Water availability for Tasmania. CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project. Report one of seven to the Australian Government

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1 Water availability for Tasmania CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project Report one of seven to the Australian Government December 2009

2 About the project Key findings Following the November 2006 Summit on the southern Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), the then Prime Minister and MDB state Premiers commissioned CSIRO to undertake an assessment of sustainable yields of surface and groundwater systems within the MDB. The project set an international benchmark for rigorous and detailed basin-scale assessment of the anticipated impacts of climate change, catchment development and increasing groundwater extraction on the availability and use of water resources. On 26 March 2008, the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) agreed to expand the CSIRO assessments of sustainable yield so that, for the first time, Australia would have a comprehensive scientific assessment of water yield in all major water systems across the country. This would allow a consistent analytical framework for water policy decisions across the nation. The CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, together with allied projects for northern Australia and south-west Western Australia, provides a nation-wide expansion of the assessments. In Tasmania, neither surface water nor groundwater extractions are metered in a consistent way. Consequently it was necessary to model the movement and use of water within the project area using a comprehensive suite of river models. For groundwater, three models covering key groundwater areas were also used. Flow stress rankings were used to determine the potential ecological impacts of changes in streamflow on subcatchments and key ecological sites (150 sites were selected comprising all Ramsar wetlands, estuaries with high conservation value, and river sites and riverine wetlands with high conservation value currently impacted by local extractions of water). Reporting of the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project is covered by a range of products including a suite of region reports (of which this is one) and a suite of technical reports. There are seven region reports: Anticipating the impacts of catchment development, changing groundwater extraction, climate variability and expected climate change on the availability and use of water resources is critical to the development of water management initiatives for Tasmania. This report outlines the key findings of the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project undertaken to assess such impacts at a whole-of-region scale, considering both surface water and groundwater systems. It provides a snapshot of the expected impacts on Tasmania s water availability into the future. 1. Water availability for Tasmania 2. Climate change projections and impacts on runoff for Tasmania 3. Water availability for the Arthur-Inglis-Cam region 4. Water availability for the Mersey-Forth region 5. Water availability for the Pipers-Ringarooma region 6. Water availability for the South Esk region 7. Water availability for the Derwent-South East region For citation details of these reports see the back cover of this report and for a full list of the technical reports see the inside back cover. > Irrigated pasture near Gladstone (CSIRO) Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project disclaimers Derived from or contains data and/or software provided by the Organisations. The Organisations give no warranty in relation to the data and/or software they provided (including accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or suitability) and accept no liability (including without limitation, liability in negligence) for any loss, damage or costs (including consequential damage) relating to any use or reliance on the data or software (including any material derived from that data or software). Data must not be used for direct marketing or be used in breach of the privacy laws. Organisations include: the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water, and Environment; Hydro Tasmania Consulting; Sinclair Knight Merz; Aquaterra Consulting; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC; Tasmanian Irrigation Development Board; Private Forests Tasmania; and the Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management. Data on proposed irrigation developments were supplied by the Tasmanian Irrigation Development Board in June Data on projected increases in commercial forest plantations were provided by Private Forests Tasmania in February CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. Data is assumed to be correct as received from the Organisations. Citation CSIRO (2009) Water availability for Tasmania. Report one of seven to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Australia. Publication Details Published by CSIRO 2009 all rights reserved. This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from CSIRO. ISSN X Photos courtesy of: CSIRO and DPIPWE. Cover: Liffey Falls (DPIPWE)

