Interlinking Between Montreal Protocol and Energy Efficiency

Transcription

1 Interlinking Between Montreal Protocol and Energy Efficiency Walid Chakroun, PhD Fellow ASHRAE, ME Dept. Kuwait University 3 rd HVAC Contracting Conference Evolution of HVAC Industry Qatar November 25-26, 2018

2 Outline Montreal s Protocol Kigali s Amendment HFCs Phase-down Emissions and GWP classification Energy Efficiency MEPS Phase down strategies

3 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) Adopted on 16 September 1987 in Montreal. The Montreal Protocol is the international treaty to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. The Protocol was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. It has so far succeeded in phasing out 98% of the chemicals responsible for causing damage.

4 Phase-out Schedule of ODS as per Montreal Protocol Freeze 20% 50% 75% 85% 100% Article 5 countries CFCs Halons HCFCs % % % % MeBr Non-Article 5 countries CFCs Halons HCFCs % % % MeBr * * 25 %

5 Kigali s Amendment HFCs may not be ODS, however they are greenhouse gases (GHG) with high global warming potentials (GWPs) Kigali s Amendment to Montreal Protocol was introduced to phase down the use of HFCs Phase down for high GWP HFC will be enforced, with emphasis on increasing the energy efficiency in HVAC&R systems

6 Implementation of HFC Phasedown Kigali s Amendment will enter into force on the 1 st of January 2019 Developing countries will freeze HFC consumption in 2024 Developed countries will start HFC phase down in 2019 Additional 4 year delay for developing countries with high ambient temperature conditions. Import and export licensing systems for HFCs must be in place by 1 January 2019 Trade ban for parties that have not endorsed the Kigali s Amendment from 1 January 2033.

7 Article 5 (A5) countries are the developing countries Non Article 5 (NA5) countries are developed countries Main Group Remaining of the developing world countries Group 2 1. G.C.C. Countries 2. India 3. Iran 4. Iraq 5. Pakistan Group 1 Remaining of the developed world countries Group 2 1. Belarus 2. Russian 3. Kazakhstan 4. Tajikistan 5. Uzbekistan

8 Phasing Down Timetable NA-5 Main Group NA-5 (Group 2) A-5 (Group 1) A-5 (Group 2) Baseline Baseline Calculations Average HFC consumption/production in baseline years+ 15% of HCFC consumption/production Average HFC consumption/production in baseline years+ 25% of HCFC consumption/production Average HFC consumption/production in baseline years+ 65% of HCFC consumption/production Average HFC consumption/production in baseline years+ 65% of HCFC consumption/production Reduction Steps Early Start Later Start 2024 (Freeze) 2028 (Freeze) Step % % % % Step % % % % Step % % % % Step % % % % Step % %

9 % of Baseline % from Baseline HFC Phase Down Comparison A5 Countries NA5- Countries NA5- Main Group NA5 (Group 2) A5: Group A5: Group Years Years

10 Environment Compatibility Alternative Refrigerants Refrigerant Properties

11 Environmental Impact of Refrigerant Leakages GWP = heat trapped by unit mass of refrigerant heat trapped by unit mass of CO 2

12 GWP Classifications Ultra-High> HFC 23 (148000) Very High High Medium Low Very Low Ultralow <30 R-404A (3922) R507A (3985) R-410A (2088) HCFC- 22 (1810) HFC-32 (675) R-454A (239) R-430A (94) R-447A (583) R-455A (148) HFC-134a (1430) R-4548 (446) R-717 (0) R-744 (1) R-290 (3) HFO-1234yf (5)

13 Direct and Indirect Emissions Direct Emissions: Refrigerant gas emissions due to leakages/maintenance within the vapor compression cycle Indirect Emissions: CO 2 emissions due to the energy consumption in AC

14 Kigali Amendment and Related Development in Energy Efficiency The Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs provides opportunity to realize energy efficiency gains when replacing HFC/HCFC-based equipment A group of philanthropist organizations have pledged US$53 million in grants [the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Fund] to support energy efficiency alongside the phase-down of HFCs To complement these funds, the World Bank Group announced it will make available US$1 billion in funding for energy efficiency in urban areas by 2020.

15 Why Energy Efficiency is Vital In 2015, RAC consumed about 17% of the overall electricity worldwide [TEAP 2017] Over 80% of the global warming impact of RACHP systems is associated with the indirect emissions. [TEAP 2017] The space cooling global CO2 emissions from 1990 has tripled in 2016.[OECD/IEA 2018] In the coming decades, technological innovation can be expected to improve performance to approximately 70-80% of the theoretical limit. [TEAP 2017] 15

16 Why Energy Efficiency is Vital Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase of global temperature to below 2 C this century Human-induced warming reached approximately 1 C (±0.2 C) in 2017, increasing at 0.2 C (±0.1 C) per decade. [IPCC 2018] Limiting global warming to 1.5 C needs large societal and technological changes [IPCC 2018] Reducing CO2 emissions is a key parameter in reducing the temperature increase by 2100 [IPCC 2018] 16

17 MEPS To set an upper limit for the allowed energy consumption of a building, minimum energy performance standards. MEPS should be made compulsory by law MEPS should then be tightened step by step every three to five years Energy efficiency requirements can either be integrated in existing building codes or established as stand-alone standards. Ensuring compliance with the requirements is a major issue require policy planning and design.

