Analysis of composts contamination and application perspectives

Transcription

1 EcoIri Solution Analysis of composts contamination and application perspectives Irina Kliopova Associated Prof. at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU) Institute of Environmental Engineering (APINI) Director of UAB EcoIri Solution HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 1

2 Main references Staugaitis, G., Kliopova, I., Mažeika, R. Gvildienė, K. and Jurovickaja, E., Arrangement of Requirements (Criterions) for Products made of Biodegradable Waste. Report of Applied Scientific Research, Ordered by Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian). Staugaitis, G., Mažeika, R., Antanaitis, A. and Antanaitis, Š., Analysis and evaluation of quality requirements of compost used in agriculture. Report of Applied Scientific Research, ordered by Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania: 83 (Lithuanian). Kliopova, I. and Stanevičiūtė, K., Evaluation of Green Waste Composting Possibilities. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 65: 6-19 User Manual European Eco-label Soil Improvers. SMK & SV&A sustainability consultants P HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 2

3 EcoIri Solution Project: Customer: Executors: Head of work: Arrangement of Requirements (Criterions) for Products made of Biodegradable Waste Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania Agreement No. VPS KKSP Agrochemical Research laboratory of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry UAB EcoIri Solution Prof. habil. dr. Gediminas Staugaitis Responsible persons: (executors) Other participants: Results: Prof. habil. dr. Gediminas Staugaitis doc. dr. Irina Kliopova dr. Romas Mažeika Ph.D and Msc students from Agrochemical Research laboratory and KTU Institute of Environmental Engineering (APINI) Report of Applied Scientific Research HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 3

4 Goal an objectives of the project The goal of the project was to carry out research and elaborate the requirements (criteria) for the products (composts) made from various biodegradable waste (BDW) and their usage Main objectives: To take samples of various compost produced from BDW; To analyse the quality and contamination parameters of various composts; To sort the composts, produced in Lithuania, into classes or/and categories, to present proposals due to frequency and methods for evaluation of quality and contamination parameters; In accordance with the results of the carried out research, to propose norms and recommendations for the use of composts; To propose the criteria for compost to be classified as products, not waste; To evaluate direct and indirect air emissions and GHGs of widely applied compost production techniques and the impact of compost production on air quality and climate change HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 4

5 Samples for research were taken in the equipment (companies) that produces composts from various BDW: green waste (urban, gardens, agricultural waste); food waste (source separated food / kitchen and food industry BDW); BDW fraction from municipal waste stream (separated withi MBT equipment); sewage sludge from municipal waste water treatment plants; livestock manure, etc HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 5

6 Composts, produced from Green waste (GWC) Source separated food waste (FWC) BDW from municipal waste stream in MBT equipment (MFWC) Sewage sludge + green waste (SSC) Manure (MC) Incl. composts from digestate (after anaerobic digestion) HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 6

7 Digestates, produced from Source separated food waste (FWD) BDW from municipal waste stream in MBT equipment (MFWD) Sewage sludge (SSD) Manure (MD) Incl. dried digestate, produced from sewage sludge (SS) HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 7

8 BDW management equipment (where samples were taken for testing) GW composting sites (21) FW composting equipment (7) SS and GW composting equipment (7) MBT equipment with composting of BDW faction (2) Manure and GW composting equipment (2) FW anaerobic digestion equipment (2) Manure anaerobic digestion equipment (3) SS anaerobic treatment, incl. drying (7) MBT equipment with anaerobic fermentation of BDW faction (3) 160 various composts and digestates were sampled from 54 Lithuanian BDW management companies 56 samples were analysed, incl. 7 SSC and 7 - SSD HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 8

9 SS management equipment (where samples were taken for testing) SS and GW composting equipment (7) SS anaerobic treatment, incl. drying (7) Total: 14 SS management companies HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 9