3 Historical climate (1924 to 2007) Historical rainfall is 1046 mm/year. Of this, 440 mm (42 percent) becomes runoff. Historical streamflow is 21,815 GL/year, of which 636 GL/year (3 percent) is currently extracted for use. Historical groundwater extraction is 38 GL/year (around 3 percent of recharge). Most of this extraction (88 percent) occurs in the Mersey-Forth and Arthur-Inglis-Cam regions. Twenty-one percent of the project area s subcatchments and 71 of the 150 key ecological sites are potentially impacted by changes in the flow regime under the recent drought (1997 to 2007). Historically, these numbers have been about 1 percent of subcatchments and 13 key ecological sites. Impacts of future climate by ~2030 (relative to historical) The projected impact of climate change by ~2030 on rainfall ranges from an increase of 1 percent to a decrease of 7 percent under the wet and dry extreme respectively, with a decrease of 3 percent under median future climate. This leads to changes in runoff that range from an increase of 1 percent to a decrease of 10 percent under the wet and dry extreme respectively and a decrease of 5 percent under median future climate. Projected changes in runoff due to climate change by ~2030 result in decreased extractions of 1 GL/year (0.1 percent), 10 GL/year (1.6 percent) and 15 GL/year (2.4 percent) under the wet extreme, median and dry extreme future climate respectively. By comparison, changes in nonextracted water range from an increase of 178 GL/year (1 percent) to a decrease of 2189 GL/year (10 percent) under the wet and dry extreme respectively, with a decrease of 1043 GL/year (5 percent) under the median future climate. Under future climate, 2 percent of the project area s subcatchments are likely to be impacted by changes in the flow regime, an increase of 1 percent relative to historical conditions. Nine of the 13 key ecological sites potentially impacted historically are also potentially impacted by future climate, together with an additional six. This brings the total to 15. Impacts of proposed future development (forestry, irrigation and groundwater) An expected increase in commercial forest area of 5 percent leads to a decrease in runoff of 0.3 percent and consequently a reduction of 16 GL/year (3 percent) in currently licensed surface water extractions. Demand for water can be met in full in all years for 10 of 24 proposed irrigation schemes examined by this project. Another five schemes can be supplied with their full demand for water in more than 80 percent of years, four in 50 to 80 percent of years and the other five in less than 50 percent of years. The combined impact of increased commercial forest area and additional irrigation extractions decreases non-extracted water by between 230 and 355 GL/year (median reduction of 283 GL/year). This equates to a reduction of 1 percent. If groundwater extractions were increased to 25 percent of recharge in the Mella, Togari, Wesley Vale, and Scottsdale groundwater assessment areas, only localised impacts on groundwater levels and surface groundwater interactions are likely. The percentage of the project area s subcatchments potentially impacted by changes in the flow regime increases from 2 percent under future climate to 4 percent with future development. However, future development is not likely to increase the number of potentially impacted key ecological sites compared to those identified under future climate. > Commercial horticulture at Table Cape (DPIPWE)

4 Background This report is one in a series* from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project. The objective of the project was to undertake an assessment of the current and likely future extent and variability of surface water and groundwater resources in Tasmania. This information will help governments, industry and communities consider the environmental, social and economic aspects of the sustainable use and management of the precious water assets of Tasmania based on the best available information. For the first time, the impacts of catchment development (commercial plantation forests and future irrigation development), changing groundwater extraction, climate variability and anticipated climate change on water resources at a whole-of-region scale have been assessed. This was achieved through the most comprehensive hydrological modelling ever attempted for Tasmania, using rainfall-runoff models, groundwater recharge models, river models and groundwater models. Tasmania was divided into five project regions for which assessments were undertaken: Arthur-Inglis-Cam (including Flinders and King islands), Mersey-Forth, Pipers-Ringarooma, South Esk and Derwent-South East (collectively referred to as the project area, it covers 49,411 km 2 which is about 72 percent of Tasmania). The West Coast region shown on the map was not covered by the project. This report summarises the findings for all five project regions. The assessments considered four scenarios of historical, recent and future climate with current development, and future climate with future development. All scenarios were defined by daily time series of climate variables based on different scalings of the observed climate from 1 January 1924 to 31 December Unless otherwise stated, all changes are reported relative to historical climate. Overview Under historical climate This historical (1 January 1924 to 31 December 2007) climate scenario is used as the baseline against which the other scenarios are compared. Current levels (December 2007) of surface water and groundwater development were used. For groundwater only, results are reported using three 23-year periods selected from the historical sequence, representing