptake of nutrients. The behaviour of heavy metals under investigation in different crops grown on Isnapur and Katedan soils varied significantly due to the application of phosphorus, vermicompost and CaCO 3 (Table 3 and 4). Calcium carbonate applied treatments helped in reducing the heavy metal concentration in plants grown on polluted soils. This was followed by vermicompost and 100 kg P 2 ha -1. On the contrary, in Isnapur soil, CaCO 3 applied treatment showed maximum reduction followed by 100 kg P 2 ha - 1 and vermicompost in reducing the heavy metal concentration in plants. This reduction might be due to reduced solubility and mobility of this metal in soils by the application of CaCO 3 and vermicompost (Sarkunan et al., 1991). Similarly, application of different levels of phosphorus showed significant decrease in lead content in plants. Among these levels, 100 kg P 2 ha -1 showed maximum depression of lead in crops grown on Isnapur polluted soil. This may be due to ability of phosphorus to decrease the availability of lead in the soils. Besides P addition to the soil through phosphatic fertilizers, good amount of Ca also was supplied through SSP. It was a known fact that salts of Ca viz., CaO, CaCO 3 precipitate heavy metals present in the soil and make them unavailable to plant. The decrease in the content of lead by the addition of phosphorus was also reported by Zimdahl and Foster (1976) and Gaweda (1997). Thus, it can be concluded that CaCO 3, 100 kg P 2 and vermicompost were equally effective in reducing the metal ion concentration in crops grown on polluted soil. Different low levels of P application also decreased the content but they were not as effective as CaCO 3, 100 kg P 2 and vermicompost. The available status of N, P 2 and K 2 O in soils after harvest of crops grown on Isnapur and Katedan polluted soils varied significantly with the application of different treatments (Table 5 and 6). The results showed that highest available N and K 2 O contents were recorded in treatment T 8, where the application of RDF (NPK) + 5 t VC ha -1 was made, whereas available P 2 observed in treatments T 7, where N and K (RDF) kg P 2 was applied was at par with contents recorded in T 8 (NPK as RDF + 5t VC ha -1 ). The reason for highest 3

4 4 Table 3 : Effect of treatments on drymatter,,, and content and uptake in castor grown on Isnapur soils Content Uptake Dry matter T1: Control T 2 : NPK (RDF) T 3 : N and K (RDF) + 20 kg P T 4 : N and K (RDF) + 40 kg P T 5 : N and K (RDF) + 60 kg P T6: N and K (RDF) + 80 kg P2O T7: N and K (RDF) kg P2O T 8 : NPK (RDF) + VC (5 t ha -1 ) T9: NPK (RDF) + CaCO3 (5%) Mean S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) Table 4 : Effect of treatments on drymatter,,, and content and uptake in castor grown on Katedan soils Content Uptake Dry matter T1: Control T 2 : NPK (RDF) T 3 : N and K (RDF) + 20 kg P T 4 : N and K (RDF) + 40 kg P T 5 : N and K (RDF) + 60 kg P T6: N and K (RDF) + 80 kg P2O T7: N and K (RDF) kg P2O T 8 : NPK (RDF) + VC (5 t ha -1 ) T9: NPK (RDF) + CaCO3 (5%) Mean S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) NS

5 EFFECT OF ORGANIC & INORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON ABATEMENT OF INDUSTRIALLY POLLUTED SOILS GROWN WITH CASTOR CROP 5 Table 5 : Effect of treatments on major, micronutrients and heavy metals in soils of after harvest of castor crop grown on Isnapur soil Major nutrients Heavy metals N P 2 K 2 O T 1 : Control T 2 : NPK (RDF) T 3 : N and K (RDF) + 20 kg P T 4 : N and K (RDF) + 40 kg P T 5 : N and K (RDF) + 60 kg P T 6 : N and K (RDF) + 80 kg P T 7 : N and K (RDF) kg P T 8 : NPK (RDF) + VC (5 t ha -1 ) T 9 : NPK (RDF) + CaCO 3 (5%) Mean S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) NS Table 6 : Effect of treatments on major, micronutrients and heavy metals in soils of after harvest of castor crop grown on Katedan soil Major nutrients Heavy metals N P 2 K 2 O T 1 : Control T 2 : NPK (RDF) T 3 : N and K (RDF) + 20 kg P T 4 : N and K (RDF) + 40 kg P T 5 : N and K (RDF) + 60 kg P T 6 : N and K (RDF) + 80 kg P T 7 : N and K (RDF) kg P T 8 : NPK (RDF) + VC (5 t ha -1 ) T 9 : NPK (RDF) + CaCO 3 (5%) Mean S.E.± C.D. (P=0.05) accumulation of available of N and K was due to increase in net N mineralization rates by the application of vermicompost and simultaneous increase in the availability of potassium due to changes in the distribution of K between non exchangeable and exchangeable forms. Highest P 2 content in T 8, might be due to priming effect. In addition to this, accumulation of organic matter in soil through effluents also might have increased the mineralization and availability of nutrients in the soil, irrespective of treatments. Heavy metals in post harvest soils of crops (Isnapur and Katedan) showed less concentration over other treatments with the application of CaCO 3 along with application of RDF. Addition of CaCO 3 to polluted soils significantly increased the soil ph and reduced the solubility of trace elements. Vermicompost application along with RDF (NPK) also showed reduction in heavy metal contents but it was not that much effective as that of CaCO 3. Addition of vermicompost to soil might have increased the availability of phosphorus and other nutrients and decreased the heavy metal availability in soil appreciably. In general, it was observed that in soils polluted with heavy metals, their remediation can be brought out primarily by the application of amendments like vermicompost, 100 kg P 2 ha -1 and CaCO 3 to the crops grown on them. Castor crop grown on these soils utilize the congenial soil condition and draw

