(b) Has not previously been submitted for a degree at this or any other University and

Transcription

1 DECLARATION I, Susan Chongo Mwape, declare that this report: (a) Represents my own work (b) Has not previously been submitted for a degree at this or any other University and (c) Does not incorporate any published work or material from another dissertation. Signed:. Date: i

2 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL This report by Susan Chongo Mwape is approved as fulfilling the partial requirements for the award of the Degree of Masters of Communication for Development by the University of Zambia. Supervisor: Sign:... Date:... ii

3 ABSTRACT Zambia, like most developing countries, relies heavily on woodfuel as the major source of energy for cooking and heating. Over two thirds of the country s population either dwell in areas that are very far away from the national grid or have not been electrified for reasons ranging from lack of capacity by the service provider or lack of resources by part of that population to access the facility. Being a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol and a member of the United Nations (UN), Zambia has to find ways of reducing on the Green House Gas (GHG) emissions resulting from the negative effects of excessive charcoal production and usage like deforestation and climate change, while ensuring that the UN initiative of providing sustainable energy for all (SE4ALL) is met. The Government of Zambia has realised this need and has embarked on a program to promote alternative energy sources which are not only affordable but also environmentally friendly and sustainable. Taking cross cutting issues such as gender into account, the government reviewed the 1994 National Energy Policy (NEP) to include emerging issues such as renewable energy. The government has since been trying to implement this policy through a number of actions such as encouraging investment in the sector, but has not produced the desired results of ensuring the adoption and sustained use of renewable energy technologies (RET s) among the energy poor. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge levels of the people living in peri-urban areas of the alternative energy sources available to them. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data among residents of one of Zambia s peri-urban areas in Copperbelt Province. Interviews were also conducted among government officials to assess the appropriateness and effectiveness of government s promotional strategies. A checklist was also used to assess the performance of previous attempts by government to promote RET s and establish the reasons behind the success and/or failure of the different technologies. iii

4 From the study, it was established that attempts at promoting renewable energy technologies by the government and other development promoters have not yielded the desired results. Apart from not having the resources to access the widely promoted Solar and Wind energy sources, people in peri-urban areas are either unaware of the availability of other RET s (their existence and how they work) or the policies enabling their accessibility to the public. The study demonstrates that empowered with adequate information, the energy poor sector of society are ready to try out alternative energy sources if they will prove to be more affordable and available as they are aware that charcoal is not only becoming scarce but also expensive. iv

5 DEDICATION This paper is dedicated to my family and all the stakeholders in the Renewable Energy Sector in Zambia. v

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first express my deepest gratitude towards the members of staff in the Mass Communications Department of the University of Zambia for supporting my studies at the University of Zambia. I would especially like to thank my supervisor Dr. Mutambanshiku Elijah Mwewa Bwalya, and my lecturers Mr. Fidelis Muzyamba and Mr. Kenny Makungu for their guidance and valuable lessons which have enabled me to complete the program. I would also like to thank all the officials at the Department of Energy and Stakeholders in the renewable energy sector for their willingness to participate in the study and contribute to the success of my work. Most of all, I would like to thank my family for their patience and encouragement and most importantly their faith in me. To all of you I say thank you and may God bless you. vi

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration.... Certificate of Approval.. Abstract. Dedication. Acknowledgements.. List of figures List of tables List of symbols.. List of abbreviations.. i ii iii v vi xi xii xiii xiv INTRODUCTION.. 1 CHAPTER ONE 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Introduction Technological background Policy background Zambia s energy background Historical background of Luanshya town Statement of the problem Rationale Objectives General objectives Specific objectives.. 18 vii

8 1.5. Research Questions General Questions Specific Questions.. 19 CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Lessons learned from other countries., The United Kingdom: Policy development model Finland: Climate oriented development policy Tanzania: Forest Resource management Sudan: Why the charcoal industry works (the importance of woodfuel and institutional management) Kenya: Waste recycling Cambodia: The successful implementation of waste-to-energy technology Lessons learned from World Bank funded projects in South America and Sub-Saharan Africa CHAPTER THREE 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction Research design Research methods Data collection methods Primary data collection Secondary data collection Study Site viii