a wet extreme, median and dry extreme historical climate. For the project area the mean annual rainfall under historical climate is 1046 mm and the mean annual runoff is 440 mm (42 percent of the rainfall). These amounts represent 60 percent of the rainfall and 46 percent of the runoff over the whole of Tasmania. Rainfall and runoff are winter-dominated, with maximums occurring in August and minimums occurring in February. Rainfall and runoff are both greater in the west of the project area, where elevations are higher, and generally decrease moving towards the east coast. Mean annual streamflow is 21,815 GL/year of which about 636 GL/year (3 percent) is extracted for use. At 6 percent, the South Esk region has the highest level of extraction relative to other regions. In most catchments, the amount of water extracted is only slightly less than that allocated. The main rivers of most catchments are essentially perennial, flowing for more than 95 percent of the time. Groundwater extraction is 38 GL/year, most of which occurs in the Arthur-Inglis-Cam (42 percent) and Mersey-Forth (46 percent) regions. Under the wet extreme historical climate, extraction as a percentage of recharge is, on average, less than 2 percent over all groundwater assessment areas combined. This proportion increases to about 3 percent under the median historical climate and 8 percent under the dry extreme historical climate. One percent of the project area s subcatchments and 13 of the 150 key ecological sites are potentially impacted by changes in the flow regime due to current levels of catchment development. Under recent climate This recent climate scenario assesses water availability based on the climate of the recent past (1 January 1997 to 31 December 2007). Current levels of surface water and groundwater development were used. In general, under the recent climate, conditions are drier than those of the last 84 years. Mean annual rainfall is 964 mm and mean annual runoff is 388 mm, (with reductions of 82 mm and 52 mm respectively relative to historical climate). Reductions are greatest along the east coast, generally declining towards the west, and primarily occur in autumn and, to a lesser extent, winter. The mean monthly streamflow is less than under historical climate in all months with the exception of September and October when streamflow is slightly higher in some areas. On average, non-extracted water decreases by 3212 GL/year and extracted water decreases by 26 GL/year. Groundwater extraction as a percentage of recharge is, on average, 12 percent across all groundwater assessment areas. Some 21 percent of the project area s subcatchments and 71 of the 150 key ecological sites 33 river sites, 18 riverine wetlands, 8 Ramsar wetlands, and 12 estuaries are potentially impacted by changes in the flow regime due to recent climate. * A full list of project reports can be found on the inside back cover and the back cover of this report. 2 Water availability for Tasmania

5 > Irrigated fi elds at Boobyalla Park (CSIRO) Arthur-Inglis- Cam Mersey- Forth Pipers- Ringarooma South Esk West Coast Derwent- South East > CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project regions Under future climate This is a future climate scenario. Fifteen global climate models with three estimates of temperature changes due to global warming were used to provide a spectrum of possible ~2030 climates. From this spectrum three were selected for reporting, representing a wet extreme, median and dry extreme future climate. Current levels of surface and groundwater development were used. All changes are reported relative to historical climate. On average, under the future climate, rainfall increases by 1 percent under the wet extreme and decreases by 3 and 7 percent under the median and dry extreme respectively. Runoff increases by 1 percent under the wet extreme and decreases by 5 and 10 percent under the median and dry extreme respectively. On average, under future climate, non-extracted water increases by 178 GL/year (1 percent) under the wet extreme and decreases by 1043 GL/year (5 percent) and 2189 GL/year (10 percent) under the median and dry extreme respectively. In comparison, the range of extractions is much less with decreases of 1 GL/year (0.1 percent) under the wet extreme, and 11 GL/year (1.6 percent) and 16 GL/year (2.4 percent) under the median and dry extreme respectively. Climate change between now and ~2030 is expected to have only a very minor impact on groundwater levels. Between about 1 and 2 percent of the project area s subcatchments and between 6 and 15 of the 150 key ecological sites are potentially impacted under future climate and current levels of development. Under future development This is a future climate with future development scenario. This scenario used the same climate time series as the future climate scenario, but future levels of development were used. Future development consisted of 24 proposed irrigation development schemes, as well as ~2030 projections of commercial plantation forests and an assumed increase in groundwater extraction to 25 percent of recharge. Except where stated, changes under future development are in addition to changes under future climate. The area of commercial plantation forest is currently about 15,000 km 2. Under future development this is expected to increase by around 730 km 2 (5 percent) which would lead to a decrease in runoff of 0.3 percent. However, in the