Bio- and CO 2 -based economy: Suitable feedstock for the future

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1 1 Bio- and CO 2 -based economy: Suitable feedstock for the future Dipl.-Phys. Michael Carus Managing Director nova-institut GmbH CLIB2021 CIC2013

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4 4 Facts and figures nova-institute Founded 1994 as a private and independent research institute employees interdisciplinary, international team Turnover of 1.5 Mio. / year Member of various associations & committees Customers from industry, associations and public and political institutions

5 Background information 5

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7 7 What are the main uses of biomass today? (without wood) nova 2013

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9 9 What is the foundation for biomass allocation in future? Ensuring food security is the first priority considering biomass allocation! United Nations (2010): Department of Economics and Social Affairs: World Population Prospects 2010,

10 10 How are the food and feed sector developing? Increasing demand for biomass due to increasing prosperity of developing countries increasing meat production Source: IMF, FAO

11 11 How can the availability of biomass be increased? The availability of biomass is depending on the available arable land as well as the productivity of biomass production. Therefore, there are two basic principles to increase the availability of biomass: Increasing the yields Expansion of arable land

12 12 Can the yields for maize, wheat and rice worldwide be increased in future? There is a huge potential to increase the yields especially in developing countries. Mueller, D. N., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Ray, D. K., Ramankutty, N. and Foley, J. A. 2012: Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management, Nature 490, pp

13 13 Can the arable land area be expanded? There is still a potential to expand the arable land area. Most estimations calculate up to 500 million hectares. Source: FAOSTAT

14 Enough arable land for bio-based chemicals and plastics? We have to decide! 14

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16 Food or non-food crops? 16

17 17 Food or non-food Which agricultural feedstocks are best for industrial uses? nova paper on bio-based economy # is going to be published soon!

18 Resource efficiency 18

19 Avoided non-renewable energy per hectare (GJ/ha) 19 How much fossil energy can be saved per hectare? Land-use efficiency comparing biobased products and their fossil counterparts Bos et al. (2012): Striving for the constrained availability of land. In: Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 6 (2):

20 How much surface area do we need for energy production? Land-use intensity for different energy production techniques McDonald, R., Fargione, J., Kiesecker, J., Miller, W.M. and Powell, J. 2009: Energy Sprawl or Energy Efficiency: Climate Policy Impacts on Natural Habitat for the United States of America, PLoS ONE, August 2009, 4(8), pp

21 21 Source: nova 2013

22 22 Food or non-food? All kinds of biomass should be accepted as feedstock for the bio-based economy (if the production is certified sustainable) 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd generation biomass itself should not be taken as the one and only criteria for acceptance Potential political and financial measures should be based on higher resource and land-use efficiency lower environmental footprints of the biomass lowest impacts on food competition and other sustainability considerations International industry and research should identify the most resource efficient crops and production pathways for specific regional conditions and bio-based applications

23 Lignocellulosic Feedstock 23

24 24 Process suitability different compositions of lignocellulosic feedstocks Sources: AFDC 2010, Schaeffer & Schachtschabel 2008, IENICA 2007, Kamm et al. 2006, ECN 2010 *Without bark and needles.

25 25 Preferences based on relative ranking by environmental zone Boreal- Nemoral Atlantic North Atlantic Central/Lusita nian Continental Pannonian Mediterranean (Mountanin, North, South) Miscanthus *** *** *** *** ** Switchgrass *** *** *** *** ** RCG *** *** Hemp ** ** ** ** ** Poplar ** ** ** ** ** Willow ** ** ** ** ** Eucalyptus * * Sources: EEA 2007: Estimating the environmentally compatible bioenergy potential from agriculture = Suitable for growing in environmental zone * = Medium to high yield (Energy GJ/ha) ** = High agri-environmental ranking *** = High yield and agri-environmental ranking

26 Feedstock matrix Source: nova 2012 (BIOCORE project) 26

27 Source: nova 2012 (BIOCORE project) 27

28 CO2 as a eedstock 28

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30 30 Artificial leaves producing chemicals and fuels and even feed/food requiring only atmospheric CO 2, water and sunlight. Uncovering the unlimited and sustainable feedstock for central and decentralized chemical plants. CO 2 Economy: Vision 20??

31 31 The future carbon sources for the European Chemical Industry: CO 2 and Biomass together they can make it CO 2 utilization overcome the dogma, that biomass is the only renewable carbon feedstock und it s reducing the pressure on biomass and land substantially *) Crude oil based: molecules from Fischer Tropsch can be better derived via CO 2 incl. bitumen and asphalt.

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33 33 Thank you for your attention! Michael Carus, CEO Division Head Bio- and CO 2 -based Economy Tel.: +49 (0) michael.carus@nova-institut.de