q Conclusions q Oil Shale panorama Different Process industrial scale q The Ecoshale TM In-Capsule Process

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2 AGENDA q Oil Shale panorama Different Process Methods@ industrial scale q The Ecoshale TM In-Capsule Process q Technology concept q Ecoshale TM Technology vs. Other Ex Situ Processes q Ecoshale TM Technology Timeline q Technology design refinement strategy q Key design refinement actions q Flue gas pressure drop (friction factor) in corrugated, flexible heat exchanger pipes and Friction Factor Modeling q CFD Modeling Impact of Heat Exchanger Piping configuration. q Hot Cell Test Design q Conclusions 2

3 OIL SHALE panorama Different process industrial scale IN SITU EX SITU Stationary extraction Product > 30 or 40 API Several month to several years of heating at 370 C R&D or Demonstration stage Lower environmental impact Extraction while moving Product < 20 API A few minutes of heating at 500 to 650 C Industrial stage, proven technology Higher environmental impact

4 ECOSHALE TM IN-CAPSULE PROCESS q The Ecoshale TM technology combines the benefits and avoid the shortcomings of both in-situ and surface technologies q Oil shale is mined and placed in an excavation that has been lined by an impermeable clay liner (Bentonite Amended Soil) q Expendable closed wall heating pipes are placed horizontally throughout the capsule q A liquid drain system is included at the bottom of the capsule; perforated pipes at the top of the capsule collect hydrocarbon vapour q Clay liner (BAS) completes the containment structure on top, with overburden subsequently replaced to start immediate reclamation q Natural gas burners produced hot exhaust gas that is circulated through the capsule in the heating pipes q Retorting reaction produces high grade, light crude 4

5 Total/Red Leaf Joint Venture Ex Situ Technology ECOSHALE TM TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT Mining: oil Shale blasting and transportation Capsule construction Truck and Shovel Capsule cooling, abandon, next one started Reduced surface reclamation Low T pyrolisis à higher product quality O 2 free atmosphere à Optimal product quality Low water consumption No spent shale handling post production Lower energy consumption vs. other ex-situ processes Excess H 2 available Capsule Heating Oil & Gas production

6 ECOSHALE TM TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGEOUS VS. OTHER EX SITU PROCESSES The Ecoshale TM technology operates at 700F under an oxygen free atmosphere, proving optimal conditions for higher oil quality production (higher hydrogen to carbon ratios and higher API gravity) compared to ex-situ retorting processes The shale matrix is kept immobile and below the temperature of decomposition of the mineral matrix materials, which results in minimum CO 2 production and low fines production Unlike ex-situ retorting processes, Ecoshale doesn t require water for processing or cooling The Ecoshale TM technology keeps the shales at their original location, avoids spent shale transportation and allows quick reclamation of the mine site. 6

7 ECOSHALE TM TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE 2006 Red Leaf company formed 2007 Technology patent applications retorting laboratory tests 2008 Field pilot design and construction 2009 Field pilot completed validation of the Ecoshale TM process 2010 EcoShale TM Capsule 3D CFD Modeling by Hatch 2011 Industrialization program starts 2012 Joint Venture with Total - Hot cell design and construction 2013 Design and Construction of the industrial demonstration capsule (EPS) 2014 Heating and production of the EPS capsule 2015 EcoShale TM Technology qualification for large scale development 7

8 Total/Red Leaf Joint Venture Ex Situ Technology TECHNOLOGY DESIGN REFINEMENT AIMS TO REDUCE THE RANGE OF UNCERTAINTIES IN THE DESIGN PARAMETERS AND TO GUARANTEE THE PERFORMANCE RLR One Capsule Pilot 2012 Hot Cell Early Production System Commercial Phase " Pyrolysis process validated. " To test materials mechanical and thermal performances to further approximate simulation models " 3/4 commercial capsule fully instrumented " Validate design and constr. " raw oil quality and market " 6 capsules/year = 10kb/d " + 18 capsules/year = 30kb/d Lab Test, Field Tests, Studies in parallel Clay & Ore Tests. Pyrolisis cell (Lab Tests) Capsule conceptual (Studies & Hot Cell tests) Heating Pipes Fabrication & welding (Studies & Field Tests) Capsule constructability, Pressure drops (Field tests) Alternatives Solutions to be ready Main uncertainties are upscaling and capsule constructability