Mersey-Forth region where the area of commercial forest is expected to increase by 16 percent, decreases in runoff are likely to be up to 1.5 percent. The increase in commercial forest area is expected to lead to a reduction of inflows to rivers of 138, 148 and 159 GL/year (around 0.7 percent) under the wet extreme, median and dry extreme future climate respectively and may also have a small impact on inflows to and outflows from hydro-electric power stations (mostly concentrated in the Mersey-Forth region). This reduction in water availability is likely to reduce currently licensed extractions by 16 GL/year (2.5 percent). Under future climate, of the 24 proposed irrigation schemes considered, 10 can be supplied with their full demand for water in all years. Another five can be supplied with their full demand for water in more than 80 percent of years, four in 50 to 80 percent of years and the other five in less than 50 percent of years. On average, non-extracted water decreases by about 1.5 percent by 230, 283 and 355 GL/year under the wet extreme, median and dry extreme future climate respectively. This is due to the combined effects of proposed increases in irrigation extractions (by about 120 GL/year), reductions in surface water inflows caused by forestry developments, and an additional 8 GL/year extracted from Meander Dam. Most of these reductions occur in the South Esk and Mersey-Forth regions. Future development of groundwater was modelled by increasing extractions to 25 percent of recharge in the Mella, Togari, Wesley Vale and Scottsdale groundwater assessment areas. Such increases are expected to have only localised impacts on groundwater levels and gaining or losing streams in irrigated parts of these areas. Between 2 and 4 percent of the project area s subcatchments and between 12 and 15 of the 150 key ecological sites are potentially impacted under future climate with future levels of development. December

6 Summary of findings by region This table shows a summary of the key findings for the whole of the project area and each of the five project regions. Results are presented as absolute numbers for the historical climate (1924 to 2007). Where indicated, results for recent climate (1997 to 2007) are presented relative to the historical climate. Note that results for recent climate are for an 11-year drought and are not directly comparable with the results for future climate (~2030) which are based on an 84-year average. Results for future development are presented relative to the future climate where indicated. Project area Arthur-Inglis- Cam Mersey-Forth Pipers- Ringarooma South Esk Derwent-South East Historical climate (1924 to 2007) Mean annual rainfall 1,046 mm 1,257 mm 1,351 mm 939 mm 801 mm 997 mm Mean annual runoff 440 mm 539 mm 669 mm 315 mm 240 mm 456 mm Mean annual surface water extraction 636 GL 93 GL 81 GL 79 GL 158 GL 225 GL Mean annual non-extracted surface water 21,179 GL 4,696 GL 3,800 GL 2,185 GL 2,456 GL 8,042 GL Mean annual groundwater extraction 38 GL 16 GL 17 GL 1 GL 1 GL 3 GL Percent of groundwater recharge extracted 3% 4% 4% <1% 1% 5% Percent of subcatchments potentially impacted 1% 1% 0% <1% 4% <1% Key ecological sites potentially impacted * 13 (150) 1 (16) 0 (36) 0 (31) 6 (23) 6 (44) Recent climate (1997 to 2007) Change in mean annual rainfall (relative to historical) 8% 9% 7% 12% 8% 6% Change in mean annual runoff (relative to historical) 12% 14% 10% 24% 15% 8% Change in mean annual surface water extraction 4% 2% 5% 5% 5% 3% Change in mean annual non-extracted surface water 15% 14% 14% 24% 20% 13% Percent of groundwater recharge extracted 12% 12% 19% 2% 6% 24% Percent of subcatchments potentially impacted 21% 13% 25% 25% 24% 20% Key ecological sites potentially impacted Future climate (~2030) Change in mean annual rainfall (relative to historical) 3% (1 to 7%) 3% ( 2 to 6%) 3% ( 2 to 7%) 4% ( 1 to 8%) 3% (2 to 7%) 1% (3 to 6%) Change in mean annual runoff (relative to historical) 5% (1 to 10%) 5% ( 2 to 11%) 6% ( 3 to 10%) 8% ( 3 to 14%) 6% (4 to 11%) 3% (5 to 8%) Change in mean annual surface water 2% (0 to 2%) 1% (0 to 1%) 3% (0 to 3%) 2% ( 1 to 5%) 2% (0 to 3%) 1% (0 to 1%) extraction (relative to historical climate) Change in mean annual non-extracted 5% (1 to 10%) 5% ( 2 to 11%) 6% ( 1 to 10%) 8% ( 3 to 14%) 6% (4 to 11%) 3% (3 to 8%) surface water (relative to historical climate) Percent of groundwater recharge extracted 3% 4% 4% <1% 1% 5% Percent of subcatchments potentially impacted 2% (1 to 2%) 1% (1 to 2%) 0% (0 to 3%) 1% (1 to 2%) 6% (4 to 7%) 1% (1 to 1%) Key ecological sites potentially impacted 10 (6 to 15) 2 (0 to 3) 0 (0 to 4) 0 (0 to 0) 6 (6 to 6) 2 (0 to 2) Future climate with future development (~2030) Percent increase in commercial forest plantation area 5% 2% 16% 6% 6% 3% Change in runoff due to forestry < 1% < 1% 2% 1% 1% < 1% (relative to future climate) Change in currently licensed suface water 3% 1% 7% 4% 3% 0% extractions (relative to future climate) New surface water extractions from proposed irrigation 120 GL 0 GL 11 GL 56 GL 53 GL 0 GL Change in mean annual non-extracted surface 1% < 1% 3% 4% 5% <1% water (relative to future climate) Percent of subcatchments potentially impacted 2% (2 to 4%) 2% (1 to 4%) 3% (3 to 6%) 2% (1 to 5%) 8% (4 to 9%) 1% (1 to 1%) Key ecological sites potentially impacted 14 (12 to 15) 2 (2 to 3) 4 (4 to 4) 0 (0 to 0) 6 (6 to 6) 2 (0 to 2) * The number in brackets is the total number of key ecological sites in the region. The numbers in brackets show the range of future climate projections. < 1% means that the value is between zero and minus one. > Meander River (DPIPWE)

