Use of Solid Biomass for Heat Supply in Germany

Transcription

1 Energy Use of Solid Biomass for Heat Supply in Germany Status Quo and Trends Christian Letalik (Engineer of Agriculture) C.A.R.M.E.N. e.v.

2 Content Overview Who is C.A.R.M.E.N. e.v.? A short overview of the Importance of Biomass in Comparison to other Renewable Energy Sources Heat from Biomass - Sources / Markets / Prices - Planning Tips and Best Practise Examples Conclusions 2

3 C.A.R.M.E.N. e.v. Central Agricultural Raw materials Marketing and Energy Network, registered association Coordination office for renewable resources in Bavaria Founded in 1992, 70 members, 27 employees Germany Consulting, public relations and project management with main regard to energetically use of biomass, bank reports Project assessment and project evaluation for the Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Bavaria Further information: 3

4 4 C.A.R.M.E.N. e.v. Sponsored and evaluated Bioenergy-Projects (investment subsidy) in Bavaria Approx. 350 heat plants 500 kw th. up to 13 MW th. 13 wood-combined Heat and Power plants 40 kw el. to 10 MW el. 6 vegetable oil - CHPs 6 Biogas - CHPs since EEG no more investment subsidy for CHPs but still for pppppppö biomass heat plants. Heat Plants CHP Drying Plants Veg. Oil CHP X Biogas Plant

5 Content Overview Who is C.A.R.M.E.N. e.v.? A short overview of the Importance of Biomass in Comparison to other Renewable Energy Sources Heat from Biomass - Sources / Markets / Prices - Planning Tips and Best Practise Examples Conclusions 5

6 Physical States of Biomass Solid Biomass flüssig Gaseous Wood, forest residues, landscape material, wood pellets, straw? Liquid Rape seed, sunflower, corn Energy crops, slurry organic waste 6 Heat and electricity Mobility Electricity and heat

7 Share in [%] [GWh] Importance of Biomass Final Energy Consumption Share of renewable energy sources in total final energy consumption in Germany 2011 / Contribution of renewable energy sources to heat supply in Germany since 1997 Hydropower Wind energy 160, ,000 Biomass * Solar thermal energy Geothermal energy Biomass Photovoltaics ,000 Solar thermal energy Geothermal energy ,000 80,000 Biogenic fuels ,000 40,000 20,000 0 Biomass share of RES - heat: 91 % * Solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage and landfill gas, biogenic share of waste; 1 GWh = 1 Mill. kwh; RES: Renewable Energy Sources; source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); image: BMU / Brigitte Hiss; as at: March 2012; all figures provisional (17.1 %) 2011 (20.0 %) 2010 (10.2 %) 2011 (10.4 %) 2010 (5.8 %) 2011 (5.6 %) Electricity * Heat * Biogenic fuels Source: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety * Biomass: solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage and landfill gas, biogenic share of waste; electricity from geothermal energy not presented due to negligible quantities produced; deviations in the totals are due to rounding; source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); image: BMU / Dieter Böhme; as at: March 2012; all figures provisional 7

8 Importance of Renewable Energy Sources Heat Supply 1 Mio. tons of wood pellets per year Split log boiler photo: KWB Pellet boiler photo: KWB photo: binn-kamine.de 8 60 bn. kwh from split logs (fire wood) in private households (= 2 / 3 of solid biomass) = 20 Mio. tons/a! Source: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety

9 Content Overview Who is C.A.R.M.E.N. e.v.? A short overview of the Importance of Biomass in Comparison to other Renewable Energy Sources Heat from Biomass - Sources / Markets / Prices - Planning Tips and Best Practise Examples Conclusions 9

10 Different Sources and Forms of Solid Biofuels State of Art In Future? Split logs (fire wood) Wood pellets Miscanthus, no importance yet 10 Wood chips Straw! (Grains?) Wood Plantation, Short Rotation Forestry 5,000 ha

11 Solid fuels Production from Industrial Wood Residues wood chips Source: Ass. of timber industry in Baden Württemberg, Germany 11 Sawdust wood pellets Shavings Crooked boles

12 Number of plants [-] Wood Pellets; Number of installed Pellet Boilers Wood Pellets Development of pellet-based heatings in Germany since ,000 Characteristics : Diameter : 6 or 8 mm Length : 10 to 40 mm Cal. value : 5 kwh / kg Density : 650 kg/m 3 Ash content : < 0,5 % 160, , , ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20, ,000 8,000 13,000 19,000 27,000 44,000 70,000 83, , , , , Source: Deutsches Pelletinstitut (DEPI), based on the values of Federal Agency for Economy and Export Control (BAFA) and Bundesindustrieverband Deutschland Haus-, Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.v. (BDH); image: BMU / Bernd Müller; as at: March 2012; all figures provisional Fully automatic central heating system with wood pellets; average households need about 5 tons per year (replacing 2,500 litres of heat oil). in 2011: 155,000 Pellet Boilers; source: DEPI; BMU 12

13 Distribution of small solid Biomass boilers in Germany Schleswig-Holstein Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Hamburg Bremen Niedersachsen Berlin Brandenburg Sachsen-Anhalt Nordrhein-Westfalen Sachsen Thüringen Hessen Rheinland-Pfalz Distribution of small solid biomass wood chip and pellet boilers in Germany up to 100 kilowatt thermal output: Source: Saarland Bayern n = <= <= <= 35 Baden-Württemberg 35 <= 100 kw n = 486 n = 343 <= 15 0 <= 15 0 <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= 100 n = kw 1000 Hackgutanlage 13 MAP Evaluation 2007/2008 n = 52 0 Kaminofen Pelletanlage Scheitholzanlage 35 <= 100 kw 35 <= 100 kw

14 Development of Prices for different Fuels Prices for wood chips, wood pellets, split logs fuel oil and natural gas in Germany Fuel oil Natural Gas Split logs Wood pellets Wood chips 14

15 Current prices for different solid biomass fuels Prices for wood chips, wood pellets, split logs and other solid biomass fuels in Germany current price Costs per kwh in -cent Fuel oil 0,9 /l Wood chips (35% H 2 O) 100 /t Split logs 33 cm Woodpellets 60 /m /t corn Straw Straw - pellets 220 /t 100 /t 180 /t Miscanthus 100 /t Rape seed residues 9,0 3,0 4,5 4,9 4,5 3,0 4,0 2,5 3,5 200 /t 15

16 Production Of Wood Chips in the Forest From forestry residues in the forest Smaller entire trees or Smaller parts (treetops) of larger trees small trees treetops Source: IPF, Univ. of Karlsruhe TH 16

17 Treatment of Materials from Nature Conservation Wooden waste materials from nature conservation (along railway lines, roads, rivers etc.) Shredder Rotating screen machine in a composting plant 17

18 Treatment of Materials from Nature Conservation Production of wood chips in a composting plant, wood crushing and screening in one single operation. Raw material is wooden garden waste. Photo: Komptech 18

19 Content Overview Who is C.A.R.M.E.N. e.v.? A short overview of the Importance of Biomass in Comparison to other Renewable Energy Sources Heat from Biomass - Sources / Markets / Prices - Planning Tips and Best Practise Examples Conclusions 19

20 Biomass Heat Plant - System Church: very low demand for heat supply Different heat sinks with different annual curve and peak load Schools need the heat nine months a year Heizenergie Warmwasser Hospitals do need heat and hot water all year round Biomass plant with wood chip bunker Outdoor swimming pools need the heat three months a year 100 0

21 Wärmeleistung (kw) Biomass Heat Plant - System peak load by oil or nat. gas Heating plant base load by biomass Heat client 0 Stunden des Jahres Heating Pump Waste gaspreperation peakload- Boiler Biomass- Boiler heat exchanger Waterboiler 21 supply network Primary Secundary

22 Biomass Heat Plant System profitable heat sinks very good conditions ++ swimming pools, hospitals, dormitories, (schools) ++ wood processing plants with drying station ++ dairies, breweries, slaughterhouses, food industry ++ hotels, densely populated residential areas, greenhouses medium conditions + new developement areas, densely populated + municipal buildings (schools) + commercial areas and industrial areas + farming (for example: chicken breeding) 22 bad conditions - low energy houses - residential areas with few houses - small individual objects with low heat demand such as storage halls

23 Wärmeleistung (kw) Heat Wärmeverteilungsverluste losses in % in pipeline Biomass Heat Plant Planning and Economics minimal proportion of heat demand to pipe length: 1,5 MWh/(m*a) example: 1 km of heat pipe should transport at least MWh of heat to the clients (replacing 150,000 litres of heat oil); 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% y = 0,1742x -0,484 R² = 0,4315 Richtwert: min. 1,5 MWh/(m*a) Zielwert: < 10 % 0% ,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 Heat Wärmebedarfsdichte demand in [MWh/(m*a)] peak load by oil or nat. gas base load by biomass Stunden des Jahres

24 Structure of Costs for a Biomass Heat Plant Capital Investment (amount of annuity) Investment for building (heating house, bunker, chimney), heat pipe wood chip fired boiler; fossil boiler for peak demand hydraulic systems, control technology, CHP: turbine, generator etc. pumps, compressor and other components installation and commissioning technical planning and design, building permission Consumption bound costs wood chips, fuel oil, natural gas; electricity, waste management Operating and other costs manpower costs for maintenance and repair, cleaning management, insurances, measurement of fume 24

25 Kostenanteil [ /MWh] Structure of Total Costs for a Biomass Heat Plant Structure of costs remain constant Fuel costs for biomass: ~ 35 % Fuel costs for gas or fuel oil: ~ 10 % Costs for electricity: ~ 3-4 % Capital costs: ~ 40 % Operating costs: ~ 10% Costs for waste disposal (wood ash): ~ 1-2 % Costs for solid biomass fuels are continuously, but moderately rising 25

26 Biomass Heat Plant in Altdorf near Nuremberg Characteristics: Heat demand: MWh Wood Boiler : 850 kw th. Wood chips per year: tons Replace liters of fuel oil Clients: school buildings, gyms public swimming pool intended wood chip boiler 26 bunker

27 Best Practice Big Biomass CHP Plant Combined heat and power plant Pfaffenhofen 26,7 MW FWL heat input, 5 MW el. power MWh el. electric power generation MWh th. (low pressure steam and heat from 45 up to 130 C for foodstuffs industries, brewery, hospital, offices, 150 clients...) tons of wood chips (up to m 3 per day) Wood chips from distances more than100 km Length of heatpipe: more than 12 km Total Invest 41 Mio. 27

28 Content Overview Who is C.A.R.M.E.N. e.v.? A short overview of the Importance of Biomass in Comparison to other Renewable Energy Sources Heat from Biomass - Sources / Markets / Prices - Planning Tips and Best Practise Examples Conclusions 28

29 29 Possible Conclusions I Biomass heat plants: In regions without natural gas main and high demand for heat e. g.: hospitals, homes for the aged, public swimming pools, school buildings, gymnasiums, playschools, offices, town halls, monasteries, hotels and restaurants, food industries etc. the development of biomass heat plants should be proved! CHP, Combined heat and power plants depending on prices for electricity from Renewable Energy Sources (EEG? Green feed - in tariffs?) should not be projected without heat sink or demand for steam in the surrounding (max. 10 km) area of the plant, for example: any kind of food industries (brewery, creamery, slaughterhouse, cannery, olive industries etc.), drying plants for animal food, sludge and plants for pellet production, timber industries etc.

30 Possible Conclusions III Targets for the development of sustainable bioenergy projects: The substitution of natural gas and oil by residues from food (eg. olives-) industries local wood residues such as sawdust, wood chips from treetops etc. and bark originating from the forestry and timber industries by developing biomass heat and CHP plants in the near of heat sinks.. leading to economic and environmental benefits and less dependence on fossil fuels. Photo: 30

31 Final Arguments for Heat from Biomass technically mature short transport distances (versus oil and natural gas) reduced dependence on the fossil fuel market new market for otherwise unused fuels new operation field for companies regional added value and conservation of rural structures/employment less environmental damage in case of accident saving of fossil resources (we are running out of supplies) reduction of emissions CO 2 by using organic residues and different forms of biomass 31

32 Heat from Biomass Christian Letalik (Engineer of Agriculture) C.A.R.M.E.N. e.v. Thank you for your attention! 32