Dave Jones, Stan Beaubien, Sabini Bigi, Tanya Goldberg, Ingo Möller, Stefan Schloemer, Michela Vellico and colleagues

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1 NEAR SURFACE MONITORING IN THE ENOS (ENABLING ONSHORE CO 2 STORAGE) PROJECT Dave Jones, Stan Beaubien, Sabini Bigi, Tanya Goldberg, Ingo Möller, Stefan Schloemer, Michela Vellico and colleagues BGS, URS, TNO, BGR and OGS

2 Latera Ailano

3 Near surface monitoring aspects Continuous monitoring stations Rapid survey systems (wide area coverage) Ground based (ground mapper and mobile laser) Airborne (UAV gas monitoring, thermal imaging) Leakage associated with faults and abandoned wells Controls on leakage Is low-level diffuse leakage important? Source attribution Quantification (scanning laser and other methods)

4 GasPro CO 2 monitoring system backfill with removed soil GasPro CO 2 sensor to server Sensors buried at 80 cm depth include: to base station Box with antenna and batteries Pressure sensor Humidity and temperature sensor c. 80 cm CO 2 and temperature Optional humidity and pressure Sensors connected to surface box that contains batteries and antenna Unit communicates wirelessly to a base station, which in turn uploads data to a central university server For ENOS a total of of these low cost units will deployed above the CO 2 injection point at the Sulcis Fault Lab site in Sardinia

5 BGR s near surface gas monitoring in ENOS Main aim is to progress the TRL (at least to TRL 6) of custom made: Page 5 Permanent monitoring stations [1] that record continuously soil gas concentrations and other relevant environmental data (Hontomin) Permanent vertical profiling devices [2] for measuring CO 2 concentrations at near surface atmospheric levels (boundary layer; GTB) Additionally, Eddy Covariance systems [3] and CO 2 accumulation chambers [4] will be used for cross evaluations and interpretation of data against environmental parameters Experience has already been obtained at nonleaking test sites in Germany, incl. the CCS pilot site Ketzin, in the Ardennes (B) and at naturally leaking sites in the Eger Rift valley (Cz)

6 Integration of systems as principle of approach near surface atmosphere 3. Atmospheric concentration and flux computations 2. Mobile and continous near surface gas flux measurements vadose zone 1. Permanent gas monitoring stations: Soil gas concentrations Page 6

7 Test results as motivation for advancing the vertical CO 2 profiling method Example of a time series obtained by vertical CO 2 profiling (atmospheric concentration recording). Wind speed (green) vs. CO 2 concentration (brown) Concentration levels where CO 2 influences human health and the environment may emerge in surface situations like hollows in combination with calm air. Here, continuous wind speed measurements plus air CO 2 concentration show good potential as basic monitoring technique. Page 7

8 Installation of permanent soil CO 2 monitoring stations at Hontomin Three soil gas monitoring stations installed at the Hontomin pilot site Fully operational since March 22, 2017 Besides the CO 2 data environmental and technical parameters are recorded to: check instrument function interpret the CO 2 data Data are stored locally and then transferred via GSM protocol to BGR s base in Hanover Initial data show soil CO 2 concentrations 10 to 20 times the mean atmospheric value but in the range of values from comparable sites Page 8

9 GasPro CO 2 ground mapper Oldenburg and Unger, 2004 Wind velocity has a log distribution that approaches zero near the ground surface CO 2 leaking from the soil may accumulate in this interval (z 0 ) This interval, which is only 1-2 cm, is the monitoring target Goal is develop a low cost system that can map large areas rapidly Requirements are high sensitivity, high signal stability, and very rapid response Early development promising. Within ENOS it will be tested at natural leak sites and Sulcis CO 2 injection site

10 200 m

11 UAV activities in Sulcis Use of a drone to monitor possible leakages escaping from the Sulcis fault after CO 2 injection Innovative sensors mounted on board, self developed by OGS (Arduino systems), measuring CO 2 concentration, humidity, pressure and temperature Monitoring campaigns before and after the injection Data integration and comparison with the other monitoring techniques/tools tested on site Temperature-humidity sensor Barometric Pressure Sensor CO 2 sensor

12 Horizontal and vertical profiles CO 2 Some horizontal profiles will be acquired, in order to spatially detect possible leakages Some vertical profiles will be acquired in correspondence of leakage points, in order to measure CO 2 concentration variation with height. Height

13 Gas migration styles In ENOS we will use a number of natural sites where CO 2 is leaking at the surface to study migration styles, especially along faults. Sites include: Ailano, Latera, San Vittorino Italy In addition we will inject CO 2 at a depth of about 150 m into a fault in volcanic rocks, located in SW Sardinia (Sulcis) Work will include flow modelling and surface monitoring Detailed work will be performed to better understand leakage along faults and shallow overburden, to assist in monitoring strategies

14 CO 2 source identification in the vadose zone CO 2 sources local production (oxidation, respiration, dissolution) seepage of deep natural CO 2 seepage of deep injected CO 2 combined geochemical approach processes behind soil CO 2 Gas sampling at natural leakage site(s) CO 2, δ 13 C, O 2, N 2, δ 15 N CH 4 and higher hydrocarbons (C2 C5) ratios and δ 13 C and δd D 47 clumped isotopes = C O isotopologues

15 CO 2 source identification in the vadose zone Deep CO 2 source = high temperature Shallow CO 2 source = low temperature Determination of C O isotopologues D 47 clumped isotopes Preferential clumping of heavy isotopes ( 18 O, 13 C) at low temperature = high D 47 At high temperature movement towards stochastic distribution = low D 47

16 Natural gas sampling Natural gas escape areas: San Vittorino, Latera, Ailano, Fiumicino ~90% CO 2, ~0.3 CH 4, N 2, traces of H 2 S Latera San Vittorino Fiumicino Ailano

17 Sampling setup

18 Quantification Scanning open path lasers (c.f. Shell Quest monitoring) New laser development (RAL) Comparison with other approaches (Automated flux chambers, eddy covariance, soil gas stations)

19 Integration Technical guidelines for integrated onshore monitoring and developed tools to detect and quantify leakage Upscaling from experimental sites to large scale storage sites Leakage simulation alliance (GTB, Sulcis, Field Research Station, Otway shallow injection, S Korea (e.g. K-COSEM sites), Brazil field site, CO 2 Field Lab)