7 Technical reports Graham B, Hardie S, Gooderham J, Gurung S, Hardie D, Marvanek S, Bobbi C, Krasnicki T and Post DA (2009) Ecological impacts of water availability for Tasmania. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Harrington GA, Crosbie R, Marvanek S, McCallum J, Currie D, Richardson S, Waclawik V, Anders L, Georgiou J, Middlemis H and Bond K (2009) Groundwater assessment and modelling for Tasmania. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Australia. Marvanek S (2009) River modelling for Tasmania. Volume 1: the Arthur-Inglis-Cam region. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Marvanek S (2009) River modelling for Tasmania. Volume 2: the Mersey-Forth region. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Marvanek S (2009) River modelling for Tasmania. Volume 3: the Pipers-Ringarooma region. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Marvanek S (2009) River modelling for Tasmania. Volume 4: the South Esk region. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Marvanek S (2009) River modelling for Tasmania. Volume 5: the Derwent-South East region. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Post DA, Chiew FHS, Teng J, Vaze J, Yang A, Mpelasoka F, Smith I, Katzfey J, Marston F, Marvanek S, Kirono D, Nguyen K, Kent D, Donohue R, Li L and McVicar T (2009) Production of climate scenarios for Tasmania. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Australia. Viney NR, Post DA, Yang A, Willis M, Robinson KA, Bennett JC, Ling FLN and Marvanek S (2009) Rainfall-runoff modelling for Tasmania. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Australia. All technical reports are available for download from < Prepared by CSIRO for the Australian Government under the Water for the Future Plan of the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Important aspects of the work were undertaken by the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment; Hydro Tasmania Consulting; Sinclair Knight Merz; and Aquaterra Consulting. Contributors The following people contributed to the production of this report through their involvement in the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project: Project Leader David Post Report compiled by Frances Marston Project Team T Hatton, M Kirby, NR Viney, GA Harrington, FLN Ling, B Graham, FHS Chiew, T McGillion, L Merrin, S Cuddy, J Teng, A Yang, G Walker, S Richardson, H Middlemis, M Ahmad, W Francis, J Katzfey, J McGregor, K Nguyen, R Crosbie, S Marvanek, S Hardie, J Gooderham, V Gupta, M Willis, D Kirono, I Smith, J McCallum, M Hartcher, S Gurung, L Schmidt, M Latinovic, D Hardie, JC Bennett, KA Robinson, K Paudel, D Currie, J Georgiou, B Schmidt, S Duffy, H Buettikofer, F Mpelasoka, J Vaze, A Freebairn, C Bobbi, T Krasnicki, A Dyce, S Gallant, C Maguire, B Wurcker, W Cai, J Bathols, R Donohue, L Li, T McVicar, D Kent, D Rockliff, K Jacka, V Waclawik, L Anders, K Bond. CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project acknowledgments Project guidance was provided by the Steering Committee: Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts; Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment; CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship; and the Bureau of Meteorology. Valuable input was provided by the Sustainable Yields Technical Reference Panel: CSIRO Land and Water; Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts; Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water, and Environment; Western Australian Department of Water; and the National Water Commission.

8 Region reports CSIRO (2009) Water availability for Tasmania. Report one of seven to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Australia. CSIRO (2009) Climate change projections and impacts on runoff for Tasmania. Report two of seven to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields CSIRO (2009) Water availability for the Arthur-Inglis-Cam region. Report three of seven to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Australia. CSIRO (2009) Water availability for the Mersey-Forth region. Report four of seven to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Australia. CSIRO (2009) Water availability for the Pipers-Ringarooma region. Report five of seven to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Australia. CSIRO (2009) Water availability for the South Esk region. Report six of seven to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Australia. CSIRO (2009) Water availability for the Derwent-South East region. Report seven of seven to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields All region reports and a glossary are available for download from < Web: Enquiries More information about the CSIRO Tasmania Sustainable Yields Project can be found at < This information includes the full terms of reference for the project and all associated reporting products. More information about the Water for the Future Plan of the Australian Government can be found at < This publication has been designed by the Visual Resources Unit, CSIRO Plant Industry and printed by New Millennium Print to comply with a very high standard of environmental performance as stipulated in the Good Environment Choice environmental labelling standard GECA 20 Printers and Printed Matter