9 3.6. Study population Sample size Sampling technique Data Analysis Ethical considerations Limitations of the study CHAPTER FOUR 4. CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Introduction Conceptual definitions Theoretical framework CHAPTER FIVE 5. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Introduction Assessments of governments efforts in disseminating alternative energy sources at household level over the last 5 years The appropriateness and effectiveness of the policies currently in place Implementation and communication strategies currently being used by the government Target audience s current energy sources and their knowledge of their impact on the environment Target audience s perceptions, knowledge and attitudes towards the use of alternatives such as biogas for household cooking and heating energy 80 CHAPTER SIX 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction ix

10 6.2. Conclusion Recommendations Future Research REFERENCES APPENDIX x

11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Electricity Consumption by Sector Figure 2: DEFRA model for policy formulation Figure 3: Observed activities contributing to woodland degradation in Tanzania Figure 4: Biodigester product cycle Figure 5: Challenges faced by government so far in project implementation Figure 6: Woodfuel Consumption by Sector Figure 7: Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Type of Cooking Energy Figure 8: Current energy sources Figure 9: Current energy sources (by use) Figure 10: Knowledge of environmental laws Figure 11: Known alternative sources of energy Figure 12: Educational levels in Fisenge, Luanshya (May 2014) Figure 13: Gender analysis of heads of households in Fisenge, Luanshya (May 2014) xi

12 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Selected International Environmental Agreements to which Zambia is a party Table 2: Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies Table 3: Cost of biodigester provided by the NBP program Table 4: Payback period for a 4m3 Biodigester costing USD400 Table 5: Price of different crops in Zambia Table 6: Synthesis of the Policies, Strategies and National Plans Table 7: Areas identified to have average wind speeds of about 5m/s and above xii

13 LIST OF SYMBOLS C3H8 C4H10 ZS E100 ZS B100 Chemical symbol for Propane Chemical symbol for Butane Ethanol Biodiesel xiii

14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NEP National Energy Policy (2008) NGO SNV CDM CER ERB REA SNDP ZEMA ZESCO MW PSDMP PV RE RET ProBEC NCS ECZ UNDP DoE EU EEP CHAPOSA Non-Governmental Organisation Netherlands Development Organisation Clean Development Mechanism Carbon Emission Reduction Energy Regulation Board Rural Electrification Authority Sixth National Development Plan Zambia Environmental Management Authority Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Megawatt Power System Development Master Plan Photovoltic Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Technology Program for Biomass Energy Conservation National Conservation Strategy Environmental Council of Zambia United Nations Development Program Department of Energy European Union Energy and Environment Partnership Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa xiv

15 CBO ESDA USD IEC PBPO NBP LPG CSO ESMAP UNZA ZENGO CEEEZ ZAW SADC AREED ZABS ESCO SIDA MEWD MMEWD NCSR HIV ZACCI CCPC DPI Community Based Organisation Energy for Sustainable Development Africa United States Dollars information, education, communication Provincial Biodigester Program Office National Biodigester Program Liquified Petroleum Gas Central Statistical Office Energy Sector Management Advisory Programme University of Zambia Zambia Environment and Energy Organisation Center for Energy Environment and Engineering Zambia Zambia Alliance for Women Southern African Development Community African Rural Energy Enterprise Development Zambia Bureau of Standards Energy Service Company Swedish International Development Agency Ministry of Energy and Water Development Ministry of Mines Energy and Water Development National Council of Scientific Research Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Zambia Chamber of Commerce and Industry Competition and Consumer Protection Commission Department of Planning and Information xv

16 REMP OPPPI OMC BAZ ZRA M&E SE4ALL KWh m/s GEF Rural Electrification Master Plan Office for Promoting Private Power Investment Oil Marketing Companies Biofuels Association of Zambia Zambia Revenue Authority Monitoring and Evaluation Sustainable Energy for All Kilowatt-hour Meters per second Global Environmental Facility xvi