9 KEY DESIGN REFINEMENT ACTION EXAMPLES q Testing completed to measure flue gas pressure drop (friction factor) in corrugated, flexible heat exchanger pipes: q Corrugated pipe has higher pressure drop than smooth pipe q Insufficient literature data on friction factor for corrugated pipes q Pressure drop directly proportional to friction factor q Fan power, size, & cost proportional to pressure drop q Analytical (CFD) model developed to predict heat transfer and oil production in capsule q Hot cell test designed: q Measure properties of hot, retorted shale for prediction of capsule subsidence q Measure shale load on corrugated pipe using hydraulic press 9

10 FLUE GAS PRESSURE DROP IN CORRUGATED PIPES Vent stack Burner & Mixing Chamber Combustion Air Blower Dilution Air Fan Corrugated pipe Inner Diameter: 30 (2.5 ) Corrugation Pitch: 2-2/3 Corrugation Depth: ½ Helix Angle: ~14-15 Friction Factor SP0 - SP1 SP1 - SP2 SP0 - SP2 Smooth Pipe average f= , , ,000 Reynolds Number (Re) Experimental results 10

11 LARGE EDDY SIMULATION (LES) PREDICTION OF FRICTION FACTOR COMPARISON VS. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 0.05 LES RESULT 15% ERROR VS. DATA 0.04 Instantaneous Friction Factor SP0 - SP1 SP1 - SP2 SP0 - SP2 Smooth Pipe average f= , , ,000 Reynolds Number (Re) Time-averaged 11

12 CFD MODELING TO PREDICT HEAT TRANSFER AND OIL PRODUCTION IN CAPSULE IMPACT OF HEAT EXCHANGER PIPING CONFIGURATION HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION VERTICAL CONFIGURATION Flue gas flow & pipe heat transfer area is identical in both cases 12

13 HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION VERTICAL CONFIGURATION Shale bed temperature (Fahrenheit) 2 months of heating 2 months of heating 4 months of heating 4 months of heating 7 months of heating 7 months of heating 13

14 HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION VERTICAL CONFIGURATION 2 months of heating 2 months of heating Shale bed Kerogen content 100% 4 months of heating 4 months of heating 0% 7 months of heating 7 months of heating 14

15 CFD MODELING IMPACT OF HEAT EXCHANGER PIPING CONFIGURATION HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION VERTICAL CONFIGURATION Average capsule temperature after 7 months 700 F 702 F Temperature distribution throughout capsule very uneven much more uniform Heat utilization from heat exchanger piping Impact on capsule subsidence Mineral matrix decomposition higher heat loss to capsule margins more efficient utilization in bed Oil production 89% of target 99% of target negative impact due to differential settling of bed significant due to hot spots positive impact due to uniform settling of bed minimized 15

16 HOT CELL TEST DESIGN q Testing required to measure shale bed mechanical property data at hot (retorted) conditions q Data to be inputted to analytical (FEA) models used to predict capsule subsidence q Impact on capsule roof design and capsule stability q Hot cell also used to verify proof of pipe strength design q Hot cell currently in detailed engineering phase 16

17 CONCLUSIONS q The Ecoshale TM technology combines the benefits and avoids the shortcomings of both in-situ and surface technologies q The design refinement strategy for the technology involves several steps, including lab experiments, field tests, and the development of advanced analytical tools/models. q Specifically, q Tests have been performed to measure gas frictional losses in corrugated, flexible heat exchanger pipes, which have a large impact on fan and burner sizing, cost, and power demand. q An advanced, CFD modeling tool has been developed to help design an efficient and optimum heat exchanger that ensures the process performance criteria for the capsule is met. q A hot cell test is being designed to characterize shale mechanical data for use in analytical tools aimed at substantiating capsule structural integrity and mechanical design. 17