10 The following quality parameters of composts were analyzed and compared dry matter (%), organic matter (% DM), total organic carbon (TOC)) (% DM), total nitrogen (N) (% DM), total phosphorus (P) (% DM), total potassium (K) (% DM), concentration of water-soluble nitrogen (N-NH 4 +N-NO 3 ), concentration of water-soluble phosphorus, concentration of water-soluble potassium (mg/l), concentration of sulfates (SO 4 ) (mg/l), concentration of chlorides (Cl) (mg /l), Carbon to Nitrogen ratio (C:N), conductivity (ms /cm), biodegradability (according to the dissolved organic carbon content (mg/kg)), humic and fulvic acids (% DM), ph, bulk density (g/l), particle sizes ( 10) (%) HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 10

11 The following contamination parameters were analyzed Concentration of Heavy metals in DM Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg DM Lead (Pb) mg/kg DM Mercury (Hg) mg/kg DM Chrome (Cr) mg/kg DM Zinc (Zn) mg/kg DM Copper (Cu) mg/kg DM Nickel (Ni) mg/kg DM Organic pollutants Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) mg/kg DM Concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mg/kg DM Undesirable impurities Volume of glass, metal, plastic, with a particle size> 2 mm % DM weed seeds pcs/l stones % DM Microbiological contamination : Escherichia coli (E.coli) cfu/g Anaerobic Clostridium cfu/g Helminthes eggs and larvae pcs/kg Salmonella pcs/g

12 Additional contamination parameters for composts and digestate made from sewage sludge Compounds (pharmacy materials) Diclofenac 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) 17-beta-estradiol (E2) Macrolide antibiotics: Azithromycin Erythromycin Clarithromycin Dimension µg/kg DM µg/kg DM µg/kg DM µg/kg DM Information source for method: Martin, J., Santas, J., L., Aparicio, I., Alonso, E., Multi residual method for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in sewage sludge, compost and sediments by sonication assisted extraction and LC determination. Journal of Separation Science, 33, p ; This method was adopted by researchers of Agrochemical research laboratory HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 12

13 Results of the research (Sewage Sludge) (I) Nutrients VCP SSC (median value) SSD (median value) SSD d (median value) dry matter, % 21 > organic matter, %DM 16 > total nitrogen (N), %DM 0.5 > total phosphorus (P), %DM 0.21 > total potassium (K), %DM 0.6 > * water-soluble nitrogen, mg/l 51 > * water-soluble phosphorus, mg/l 26 > * 714 * 54,9 * water-soluble potassium, mg/l 91 > * 2725 * sulfates (SO 4 ), mg/l 51-> ! 6012! chlorides (Cl), mg/l 51-> *! 4997 *! humic acids, %DM fulvic acids, %DM VCP - Parameters of valuable compost, proposed in Lithuania (Staugaitis et al, 2011, 2015, 2016): first value very low value of compost; second value very high value of compost. Very low Low Average * the amount is greatly varied High Very high Very much high! may damage plants HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 13

14 Results of the research (Sewage Sludge) (II) Other quality parameters VCP SSC (median value) SSD (median value) SSD d (median value) C: N ratio 11 > Conductivity, ms/cm 0.6 > * 2.59! ph KCl 5.6 > * 7.0 * ph H2O 6.1 > * 7.3 VCP - Parameters of valuable compost, proposed in Lithuania (Staugaitis et al, 2011, 2015, 2016): first value very low value of compost; second value very high value of compost. Very low Low Average * the amount is greatly varied High Very high Very much high! may damage plants HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 14

15 Results of the research (Sewage Sludge) (III) Contamination parameters VCP SSC (median value) SSD (median value) SSD d (median value) Cadmium (Cd), mg/kg DM < Lead (Pb), mg/kg DM < Mercury (Hg), mg/kg DM < Chrome (Cr), mg/kg DM < Zinc (Zn), mg/kg DM < Copper (Cu), mg/kg DM < Nickel (Ni), mg/kg DM < VCP - Parameters of valuable compost, proposed in Lithuania (Staugaitis et al, 2011, 2015, 2016): < first value very high value of compost (1 st class); second value compost 2 nd class no pollution does not exceed limit value for class I part exceeds limit value for class I part exceeds limit value for class II significantly exceeds limit value for class II HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 15