18 MEPS-Qatar Kahramma Energy and Water Conservation Code (2016) consists of: 1. Air Conditioning 2. Lighting 3. Building Envelope 4. Water 5. Energy Management Systems for Bulk Customers Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors 18

19 Kahramma: Package Air Conditioning Equipment Type Single Package Air Conditioners < kw (5.41 Tons) Minimum EER (Btu/hr) Rating Outdoor Condition Test Standard C (95 F) DB ARI 210/240 Single Package Air Conditioners and <39.56 kw (5.41 and <11.25 Tons) Single Package Air Conditioners kw (11.25 Tons) Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors C (95 F) DB ARI 340/ C (95 F) DB ARI

20 Equipment Type Kahramma: Chillers Minimum COP Minimum IPLV Test Standard Air Cooled Chiller All Capacities ARI 550/590 Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kw ( 150 Tons ) ARI 550/590 Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller 530 and < 1050 kw ( 150 and < 300 Tons ) ARI 550/590 Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller 1050 kw ( 300 Tons ) ARI 550/590 Reciprocating Compressor Water Cooled Chiller All Capacities ARI 550/590 Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kw ( 150 Tons ) Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller 530 kw and < 1050 kw ( 150 and < 300 Tons ) ARI 550/ ARI 550/590 Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller 1050 kw ( 300 Tons ) Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors ARI 550/590 20

21 MEPS-Kuwait MEW-2016 Code of Practice for Government and Commercial Buildings consists of: 1. Indoor and Outdoor Conditions 2. Lighting and Equipment Power Density 3. Building Envelope 4. A/C Type Power Ratings Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors 21

22 MEPS-A/C Systems in Kuwait (2016) Capacity System Type PR(Chiller) PR(Total) EER (Total) (RT) kw/ton kw/ton DX units All N/A Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), DX with inverter compressor All Testing Conditions: 1. All DX A/C units shall be tested at maximum indoor air flow and on-coil DBT 26.6 (80 ) & WBT 19.4 (67 ). 2. The power rating for all should be tested when the ambient temperature is 48 or (118.4 ) N/A C C C C Air-cooled chilled water system All < Water-cooled chilled water system, water cooled DX system >

23 MEPS-Dubai Dubai Green Building Regulations and Specifications consists of: 1. Building Envelopes 2. Ventilation and Air Quality 3. Thermal Comfort 4. HVAC Systems Energy Requirements 5. Lighting Power Density 6. Water Conservation and Efficiency Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors 23

24 Green Buildings Dubai: Air Conditioning Minimum Efficiency Requirements for Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units Equipment Type Size Category Heating Section Type Air Conditioners, air cooled Through-the-wall, air cooled Small-duct highvelocity air cooled Air Conditioners, air cooled <65,000 Btu/h <=30,000 Bth/h <65,000 Bth/h >=65,000 Btu/h and <135,000 Btu/h >=135,000 Btu/h and <240,000 Btu/h >=240,000 Btu/h and <760,000 Btu/h All Subcategory or Rating Condition Minimum Efficiency (T1) Minimum Efficiency (T3) Split System 9.5 EER 6.6 EER Single Package 9.5 EER 6.6 EER All Single Package 8.0 EER 5.7 EER All Split System 9.2 EER 6.4 EER Electric resistance (or none) All Other Electric resistance (or none) All Other Electric resistance (or none) All Other Split System and Single Package Split System and Single Package Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Single Refrigeration Package Sectors Electric resistance Split System and Single Package Split System and Single Package Split System and Single Package Split System and Split System and 9.5 EER 6.6 EER 9.5 EER 6.6 EER 9.5 EER 6.6 EER 9.5 EER 6.6 EER 9.5 EER 6.6 EER 9.5 EER 6.6 EER 9.0 EER 6.3 EER Test Procedure T1-ARI 210/240, T3- ISO5151 T1-ARI 340/360, T3- ISO

25 MEPS: Saudi Arabia SASO provides standards in Saudi Arabia regarding HVAC: 1. MEPS for low capacity units (window and split) SASO Building Envelope Standards SASO Refrigerators and Freezers SASO Water Heaters SASO 2884 SASO also provides standards in various engineering fields not only HVAC. Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors 25

26 SASO 2663/2017: Air Conditioning Air conditioner appliance type Single package of Window type category A Rated Cooling Capacity (CC) categories at test condition (T1) in Btu/h (or W) EER Values (Btu/h)W T1 T3 CC 24,000 (7,050W) Single package of Window type category B 24,000 (7,050W) < CC 65,000 (19,050 W) Split type ducted and non-ducted using aircooled condensers, heat pumps using air cooled condensers CC 65,000 (19,050 W) Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors 26

27 Set Safety Standards on Refrigerants The newer refrigerants with lower GWPs are flammable, and can impose danger to indoor occupants Safety Standards need to be created for storage, transport and installation of the flammable refrigerants Governments are urged to be more engaged through national standardization agencies There should be regular consultations between these agencies and ozone officers

28 Refrigerant Safety Classification ASHRAE 34 & ISO 817 A1 A1 A2L A3 A1 B2L

29 Stakeholders in Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Level Playing Field Industry Consumers Governments

30 Barriers for Successful Implementation Unavailability of new fluids and technologies High costs of new fluids and technologies Lack of technician training Restrictive safety codes and standards

31 How do you overcome the barriers Domestic refrigerators are now using low GWP hydrocarbon refrigerants Small split ACs are using HFC-32 (GWP 675) instead of R-410 (GWP 2088) Car air-conditioning using HFO-1234yf UN Environment OzonAction introduced Training Guides and guide books on refrigerant handling and training of technicians Companies that supply equipment using low GWP alternatives usually have good training materials available that is targeted at their specific designs of equipment ASHRAE, AHRI, and US DOE, have partnered to do research in order to develop safety standards for flammable refrigerants

32 Thank You