KINEMATIC WAVE MODELING IN WATER RESOURCES Environmental Hydrology

Transcription

1 KINEMATIC WAVE MODELING IN WATER RESOURCES Environmental Hydrology VIJAY P. SINGH Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana A Wiley-lnterscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York / Chichester / Weinheim / Brisbane / Singapore / Toronto

2 PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I: PRELIMINARIES 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Environmental Continuum / Water Continuum / Definition of Environmental Hydrology / Scope of Environmental Hydrology / Approach to Environmental Problems / 7 Exercises / 9 References /10 2. HYDRAULIC EQUATIONS FOR SUBSURFACE FLOW 2.1 Subsurface Saturated Flow Equations / Subsurface Unsaturated Flow Equations / 24 Exercises / 27 References / HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL 3.1 Hydraulic Properties / Methods of Estimation / Estimation of Water-Retention Curve / Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity / Comparison of Hydraulic Conductivity Models / Estimation of Soil-Water Diffusivity / Estimation of Sorptivity / 79

3 VIII 3.8 Spatial Variability of Hydraulic Properties / 82 Exercises / 84 References /88 PART II: SUBSURFACE FLOW 4. UNSATURATED FLOW Kinematic Wave Formulation without Plant-Root Extraction / Kinematic Wave Model with q(6) = К(в) I Kinematic Wave Model with Complex Surface Wetting / Kinematic Wave Model Formulation with Plant-Root Extraction / Macropore Flow /165 Exercises / 181 References / SUBSURFACE STORMFLOW Saturated Gravity Flow / Dimensional Kinematic Wave Solutions / Dimensionless Kinematic Wave Solutions / Steady-State Water-Table Profiles / Unsteady-State Case: The Rising Hydrograph / Unsteady-State Case: The Recession Hydrograph / Error in Kinematic Wave Approximation / 217 Exercises / 220 References / 223 PART III: SURFACE IRRIGATION 6. FLOW ADVANCE OVER POROUS BEDS: APPLICATION TO SURFACE IRRIGATION Irrigation Flow Process / Mathematical Models of Border Irrigation / Mathematical Preliminaries / 230

4 ix 6.4 Kinematic Wave Modeling / Analytical Solution for Case A: T > (n - \)g/f I Analytical Solution for Case B: T < (n - \)g/f I Kinematic Wave Model with Linear Cumulative Infiltration / Kinematic Wave Model of Border-Dyke Irrigation / Cumulative Volumes: Constant Infiltration / Cumulative Volumes: Variable Infiltration / Numerical Solution Based on Integral Formulation / Sequential Solution / Lax-Wendroff Method / Method of Characteristics / 312 Exercises /321 References / FLOW IN INFILTRATING CHANNELS: FURROW IRRIGATION Furrow Geometry / Furrow Infiltration / Governing Equations / Initial and Boundary Conditions / Methods of Solution / 348 Exercises /361 References / 363 PART IV: SNOW HYDROLOGY 8. MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH SNOW Water Flow in Homogeneous Snow / Flow through Layered Snowpacks / Similarity Solution / Solution Using Moving Coordinates / 406 Exercises / 407 References / GLACIER FLOW Types of Wave Phenomena /416

5 X 9.2 Mechanisms for Motion of Glacier Ice / Assumptions in Glacier Theories / Glacier Response to Seasonal and Climatic Changes: Surface Waves / Glacier Surging / 443 Exercises / 448 References / 449 PART V: EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELD 10. EROSION AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PROCESSES Erosion and Transport Processes / Differences between Overland Erosion and Streambed Erosion / Interrill Erosion / Rill Erosion / Rill Width / Total Sediment Load of a Plane / Sediment Transport Capacity / Evaluation of Transport Capacity Equations / Mathematical Models of Soil Erosion / 480 Exercises /481 References / EROSION ON A PLANE Conservation of Sediment Mass / Kinematic Wave Formulation / Solutions for the Case with / = 0 and Rainfall of Indefinite Duration / Solutions for the Case with / = 0 and Rainfall of Finite Duration / Solutions for the Case with/> 0 / Sediment Yield Equations / 554 Exercises / 558 References / 560 PART VI: WATER QUALITY 12. SOLUTE TRANSPORT Transport Process / 565

6 Xi 12.2 Solute Transport by Surface Runoff / Solute Transport in Soil / Governing Equation / Initial and Boundary Conditions / Transport Models / 589 Exercises / 590 References / SOLUTE TRANSPORT BY SURFACE RUNOFF Pollutant Transport by Runoff over an Impervious Plane: Instantaneous Mixing / Pollutant Transport by Runoff over an Impervious Plane: Finite-Period Mixing / Pollutant Transport by Runoff over an Infiltrating Plane: Finite-Period Mixing / Pollutant Transport by Overland Flow and Infiltration: Mixing Zone / 652 Exercises /657 References / SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA Kinematic Wave Model without Chemical Reactions / Multiphase Solute Transport in the Vadoze Zone / Transport by Dissolved Constituents / Solute Transport in Macropores / 684 Exercises / 692 References / SEDIMENTATION Sedimentation Process / Kinematic Wave Theory / Fluidization / 728 Exercises / 729 References / CHROMATOGRAPHIC TRANSPORT IN SOILS 16.1 Theory of Chromatography /

7 XII 16.2 Governing Equations / Transport Model with General Isotherm / Characteristic Solution with Linear Adsorption Isotherm / Transport Model with Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm / Characteristic Solution with a General Isotherm / 748 Exercises / 750 References / 754 PART VII: STREAMFLOW 17. STREAMFLOW GENERATION Approaches to Storm-Runoff Generation / Flow Paths / Effect of Spatial Variability / Mathematical Models of Hillslope Hydrology / 7б Smith-Hibbert Model for Hillslope Hydrology / 767 Exercises /783 References / EFFECT OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY ON STREAMFLOW HYDROGRAPH Controlling Factors / Influence of Storm Dynamics / Influence of Watershed Segmentation / Influence of Watershed Characteristics / Similarity and Length Scale for Overland Flow / Concluding Remarks / 814 Exercises /814 References /815 APPENDIX: PROPERTIES OF THE FUNCTION F (x) 821 INDEX 825