In Situ Chemical Reduction of CVOCs and Chromium Facilitated Redevelopment of an Industrial Property

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1 Re3 Conference November 14, :00 to 12:30 pm In Situ Chemical Reduction of CVOCs and Chromium Facilitated Redevelopment of an Industrial Property Jim Mueller FMC Chicago, IL Doug Gray, Mike McKim URS Cleveland, OH Wade Meese, Mike Scalzi IET Pipersville, PA Harley Cohen Flats East Development, LLC

2 Cost-effective & evolutionary remedial solutions for a project changed by the real estate market crash

3 Presentation Outline Brief Introduction to FMC ESD EHC-M Original ISCR Reagent Cleveland Flats Redevelopment Site Overview Site History Planned Re-Use Remedial Actions Site Development Lessons Learned / Conclusions

4 FMC Environmental Solutions Division Integrated Products and Applications Serves the power utility and manufacturing industries. Solutions focus on the removal of acid gases and the use of trona and sodium bicarbonate in dry sorbent injection; and hydrogen peroxide for the removal of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from air or flue gas. Develops and markets unique, fast-acting chemistries for remediation of hydrocarbons, halogenated organics, explosive residues, and heavy metals. Treats full spectrum of source, plume, and groundwater issues. Product portfolio of in situ technologies acquired from Adventus. Global leader in proven chemical technologies for in situ remediation. Integrates chemistries from FMC s Peroxygens business. Serves municipal wastewater market with environmentally benign alternative to traditional chlorine technology. Also serves oil and gas exploration marketwith chemistries that neutralize sulfur reducing bacteria in wastewater.

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6 FMC s ISCR Reagents mineral particle clay/organic matter agglomerate bacterial cells contaminant desorbs from binding site on soil and diffuses to ISCR particle surface zero-valent metal particle clay platelets water film organic matter micropore hydrated ISCR particle colonized by native soil bacteria

7 Easy EHC Direct Injection Using Conventional Equipment

8 Subsurface Distribution

9 Carbon Fermentation + ZVI Corrosion = ISCR Multiple Reaction Mechanisms Fermentation Material Oxide Film Solid Organic Carbon VFA H+ Fe+2 generation H 2 generation ZVI Reactions: Fe 0 Fe e - 2H 2 O 2H + + 2OH - 2H + + 2e - H 2(g ) R-Cl + H + + 2e - R-H + Cl - Iron Metal Favorable thermodynamic conditions for dechlorination: Combined oxygen consumption from carbon fermentation and iron oxidation Strongly reduced environment (-250 to -500 mv) High electron/h + pressure Production of organic acids (VFAs): Serves as electron donor for microbial reduction of CVOCs and other oxidized species such as O 2, NO 3, SO 4 The release of acids keeps the ph down and thereby serve to reduce precipitate formation on ZVI surfaces to increase reactivity Increase rate of iron corrosion/h 2 generation EIT-DL

10 Eh Potential (mv) Significantly Lowered Redox (Eh) Potential = ISCR Redox potentials of -600 mv to -800 mv Thermodynamics of reductive decomposition become favorable -600 Control Treatment Time (days) ZVI or Carbon Only EHC Buffering capacity US Patents FMC

11 In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) ISCR may be defined as a synergistic process that combines biotic + abiotic reactions and accelerates treatment by creating highly reducing conditions ISCR is not enhanced anaerobic bioremediation/erd Process Enhanced Anaerobic Degradation / ERD Amendments Molasses, emulsified vegetable oils, sodium lactate, polylactic acid, whey, simple H release compounds In Situ Chemical Reduction EHC, EHC-L, EHC-M, DARAMEND

12 COIs Treated by ISCR EHC/DARAMEND ISCR can treat: Chlorinated Solvents PCE, TCE, cdce, 11-DCE, VC 1122-TeCA, 111-TCA, 12-DCA CT, CF, DCM, CM Pesticides Toxaphene, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Pentachlorophenol Energetics TNT, DNT, RDX, HMX, Perchlorate Heavy Metals including As, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni

13 Heavy Metal COIs Treated by ISCR Contaminant As (III, V) Cr(VI), Mo(VI), Se(IV,VI), U(VI) Me 2+ (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni) Treatment Mechanisms in the ZVI-Carbon zone Reductive precipitation with oxidized iron minerals. Precipitation as As sulfide and mixed Fe-As sulfide Reductive precipitation with oxidized iron minerals and adsorption to iron oxides. Metal cations precipitate as sulfides, following stimulated heterotrophic microbial sulfate reduction to sulfide. Adsorption to iron corrosion products (e.g.; iron oxides and oxyhydroxides).

