and Warren A. Dick (2)

Transcription

1 Yona Chen (1), Tsila Aviad (1), Ori Migdal (1) and Warren A. Dick (2) (1) The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2) The Ohio State University

2 Aims of research Chemical and physical characterization of coal cinder from power plants (and industry). Evaluation of the chemical and physical properties of bottom coal cinder in light of its potential use as a container medium. Evaluation as above for coal cinder mixtures with composts.

3 Organic and inorganic materials used in this study Composted grape marc Composted separated manure Coal ash Volcanic ash (Tuff)

4 Bottom ash compared to Tuff

5 Coal Cinder (Matsait) + compost Tuff + compost

6 Particle size distribution of volcanic ash and coal cinder following a prolonged irrigation regime Particle size distribution of tuff (size -8 mm) before and after irrigation Particle size distribution of coal cinder (size mm) before and after irrigation 3 3 (%) Percent of total weight Before irrigation After irrigation > <.5 (%) Percent of total weight >1 Before irrigation After irrigation <1. Range (mm) Range (mm)

7 Water Content (% volume) Water retention curves Matric Potential (milibar) mazait Ripudit Tuff Substrate Air content -1 milibar Easily available water 1-5 milibar Water buffering capacity 5-1 milibar Mazait Tuff Ripudit Ideal substrate

8 Water Content (% volume) Water retention curves Matric Potential (milibar) Mazait + compost Tuff + compost commercial substrate -1 Substrate Air content -1 milibar Easily available water 1-5 milibar Water buffering capacity 5-1 milibar Mazait + compost Tuff + compost Commercial substrate Ideal substrate

9 Water retention curve Water content (% volume) Matric potential (mbar) Tuff -8mm Cinder mm Compost Tuff+compost Cinder+Compost -1

10 Leaching of volcanic ash (tuff), size fraction -8 mm, with a nutrient solution containing (mg L -1 ): N-9 ; P-17 ; K-13 ;ph-5.6 ; E.C.=.84 dsim/m ; 3 E.C. E.C.-solution ph ph-solution 9 8 E.C.(dsim/m) ph No. of pore volumes 4

11 Leaching of coal cinder, size fraction -8 mm, with a nutrient solution containing (mg L -1 ): N-9 ; P-17 ; K-13 ;ph-5.6 ; E.C.=.84 dsim/m ; E.C.(dsim/m) E.C. E.C.-solution ph ph-solution 7 ph No. of pore volumes

12 Leaching of volcanic ash (tuff), size fraction -8 mm, with a nutrient solution containing (mg L -1 ): N-9 ; P-17 ; K-13 ;ph-5.6 ; E.C.=.84 dsim/m ; P (ppm) P P-solution K K-solution K (ppm) No. of pore volumes

13 Leaching of coal cinder, size fraction -8 mm, with a nutrient solution containing (mg L -1 ): N-9 ; P-17 ; K-13 ;ph-5.6 ; E.C.=.84 dsim/m ; P (ppm) P P-solution K K-solution K (ppm) No. of pore volumes

14 4 Removal of P from the solution. coal ash (8 reaction days) P (µmol/g) Coal ash ph 8 ph P concentration (mm) Ca concentration (mm) Ca P concentration (mm) P ph P removal (mm) Precipitation of calcium phosphate. coal ash (8 reaction days)

15 15 Phosphorus removal from the solution P (µmol/g) 1 5 Coal ash + compost ph 8 ph P concentration (mm) 1 5 Tuff + compost ph 8 ph 6 P (µmol/g) P concentration (mm)

16 Tuff ph 6.1 Tuff +Compost ph 6. Tuff +Compost ph 7.8 Tuff ph 7.8 Cinder ph 6.3 Cinder +Compost ph 6. Cinder +Compost ph 7.8 Cinder ph 8. Sorption isotherms of phosphorus on volcanic ash (tuff) and on coal cinder and their mixtures with composts (two phs : ~6; ~8).

17 Trace elements concentration in tomato fruits 12 Concentration (mg/kg dry matter) Tuff + Compost Coal ash* + Compost Al B Ba Cr Li Mo Ni Pb Sn Sr Cd *(power plant coal ash)

18 Trace elements concentration in pepper fruits (mg/kg dry matter) Element coal ash + compost Tuff + Compost Cd.4.38 Co Cr.5.4 Mo.7.7 Ni Pb *B.D.L *B.D.L B.D.L Below Detection Limit* *industrial coal ash

19 Trace elements concentration in melon fruits (mg/kg dry matter) Element coal ash + compost Tuff + Compost Cd Co.7.9 Cr Mo.6.9 Ni Pb.8.9 *industrial coal ash

20 Concentrations of radionuclides in agricultural produce Aim: To measure radionuclides levels in produce grown on coal and volcanic ash, and to compare these to health standards. Tested: 4 K, 226 Ra, 232 Th Results: No significant differences were found in radionuclides concentration between produce grown on volcanic and coal ash. Conclusions: Coal and volcanic ash are safe container media for food crop production

21 Cumulative yield of cherry tomatoes grown on coal cinder or volcanic ash mixed with compost (a commercial greenhouse in the Jordan valley) 6 Cumulative Yield (ton/hectar) *Coal ash+compost Tuff+Compost 1 11/11 21/11 1/12 11/12 21/12 31/12 1/1 Date *(power plant coal ash)

22 Melons yields grown on different media in Chatzeva ( Arava region) 8 A A 7 B B Weight (ton/dunam) C C Fruit weight Defects Over Sand Sand + compost Tuff Tuff + compost *Coal ash + Peat *Coal ash + compost *industrial coal ash

23 Peat Mix Coarse Cinder +Compost Cinder + Compost Tuff + Compost Croton plants grown on a commercial peat mix and on a mixture of coal cinder or tuff with compost (grape marc:separated manure -1:1)

24 Gerbera grown on a mixture of coal ash and compost in a commercial greenhouse

25 Basil 2 Dry weight (g) c bc ab ab a Mazait Tuff Mazait + compost Tuff + compost Ripudit + compost

26 Cabbage 35 3 Dry weight (g) c bc ab abc a 5 Mazait Tuff Mazait + compost Tuff + compost Ripudit + compost

27 Carnation Yield Yield (1 pots) Total cuttings weight (g) No. of cuttings Cinder+Compost Coarse cinder+compost Tuff+Compost

28 Pepper growth in coal cinder (Pharan, Arava region). Trench padded with agricultural cloth permeable to water filled with coal cinder+compost (3:1 v/v) Advantages: overcoming lack of soil, reduced water consumption due to limited root zone and optimal water suction level.

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30 Summary and conclusions Chemical The ph of the leachate ranges from 7-8. Levels of potentially toxic elements (including B) are low (below critical levels). Excessive salts are easily leachable. P is removed from the solution for sometime. Organic matter prevents P removal. No K fixation was found. Physical analyses: No degradation of particles has been observed during a lengthy leaching period. Water retention curves exhibit low water holding capacity. It can be readily enhanced by compost additions.

31 Summary and conclusions Compost additions also result in: # Enhanced plant growth. # Improved buffer capacity. # Suppressiveness to soil borne diseases. The recommended level of compost addition is 25-4% (v/v). Plant growth experiments in commercial and experimental greenhouses show that mixtures of coal cinder with composts support plant productivity at least to the level obtained in volcanic ash grown plants.

32 The contribution of the project to the election of Mr. Amir Perez to leader of the labor party (Lattice from the Ein-Shemer greenhouse)

33 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT