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2 Geot her ma I Resources Council Transactions, Vol. 27, October 12-15, 2003 Present Status and Future Development of Geother~~l Energy In China Wang ] i-yang Institute of Geology & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing I00029 ~ ~ y ~ o r ~ s Geothermal energy, power generation, direct use, China ABSTRACT China is rich in geothe~al resources and has a long history of utilization. High temperature geothermal resources are concentrated in Tibet, Yunnan Province and Taiwan and are used for seen on the ground (Wang, 1999). Nowadays, a 4-star hot spring power generation. In 1977, the Yangbajing ~ e o ~ Power ~ r m ~ recreation hotel named Royal Hot Spring in Zhuhai, Guangdong Plant was set up and the present installed capacity reached MW. The resource potential for power generation in Tibet and Tengchong volcanic area of Yunnan has been estimated as high as 5, MW. Low-medium temperature geothermal resources are widely used for space heating, air-conditioning, agriculture, Province near Hong Kong & Macao attracts thousands of tourists from all over China, However, as a new and renewable energy source, thermal water was widely used for space heating, agriculture, aquaculture and industrial uses only in early 1970 s when worldwide oil crisis occurred. At that time, several experimental aquacul~re, industry, balneology, sw~~ng, bathing and spas. As of 1999, the installed capacity for direct use of geothermal energy in China amounts to 2,282 MW with annual energy output of 10,531 GWh. In recent years, heat pump technique and the so-called geothermal tourism are developing rapidly with the involvement of private sectors. For Green Olympics in Beijing 2008, the Beijing ~nte~ati~nal Geotherm~ Symposium was held from October 29 to 31, 2002 to receive the input from international geothermal community. Market demands and government ~ncouragement are the driving force for the future d~velopment of geothermal energy in China. ~ntroduc~ion Em~eror Tang Xuan-zhong and his beloved Concubine Yang Guifei spent most of their leisure time and took a daily bath there. In Ming ( A.D.) and Qing ( la.d.) Dynasties, another luxurious recreation palace was set up in Xiaotangsh~ (means a little warm hill ) hot spring area, 25 kilometers north of Beijing, for royal family, noble lords and other high-ranking officials use. Two hot spring pools were sunk in 1666 and the remains of the Empress Dowager Cixi s bathing pool still can be binary g ~ o ~ e power ~ aplants l were built up in Dengwu (Guangdong Prov.), Huitang (Hunan Prov.), Wentang (Jiangxi Prov.) and Yingkou (Liaoning Prov.) with maximum water temperature up to 92 C ~ ang, 1966). However, due to the low efficiency of these power plants, most of them were closed down in 1980 s. In 1977, Yangbajing Geothermal Power Plant was set up for power supply to Lhasa and t-ilfl991, the installed capacity of the Plant has been increased to MW. Since 1993, the annual power generation of this Plant is about 100 million kwh. As of May, 2002, the total power generation of Yangbajing Geothermal Power Plant is up to 1,600 million kwh and the annual mean operation time is about 4,300 hours. Two other geothermal power plants were built up in Langju and Naqu in Tibet with capacities of 2 MW & 1 MW respectively (Wang, et al., 2000; Wang, 2002). China is rich in geothermal resources and has a long history of utilization. ~tilization of hot springs for bathing and disease Present Status treatment can be traced back, at least, to over 2000 years ago in Qin Dynasty ( B.C.) when there appeared a magic hot Geothermal Power Generation spring, called Fairy Spring, at the foothill of Lishan ~ oun~in near Changan (now Xi an the Capital of Qin Dynasty). The hot spring was magic and could treat almost every kind of disease. In 747A.D. of Tang Dynasty, a palace called ~uaqingchi (means glorious purity pool ) was built up around the spring area which was the most luxurious imperial palace in Tang Dynasty. The 65 As mentioned before that China is rich in geothermal resources and the resources potential is of 7.9% of the World in total. However, hjgh-te~perature geothermal resources are restricted to Tibet, Tengchong volcanic area of SW Yunnan Province and Taiwan (Figure 1). Although the potential capacity of geothermal

3 Figure 1. Geothermal systems and geothermal resources in China. power generation in Tibet and Tengchong volcanic area has been estimated as high as 5, MW (Liao and Zhao, 1999), the present installed capacity of geothermal power plants in Tibet is only totaling to MW. Tengchong volcanic area is located in the remote western part of Yunnan Province on the border with Burma. The hydro-power potential is very large and can be competitive with geothermal. In addition, the geothermal manifestations in Tengchong are marvelous and can be compared with Yellowstone Park in the U.S. Last year, Tengchong volcanic area attracted thousands of tourists and visitors to see the Chinese Yellowstone Park and made quite a lot of money. In this connection, the local government is preferably to develop the so-called geothermal tourism rather than to build up a geothermal power plant with small capacity. In Tibet, geothermal power generation played, is playing and, most likely, will play a great role in meeting the growing demand for electricity and to help solve the energy shortage problem in this remote area. For instance, Yangbajing Geothermal Power Plant alone supplies 41% (more than 60% in the winter time) to Lhasa city, the Capital of Tibet. However, the potential of geothermal resources for power generation at shallow reservoir is limited and exploration for deep reservoir in the northern part of Yangbajing Geothermal Field is time-consuming and needs a large investment. On December, 1993, a deep well ZK4002 was attempted by the Chinese government in cooperation with the UN and Italy that had a high temperature up to "C measured at a depth of 2006 m in early However, no more fluids appeared in this well afterwards. Another deep well ZK4001 was completed at a depth of 1460 m on October, Flow testing produced temperature and pressure at well head up to 195 "C and 1.45 MPa, respectively. It is estimated that the potential for power generation from this well alone may reach 8-10 MW. At present, JATCA from Japan is drilling at that area and the work will continue (Figure 2). Direct Use In recognizing the importance of environment problem after the UN Conference on Global Environment and Development held in Kyoto 1992, the 2nd heat wave of geothermal utilization in China has been developing mostly in direct use. In high latitude areas such as North, NE and NW China, where the winter is very severe, thermal water is widely used for space heating, agriculture, aquaculture and domestic uses. As of 2000, the nation-wide geothermal space heating area is totaling to 11 million m2. which is about doubled to that in 1990 (1.9 million m2). In large cities such as Beijing, Tianjin and Xi an, many projects on geothermal space heating are under way, followed by Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Heilongjian Provinces and Ningxia Autonomous Region. it is well known that for Green Olympics, an International Geothermal Symposium was held in Beijing Oct ,2002. The main purpose of this Symposium was to receive input from international geothermal community and to discuss the possibility of using 66

4 Figure 2. ~~ilization of ge~thermai energy in China. geothermal energy for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Five key intemational geothermal experts, namely Dr. Guido Cappetti, President of IGA, Dr. John W. Lund, President of GRC in the US, Dr. Tngvar Fndreifsson, Director of the UNU Geothermal Training Programme in Iceland, Dr. Manfred Hochstein, former Director of the Geothermal Institute in New Zealand and Dr. Ladislaus Rybach, Vice-Presiden t of IGA from Switzerland, were invited to present papers at the Symposium along with recommendations for the Green Olympics. It is approximately estimated that nearly 20 megawatts thermal capacity will be required for heating and cooling the Olympic Village, which could be accomplished by drilling and utilizing 8 to 10 wells for production and injection. The buried depth of the geothermal reservoir at the Olympic site is from 1,250 to over 3,500 m. The geothermal resources in the 34 km2 around the Site are estimated to sustain an annual production of 1.23 million m3 with heat energy of 240 TJ, providing the used fluid is re-injected (Lund, 2002). On April 29,2003, the first well Olympic-Geothermal No. 1 was launched and will be completed by the end of September. The designed depth of this well is over 3,~O m and the flow rate can be anticipated to be more than 1,000 m3 per day. The remaining 7-9 wells will be attempted one by one and fully accomplished by the end of At that time, the Olympic site covering 1, 135 hectares including Olympic Village, Gymnastic Facility, Exhibition Hall, Cultural Center and Commercia1 Services will be fully supplied by geothermal energy. It must be noted that in addition to traditional means, ground source heat pump technique for direct use of geothermal energy attracts more and more attention in China nowadays. Many institutions, universities and even private companies are engaged in this technique and developing different types of the geothermal energy sourced system for environment-friendly space heating and cooling plus d0mestic water supply for buildings. Among these, the Beijing Ever Source Science & Technology Company Ltd. is worthy to mention. They developed a technique called collecting heat from shallow depth by using a single vertical well (see the paper Development and Utilization of Geothermal Energy at Shallow Depth Case History of Single Vertical Well Technique in this Volume). It is nice to see that the private sector has already gotten involved in development and utilization of geothermal energy in China. Another fast-growing field of direct use of geothermal resources is the so-called geothermal tourism. As mentioned before, China has a long history of using hot springs for recreation and disease treatment. With living standard improving, we Chinese are more and more interested in spending holidays at spa, sanatoriu~ and/or hotels with hot springs and/or thermal water. In Beijing, many new hotels are appearing, along with spas at Xiaotangshan hot spring area in recent years, with the Dragon Source Hot Spring Spa the largest. At that spa, there exist many spring water bathing pools with different Chinese herbs, which are very good for the health. In the southern suburb of Beijing, a newly opened so-called World Geothermal Expo is using thermal water up to over 70 C from a well of 2890 m deep. This is actually a show case of cascade utilization of thermal water: firstly for space heating (over 70 C), then for swi~ming pools, bathing, spas (about 4OOC) and finally, for aquaculture & agriculture including irrigation (less than 40 C). In addition to traditional tourism area along the SE coast (Gu~gdong, Fujian and Hainan ~ovi~ces), the remote western part of China including Yunnan, Sichuan, Xinjian, Sanxi Provinces and/or Autonomous Regions is following and catching up with the so-called geo~erm~ tourism (Figure 2). As of 1999, the total installed capacity of direct use of geothermal energy in China amounts to 2,282 MWt with annual energy output of 10,531 CWh (Liu, 2002). This figure shows that China now is a large user of geothermal energy for direct use in the World. Future Development The future development of geothe~al energy in China will continue to follow two lines, that is: 1) increasing installed capacity for power generation in West China, especially in Tibet, where energy shortage problems are serious and high temperature geothermal resources exist; and 2) expanding geothermal energy for direct use especially for space heating andlor air conditioning by using heat pump technique in North China and SE coast area. In Yangyi, Tibet, 45 km to the SW ofyangbajing, it is proven by extensive exploration that there exists a large high temperature geotherm~ field with an area of 107 h*. High temperature up to over 200 C may be encountered at rather shallow depth ( m). At present, a 30 MW geothermal power plant is being planned. Heat pump is a new technology for geothermal space heating and/or air conditioning. Nowadays, several pilot projects have been attempted in Beijing, Tienjin, Guangzhou and other places. This is quite a promising area in direct use of geothermal energy nationwide. In addition, the so called geothermal tourism is developing very fast throughout this country. In these two 67

5 areas, the private sector is being attracted more and more with time. Many fancy hot spring spas and/or hotels were built up by private capital and they made a lot of money. It must be pointed out that Chinese government is encouraging the development of new and renewable (including geothermal) energy. In 1994, China Agenda 2 1 White Paper on China s Population, Environment, and Development in the 2 1st Century was published declaring that it would: 1) Give priority to the development of renewable energy sources in the national energy development strategy. Adopt appropriate financial incentive and market mechanisms to renewable resources and to encourage the participation of local government and end-user ; 2) Conduct a nationwide investigation and assessment of geothermal resources. Build up geothermal stations. In the process of developing geothermal resources, protect the environment against adverse impacts ; 3) Keep up with scientific and technological advances in the World. Strengthen research on technologies for utilizing new and renewable energy resources. Introduce advanced foreign technology, improve research conditions, and enhance the research capabilities of scientific researchers ; 4) International cooperation in this program area will include the use of foreign capital and technology to conduct research on and build up demonstration products for the development and utilization of new and renewable resources. It is clear that the above-mentioned policy will greatly promote the further development of geothermal energy in China. Conclusions China is rich in geothermal resources especially in low-medium temperature resources. With the increasing demand for new energy sources and in recognizing the environmental problems, geothermal energy will be developed and utilized rapidly in the future. There is a large market in this area and any kind of foreign capital investment, joint venture, international collaboration in science and technology in this field is highly welcome. Market needs and government encouragement are the driving force for the future development of geothermal energy in China. Acknowledgements Dr. John Lund is indebted for his special invitation to Chinese geothermal community to attend the GRC 2003 Annual Meeting in Morelia, Mexico and reviewing the paper. My Chinese colleagues are thanked for their new data and information contained in this paper. References Liu Shibin, 2002, The status and trend analysis of geothermal development and utilization in China, in: Proceedings of 2002 Beijing tnternational Geothermal Symposium (Chief ed. Liu Jirong), Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 25-30; Liao Zijie and Zhao Ping, 1999, Yunnan-Tibet Geothermal Belt-Geothermal resources and case histones, Science Press, Beijing, pp. 153; Lund, J.W., 2002, Worldwide utilization of geothermal energy and its application to 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, in: Proceedings of 2002 Beijing International Geothermal Symposium (Chief ed. Liu Jiurong), Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 3-12; Lund, J.W., 2002, Beijing International Geothermal Symposium, IGA News NO. 50, 10-12; Wang Jiyang, 1996, Geothermics in China, Seismological Press, Beijing, pp.299 ; Wang Jiyang, 1999, Historical aspects of geothermal waters in China, in: Stories from a Heated Earth (eds. R. Cataldi, S. Hodgson, J. Lund), GRC-IGA Special Report No. 19, ; Wang Jiyang, Liu Shibin, Zhu Huazhong, 2000, Development strategy of China s geothermal energy in 2 I st Century, Electric Power, 9: 85-94; Wang Jiyang, 2002, Geothermal resources and development in China, in: Proceedings of 2002 Beijing International Geothermal Symposium (Chief ed. Liu Jiurong), Geological Publishing House, Beijing,