14 The Property is ca. 20-acre site along the east bank of the Cuyahoga River. Landmarks: The Cuyahoga River, Lake Erie, downtown, Browns Stadium, Port Authority, West Pier Lighthouse, crane, residual coal tar pit Features: Rapid transit Waterfront line, Cleveland Memorial Shoreway high level bridge

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16 Historical operations: Manufactured gas plant (1850s) w/ gas holders at current office tower construction site, Closer to River - fishing/warehousing, Metal working, Plating operations, Coke handling, Truck terminal More recent use 1970s to 1990s - nightclubs & restaurants, Surface parking Picture circa 1939.

17 Historical Land Uses Manufactured gas plant (1850s) Fishing/warehousing Metal working Plating operations Coke handling Truck terminal Nightclubs & restaurants Surface parking credit: Cleveland Memory Project

18 Recent Activities By 2000 area is dead.space available signage, abandoned establishments, some boarded up

19 Recent Activities Most of the area away from the river was underused. It became cheap parking for warehouse district workers willing to walk up the hill

20 Recent Activities

21 Recent Activities

22 Recent Activities

23 Schematic of the 18-story office tower & hotel complex (Building 7) - $275 million office building with adjacent hotel & retail scheduled to open in Spring $120 million Phase 2 in lower left, includes 140-unit residential apartments plus additional retail & entertainment. Will turn this waterfront district into a true neighborhood.

24 VAP Phase II Assessments Soil Borings 35 Monitoring Wells 5 Surface Water Samples from Cuyahoga River 13 Test Pits

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30 Soil/Source Area Remediation Top 5 ft of soil removed and disposed off-site; bulk of source material ISCR Remediation Total Treatment Area: 7,000 ft 2 Area A: 3,000 ft 2 Area B: 4,000 ft 2 TCE, cis-dce, VC, and Cr Groundwater impacts: ~ 8 to 15 ft-bgs Completed using direct push injection Total of 70 injection locations completed in Areas A and B 6 days field time ISCR Remediation Exceedances reduced to below Aquatic Life Criteria (OMZA) for Cuyahoga River TCE 220 µg/l c-dce 970 µg/l VC 930 µg/l Cr(Total) 270 µg/l

31 ISCR Amendments EHC-M - ISCR Amendment 28,100 lbs. Sodium Sulfite O 2 scavenger 420 lbs. (1.5% by wt.) Calcium Propionate Addn. H 2 source 2,100 lbs. (7.5% by wt.) Total of 8,400 gal of ISCR amendments injected Per injection pt. 120 gal Per ft. treatment zone 17 gal

32 November 6, 2012

33 November 6, 2012

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38 Additional funding for Step 2 obtained through Cuyahoga County DOD as part of financing package that closed at end of Remedy during construction for the planned development. Remove/cap gas holders, remove remaining coal tar well, treat DNAPL from MGP, vapor barriers/vents office tower.

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43 Redevelopment credit: Forum Architects

44 credit: Forum Architects

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46 Market Downturn Redesign 1 Office Building & Hotel Lots of greenspace Surface parking Prepare for future development credit: Forum Architects

47 Redevelopment credit: Forum Architects

48 REDEVELOPMENT January Flats East project presented at Ohio Brownfield Conference. Submitted an NFA Letter and construction plan for an 18-story office tower, with an adjoining hotel & retail space. May office tower construction is progressing as planned, with a scheduled opening in spring 2013.

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51 Project Timeline 2005 $3M CORF 2007 $4M RLF - Cuyahoga County DOD 2008 Phase I Remedy Implementation Project Shut Down 2009 Enter VAP MOA due to County financing Project Redrawn 2010 Complete NFA with Interim Remedy 2011 Complete Final Remedy & CORF NFA

52 KEY POINTS / LESSONS LEARNED

53 Be Lessons flexible working Learned with developers Make sure everyone is aware of public financing obligations Consider interim remedy in financing strategy Don t underestimate former MGP sites

54 EHC-M Rapidly Achieved reducing geochemical conditions DO < 1 mg/l ORP at significantly negative values ph: 6 to 8 (optimum range) Observed increases in Fe+2 VOC reduction from parent through daughter products to end products (i.e., ethene) Elevated TOC in Areas A&B - Effective distribution of ISCR amendments Dehalococcoides Ethenogenes (DHE) detected in groundwater following ISCR injection (one-time event) Chlorinated VOCs reduced to below Aquatic Criteria Chromium (Total) reduced to below Aquatic Criteria in treatment zones Average Concentration Reduction - >90% Cost Savings - ~$300K (ISCR vs Excavation) ISCR application was Green & Sustainable compared to other evaluated remedial approaches (i.e., P&T, Excavation, ISCO) No Further Action granted in 2010 for Solvents Area

55 Contact Information Doug Gray Innovative Remedial Technologies Group Manager URS Corporation Cleveland Office 1375 Euclid Avenue, Suite 600 Cleveland, OH Phone:

56 4 Complementary Site Evaluations