16 Results of the research (Sewage Sludge) (III) Contamination parameters VCP SSC (median value) SSD (median value) SSD d (median value) Organic contamination PCBs, mg/kg DM < PAHs, mg/kg DM < Organic and inorganic impurities - 0 Microbiological contamination E. coli, cfu/g Anaerobic Clostridium, cfu/g Helminth eggs and larvae, pcs./kg Salmonella, pcs./kg VCP - Parameters of valuable compost, proposed in Lithuania (Staugaitis et al, 2011, 2015, 2016): no pollution does not exceed VCP part exceeds VCP significantly exceeds VCP HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 16

17 Results of the research (Sewage Sludge) (IV) Compounds (pharmacy materials) Limit value for method determination, µg/kg DM Limit value for method detection, µg/kg DM Diclofenac alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) beta-estradiol (E2) Macrolide antibiotics: Azithromycin Erythromycin Clarithromyci SSDd, µg/kg DM SSDd, µg/kg DM SS, µg/kg DM SSC, µg/kg DM Compounds (pharmacy materials Klaipėda Vilnius Vilnius Druskininkai Diclofenac < 3 < 3 < 3 < 3 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) < 4 < 4 < 4 < 4 17-beta-estradiol (E2) < 3 < 3 < 3 < 3 Macrolide antibiotics: Azithromycin < 15 < 15 < 15 < 15 Erythromycin < 8 < 8 < 8 < 8 Clarithromyci < 15 < 15 < 15 < 15 Conclusions: It was determined that the concentration of pharmacy materials within SS, SSC, and SSD d does not exceed the limit value for method determination HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 17

18 Proposed limit values for heavy metal concentration in composts Class Cd Pb Hg Cr Zn Cu Ni I <1,5 1.0 <1,5 II 1, < < <1 0.4 <1, Pastabos: Current legislation in LT Proposed by project s team Proposed in amendment (planned) in LT < < < < < < <50 40 < Class I High quality compost, which can be used for agricultural purposes as a soil improver, II compost, which can be used for energetic plats growing, re-cultivation of damaged areas, etc HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 18

19 Cd, mg/kg SSD MR MKAR NDR Mediana MAR SSC MK MKAK NDK MAK ŽAK 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4 Cd mg/kg Limit values in other EU countries: mg/kg - IE, SI, DK, for organic farming - AT, UK, EC 889/2008; 1.0 mg/kg - NL, SE; mg/kg - DE, FI, BE, SK, CZ, UK, IT, LU. <1.0 mg/kg - parameters of compost with the eco-label (User Manual, 2006) Suggested limit values: Class I: 1 mg/kg DM; Class II: 2 mg/kg DM HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 19

20 SSD Cr, mg/kg MR MKAR NDR MAR MK MKAK NDK MAK ŽAK SSC Cr mg/kg Limit values in other EU countries: 50 mg/kg HU, 70 mg/kg AT, ES; 100 mg/kg BE, CZ, DE, HU, IE, LU, PL, SE; <100 mg/kg - parameters of compost with the eco-label (User Manual, 2006) Suggested limit values: Class I: 70 mg/kg DM; Class II: 100 mg/kg DM HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 20

21 Zn, mg/kg SSD MR MKAR NDR MAR MK MKAK NDK MAK ŽAK SSC Zn mg/kg Limit values in other EU countries: 200 mg/kg - ES, IE, SI, for organic farming - EU (Reg. N o 889/2008); mg/kg - SK, CZ, NL, SE; 400 mg/kg - BE, DE, LU, UK; <300 mg/kg - parameters of compost with the eco-label (User Manual, 2006) Suggested limit values: Class I: 400 mg/kg DM; Class II: 600 mg/kg DM

22 SSD Pb, mg/kg MR MKAR NDR MAR MK MKAK NDK MAK ŽAK SSC Pb mg/kg Limit values in other EU countries: 45 mg/kg ES, AT, for organic farming - UK; 100 mg/kg NL, SE, IE, HU, CZ, FI; mg/kg DE, BE, AT, CZ, UK, IT, LU, LV; <100 mg/kg - parameters of compost with the eco-label (User Manual, 2006) Suggested limit values: Class I: 50 mg/kg DM; Class II: 100 mg/kg DM HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 22

