Energiewende as a result of civil society participation and protest

Transcription

1 Energiewende as a result of civil society participation and protest Civil Society, Public Acceptance and Public Resistance in the Energy Transition US-German Think Tank Workshop, May , Berlin Raffaele Piria, Senior Project Manager

2 Contents of this presentation A short history of the Energiewende Historical background Post war time: Drivers for energy policy war in West Germany 1970s Turmoil and energy policy protests 1980s Energy policy at the core of the agenda In the meanwhile, in East Germany. 1990s Conservatives start renewable deployment 2000s Talking serious business 2010s Energiewende as core project based on bipartisan consensus Back-up slides Recent representative surveys 2

3 2011: All of a sudden, out of German Angst? 3

4 Deep roots in culture and ideology? Sylvicultura Oeconomica, by H. C. von Carlowitz, 1713: probably first use of sustainability concept Metaphysic role of forests in romanticism Philosophic heritage: propensity to thinking ideas through to the end? However, if the energy transition lies on German cultural specificities: Why is it happening all over the world? Photo credits: Städel Museum, FVA/Weidner (waldwissen.net) 4

5 Coal, oil and two lost world wars German Empire was built on own coal reserves. The Allies floated to victory on a sea of oil Lord Curzon, UK Foreign Secretary , on World War I The oil fields in Ploesti (Romania) are the tap root of German might Winston Churchill, during World War II Liquid fuels from coal: technically possible but very expensive Photo credits: liqzid, flüsiggeld und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Dasgeiseltal.de 5

6 Energy policy drivers in post war West Germany Reconstruction, economic boom: heavy increase of energy needs Up to jobs in coal, but decreasingly competitive Massive reliance on (imported) oil: 53% of PEC in 1970 State-driven nuclear vision as long term alternative to oil imports 1955/56: Federal Nuclear Ministry / Atomic Commission (but no energy ministry in general) seen as centre of power Private utilities reluctant to invest public money for nuclear 1973: first gas flows from Soviet Union (part of Ostpolitik ) 6

7 The German nuclear era Defeated Germany develops to 5 th largest nuclear power producer Photo credits: DPA/die Welt, ebay, Geschitsdokumente.de, 7

8 1970s Turmoil and energy policy protests Late 1960s revolt: environmental focus in GER Widespread, partly violent anti-nuclear protests Nuclear programs stopped in Denmark, Austria Oil crisis First efficiency measures, renewables programs Solar/ energy efficiency cooperatives + start-ups 1979 Three Miles Island 1980: Book by Öko-Institut: Energiewende: Growth and Prosperity without uranium and oil Photo credits: Wolfgang Bernert, Wagner Solar, NDR 8

9 Photo credits: CDU, unknown,dpa, der Spiegel 1980s Energy policy at the core of the agenda Strong environmental movement: nuclear, acid rain, Waldsterben and upcoming climate change 1983: Greens firstly elected to Federal Parliament : J. Fischer Minister for Energy and Environment in Hessen 1986: Chernobyl disaster. SPD leadership changes view on nuclear 1987: PM Kohl to Parliament: threat of grave climate change Failed large-wind (1 x 3MW) attempt 9

10 Photo credits: CDU, unknown,dpa, der In the meanwhile, in Eastern Germany 65% of PEC from lignite, strong district heating Heavy environmental damage Environmental issues at core of dissident movements 1986: UmweltBibliothek in East Berlin 1987 assaulted by Stasi After reunification 1989: collapse of heavy industry, sinking energy demand, closure of nuclear power plants, integration into Western German power sector, modernisation of plants, lignite remains strong Photo credits: Bundesarchiv. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 10

11 1990s Conservatives start renewable deployment 1990: Enquete Commision on Climate Change proposes 2050 target: 80% GHG emission reduction by 2050 EU-wide 1991: First feed-in law. 1992: Energy self-sufficient solar house in Freiburg : Schönau power rebels get control of local power grid 1996: 1 st EU IEM directives, minimalistic implementation in Germany Incumbent power utilities refuse renewables, oppose feed-in court, keep investing in coal disconnection from public opinion Nuclear: no new built, no disposal site, 30 years of conflict unsolved 11

12 Incumbent utilities burying their heads in the sand 1990 ad paid by the big four : Wind power: yes, but Denmark reached 0.9% wind share of power consumption ( ) but this is impossible in Germany, due to different climate conditions. Wind share in Germany: 1990: 0.01% 1999: 1% 2014: 10% 2017: >20% Source: Die Zeit,

13 2000s Talking serious business : SPD-Greens federal government 2000: Renewable Electricity Act (EEG), leading to massive growth 2000: Nuclear exit deal btw. government and nuclear plant operators: timeline comparable with today s. It becomes law in : Incumbent utilities lose legal suit before ECJ against feed-in law Big four bet on change of government; don t really implement nuclear deal; don t invest on renewables 2005: all in all, SPD-CDU/CSU coalition keeps energy policy course 2007: Gov. adopts Energy and Climate program, ambitious targets 2009: CDU/CSU-FDP win elections, despite nuclear lifetime extension 13

14 2010s Core project based on bipartisan consensus Oct 2010: Mar 2011: Jun 2011: : : exit from exit law Fukushima; several NPPs shut down by decree all-party parliament consensus on nuclear exit law constant massive support in public opinion on if debate on how, where, coal, emissions, distribution issues What is new: Cross-party consensus on nuclear & high RES shares Energiewende as shared national task, clear targets More security for investors Less partisan debates Not really new: Timeline for nuclear exit Debates on speed and quality of development Resource allocation conflicts 14

15 Back-Up Slides 15

16 Source: ACEEE 2016 Germany is world champion in energy efficiency according to ACEEE scoreboard Canada No. 10 United States No. 8 China No. 6 Japan No. 2 UK No. 5 France No. 4 Germany No. 1 South Korea No. 8 Spain No. 7 Italy No. 2 5/30/

17 Source: University of Stuttgart, University of Münster, Fraunhofer ISI and ISE 2016 The Energiewende as a whole enjoys relatively wide support within the German population Attitudes towards the Energiewende in % We need a resolute switch to renewable energy disagree mostly disagree I am convinced that the energy transition will lead to shortages in the supply of electricity undecided mostly agree An electricity supply based on renewables is, in the long term, more affordable than from other sources agree Germany s global competitiveness will decline due to the energy transition The energy transition will allow citizens to produce their own energy and become more independent /30/

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