6 6 the metal ions from the soils to bring the soil to safer stage with respect to these ions. Authors affiliations: P. PRABHU PRASADINI AND A.UPENDRA RAO, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute, Regional Agricultural Research Station, MARUTERU (A.P.)INDIA REFERENCES Aziz, Q., Arif, I. and Siddiqi, R.H. (1994). Impact of treated oil refinery effluent on crop productivity and agricultural soils. Indian J. Env. Health, 36 (2): Bhupal Raj, G., Patnaik, M.C. and Subbaiah, V.V. (1996). Annual progress report of All India Coordinated research project on micro and secondary nutrients and pollutant elements in soils and plants Chhonkar, P.K., Datta, S.P., Joshi, S.C. and Pathak, H. (2000). Impact of industrial effluents on soil health and agriculture; Distillery and paper mill effluent. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 59: Demirel, Z. and Kulege, K. (2004). Heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of an estuary in southeastern Turkey. Internat. J. Env. Poll. 21(5): Gaweda, M. (1997). The control of lead accumulation in carrot (Daucus carota) plants by some components of substrate. Proceedings of the V meeting of EUCARPIA carrot working group, Krakow, Poland. J. Appl. Genetics., 38: Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis, Prentice Hall of Indian Private Limited, New Delhi. Jadhav, A. D. (1997). Influence of the conjunctive use of FYM, vermicompost and urea on growth and nutrient uptake in rice. J. Maharashtra agri. Univ., 22: Kale, C.K., Reddy, R.C., Radhakrishna, M., Deshpande, V.P., Shanikumar, L., Venkat Rao and Subbaiah, V. (1992). Irrigation quality characteristics of the waste water streams of Hyderabad. Indian J. Env. Health, 34 (3): Lindsay, W. L. and Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42: Mathavan, C. M. (2001). Performance of some decontaminants in abetting the toxic metal effects in polluted agricultural soil. M.Sc. (Ag.) Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad (A.P.). Ranesinghranwa and Singh, K.P. (1999). Effect of integrated nutrient mangement with vermicompost on productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian J. Agron., 44 (3): Sarkunan, V., Misra, A.K. and Nayar, P.K. (1991). Effect of compost, lime and P on cadmium toxicity. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 39: Sharma, B.K., Nepal Singh and Khan, M. (2000). Edaphic impact of industrial effluents on soil resources in Western Rajasthan. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 48 (2): Shroff, V.N. and Devasthali, S. (1994). Earthworm Farming Scope and limitations. Proc. of National Seminar on Natural Farming. L.L. Somani, KL. Totwat and B.L. Basar (Eds.) pp Sinha, N.P., Prasad, B. and Ghosh, A.B. (1981). Effect of continuous use of fertilizers on yield and nutrient uptake in a wheat-soybean-potato cropping system. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 29: Tandon, H.L.S. (1993). Methods of analysis of soils, plants, waters and fertilizers (ed H L S Tandson), Fertilizer development and consultation organization, A Bhanot Corner, 1 2 Pam Posh Enclave, New Delhi. Vasanthi, D. and Kumaraswamy, K. (1996). Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture. National Seminar, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar pp 40. Zimdahl, R.L. and Foster, J.M. (1976). The influence of applied phosphorus, manure or lime on uptake of lead from soil. J. Env. Quality, 5(1): ******** ****** ****