23 SSD SSC MR MKAR NDR MAR MK MKAK NDK MAK ŽAK Hg, mg/kg 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1 Hg mg/kg Limit values in other EU countries: mg/kg ES, IR, NL, SI, 0,4 mg/kg - for organic farming - AT, EU (Reg. No 889/2008); mg/kg AT, DK; <1 mg/kg - parameters of compost with the eco-label (User Manual, 2006) Suggested limit values: Class I: 0,4 mg/kg DM; Class II: 1 mg/kg DM HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 23

24 SSD Cu, mg/kg MR MKAR NDR MAR MK MKAK NDK MAK ŽAK SSC Cu mg/kg Limit values in other EU countries: 70 mg/kg - ES, LT, for organic farming - AT, EU (Reg. N o 889/2008); 90 mg/kg - NL; 100 mg/kg - CZ, DE, HU, IE, LU, SU, SI, SK; 150 mg/kg AT; <100 mg/kg - parameters of compost with the eco-label (User Manual, 2006) Suggested limit values: Class I: 100 mg/kg DM; Class II: 200 mg/kg DM HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 24

25 SSD Ni, mg/kg MR MKAR NDR MAR MK MKAK NDK MAK ŽAK SSC Ni mg/kg Limit values in other EU countries: 20 mg/kg NL; 25 mg/kg ES, LT, for organic farming - AT, UK, EU (Reg. No 889/2008); 30 mg/kg PL, DK; 50 BE, CZ, DE, HU, IE, LU, SU, SI, UK; 60 mg/kg AT, FR; <50 mg/kg - parameters of compost with the eco-label (User Manual, 2006) Suggested limit values: Class I: 40 mg/kg DM; Class II: 60 mg/kg DM HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 25

26 Proposals for criterion (requirements) of compost Compost is a soil improver, a natural fertilizer. The value of compost as a fertilizer according to above mentioned quality indicators can be very high, high, medium and low (Staugaitis et al, 2011, 2015, 2016). Main requirements for quality of compost : - Organic matter (OM) is one of the main indicators of compost quality; the content of organic matter of the compost must be 16% DM; - In addition, compost should be valued according to one more of the proposed indicators (> than Low value); Main requirements for contamination: the concentrations of heavy metals do not exceed the proposed class I if the compost is used in agriculture, class II if the compost is used for energetic plats growing, re-cultivation of damaged areas, etc. concentrations of organic pollutants in compost do not exceed the proposed limits; amount of organic and inorganic impurities in compost does not exceed the proposed limits; microbiological parasitological parameters must not exceed the proposed limits; Fertilization rate of compost according to total nitrogen (N) is 170 kg / ha, Fertilization rate of compost according to total phosphorus (P) is 40 kg / ha HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 26

27 Main conclusions due to compost production in Lithuania: In Lithuania, the quality and contamination parameters of the most of produced composts (e.g. FWC, MC, GWC, SSC), as well as anaerobic digestates after drying, fractionation or composting (e.g. MD, FWD) are corresponded to the suggested criteria for compost as valueadded product. SSD is characterized higher volume of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus, incl. water soluble, humic and fulvic acids. However, SSD has a high concentration of ammonia nitrogen, sulphates, chlorides and high concentration of soluble salts, therefore such compost can adversely affect for many plants. Concentrations of such heavy metals as Cd, Zn, and Cu within SSD, especially after drying, significantly exceeds limit value for class II. Microbiological contamination by anaerobic clostridia was detected in the samples with SSDd. This shows that SSD can not be used as a fertilizer without composting SSC - composts made from SS and other BDW (e.g. GW) complies with the proposed criterions (especially proposed in an amendment of legislation), if operators pay particular attention to the raw materials used for each composting process, depending on their chemical composition, physical properties and maintaining the basic technological requirements for anaerobic treatment and composting HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge 27

28 EcoIri Solution Thank You for attention! Contacts: Assoc. prof. dr. Irina Kliopova KTU Institute of Environmental Engineering (APINI) Prof. habil. dr. Gediminas Staugaitis Agrochemical Research laboratory of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry HELCOM Workshop on Sewage Sludge