LINKING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS TO LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

Transcription

1 LINKING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS TO LEGAL REQUIREMENTS Legal Challenges of setting and implementing EQS for chemical mixtures Lena Gipperth, Department of Law, University of Gothenburg JOINT SOLUTIONS & FRAM WORKSHOP 9-10 FEB 2017, WALLENBERG CONFERENCE CENTER, GOTHENBURG, SE

2 Main focus today The baseline reference value Level of ambition what risks are we prepared to take? Transformation of objectives into EQS and other environmental quality requirements The legal effect of EQS, objectives and other environmental quality requirements Implementation of EQS - the function of Programmes of measures

3 Legal approaches regulating actors and/or reacotors

4 Regulating actors linked to chemicals Importer/Producer Supplier/Distributor Waste Manager Retailer (marketing) Consumer

5 The example TBT Production: bans, rules of concideration (BAT etc.), emission standards, performance standards (release rate of TBT in antifouling paint) Marketing/retail sale: bans and restrictions to sell paint for a certain kind of ships/boats (size, recreational purpose, used in certain areas), notification or authorization, classification, packaging and labelling Application and use: bans and restrictions for certain geographic areas, type of ships (recreational, naval, size, hull of aluminum), release rates Waste management: general rules of concideration, notiification, permit requirements, classification, packaging and labelling Polluted sites: restrictions for dumping dregded material, requirements to decontaminate, liability requirements

6 Regulating actors linked to chemicals Importer/Producer Supplier/Distributor Waste Manager Retailer (marketing) Consumer

7 Legal operationalisation of environmental objectives into requirements Legal requirements (PoM) Sharing burdens/pollution space Critical load Legal demand s EQS

8 Different types of environmentally related requirements in the Water Framework Directive "Environmental objectives" means the objectives set out in Article 4 good water status (ecological and chemical) + no deterioration "Good surface water chemical status Article 4(1)(a), when the concentrations of pollutants in a body of surface water do not exceed the environmental quality standards established in Annex IX and under Article 16(7), and under other relevant EU EQS "Environmental quality standard" means the concentration of a particular pollutant or group of pollutants in water, sediment or biota which should not be exceeded in order to protect human health and the environment. Annex V, art. 3, 4 och 6 RDW Directive 2008/105/EG

9 Chemical EQS Priority substances 1. Alaklor 2. Antracen 3. Atrazin 4. Bensen 5. Brominerad difenyleter 6. Kadmium och kadmiumföreningar 7. Kloroalkaner C10-13 (klorparaffiner) 8. Klorfenvinfos 9. Klorpyrifos 10. 1,2-Dikloretan 11. Diklorometan 12. Di(2-etylhexyl)ftalat (DEHP) 13. Diuron 14. Endosulfan 15. Fluoranten 16. Hexaklorbensen 17. Hexaklorbutadien 18. Hexaklorcyklohexan 19. Isoproturon 20. Bly och blyföreningar 21. Kvicksilver och kvicksilverföreningar 22. Naftalen 23. Nickel och nickelföreningar, 24. Nonylfenol (4-nonylfenol) 25. Oktylfenol (para(tert)oktylfenol) 26. Pentaklorbensen, 27. Pentaklorfenol 28. Polyaromatiska kolväten, Benso(a)pyren, Benso(b)fluoranten, Benso(g,h,i)perylen, Benso(k)fluoranten, Inden(1,2,3-cd)pyren 29. Simazin 30. Tributyltenn föreningar (tributyltenn-katjon) 31. Triklorbensener (1,2,4-triklorbensen) 32. Triklormetan (kloroform) 33. Trifluralin Specific pollutants national EQS 1. DDT totalt, para-para-ddt 2. Aldrin 3. Dieldrin 4. Endrin 5. Isodrin 6. Karbontetraklorid 7. Tetrakloretylen 8. Trikloretylen

10 Member states are required to A directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods. (TFEU art 288 (3) The Member States shall take any appropriate measure, general or particular, to ensure fulfilment of the obligations arising out of the Treaties or resulting from the acts of the institutions of the Union. The Member States shall facilitate the achievement of the Union's tasks and refrain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the Union's objectives. (Art 4 TEU) Clear and unambiguous..

11 Member states are required to Achieve good surface water status at the latest 2027 Achieve EQS for priority substances Decide and achieve EQS for pollutants Achieve EU emission limits Implement the necessary measures in accordance with Article 16(1) and (8), with the aim of progressively reducing pollution from priority substances and ceasing or phasing out emissions, discharges and losses of priority hazardous substances. (art 4(a)(iv)) Implement the necessary measures to prevent deterioration of the status of all bodies of surface water (art 4(a)(i))

12 Legal effect of EQS (incl. env objectives in art 4) Art 10(3): Where a quality objective or quality standard, whether established pursuant to this Directive, in the Directives listed in Annex IX, or pursuant to any other Community legislation, requires stricter conditions than those which would result from the application of paragraph 2, more stringent emission controls shall be set accordingly. Art 22(4): The environmental objectives in Article 4 and environmental quality standards established in Annex IX and pursuant to Article 16(7), and by Member States under Annex V for substances not on the list of priority substances and under Article 16(8) in respect of priority substances for which Community standards have not been set, shall be regarded as environmental quality standards for the purposes of point 7 of Article 2 and Article 10 of Directive 96/61/EC.

13 Definition and effect of EQS in Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU) Art 3.6: environmental quality standard means the set of requirements which must be fulfilled at a given time by a given environment or particular part thereof, as set out in Union law Art 18: Where an environmental quality standard requires stricter conditions than those achievable by the use of the best available techniques, additional measures shall be included in the permit,without prejudice to other measures which may be taken to comply with environmental quality standards.

14 Legal approaches regulating actors and/or reacotors

15 Assessment of ecological status (from WATERS Mats Lindegarth) Ecological status Uncertainty One-out-all-out Biological Quality Elements Uncertainty? Parameters Indicators Artsammansättning ng Biomassa Blomningsfrekvens Känslighet Abundans Diversitet Känslighet Abundans Diversitet Artsammansättning Abundans Indicators Indicators Indicators Indicators Uncertainty? Uncertainty

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17 Aim of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive Art. 1.1 Member States shall take the necessary measures to achieve or maintain good environmental status in the marine environment Art. 1.2 Marine strategies shall be developed and implemented in order to: a) Protect and preserve the marine environment, prevents its deterioration or restore marine ecosystmens Art. 1.3 Marine strategies shall apply an ecosystem-based approach to the management of human activities, ensuring the collective pressure of such activities is kept within levels compatible with the achievement of GES enabling the sustainable use og marine goods and services

18 Conclusions ORGANIZATION NAME (CHANGE HEADER USE THE INSERT TAB-HEADER/FOOTER) Baseline reference value: Need to clarify the objective non-toxic environment and the level of ambition relating to risks A toxicity index and a monitoring scheme/method A need to linc into legal effect and implementation Complement limit values (or start with) guiding values, alert values (trigger values) EQS for chemical mixtures might at least be an instrument to prevent further deterioration and to initiate measures but difficult to operationalise into requirements towards individuals

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