.for nature is not in a hurry and mankind is. Giacomo Ciamician ( )

Transcription

1 ...forests of glass tubes will extend over the plains and glass buildings will rise everywhere... If our black and nervous civilization, based on coal, shall be followed by a quieter civilization based on the utilization of solar energy, that will not be harmful to progress and to human happiness. Giacomo Ciamician ( ).for nature is not in a hurry and mankind is.

2 Biomass and bioenergy from algae, CO2 and wastewater Francesco Gentili Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology SLU, Umeå

3 The world energy consumption 1990, through Based on official statistics from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

4 Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient in agriculture and forestry Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient and we are approaching the P peak

5 With over species already identified and with many more yet to be identified, algae are classified in multiple major groupings as follows: cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyceae), diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae), golden algae (Chrysophyceae), red algae (Rhodophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae), dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) and picoplankton (Prasinophyceae and Eustigmatophyceae)

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8 Source Dr. John Benemann

9 Why to grow algae Grow faster than land plants Can grow on wastewater Can use flue gases (CO 2, NOx) Can grow on marginal land (non-arable lands) Produce high level of lipids (60% and more) Produce protein for animal consumption Production of astaxanthin and other pigments of high economical value Can be use to treat wastewater recycling nutrients Can be use for CO 2 sequestration Can be used for production of biofuels (biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas)

10 Algae can be autotroph, mixotroph and heterotroph We can divide the algal growing system in two groups: Open system identified as open ponds (raceway ponds, circular ponds etc.) Close system called phobioreactors (PBR)

11 Raceway ponds were developed by Prof Oswald between

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13 Photobioreactors Several types have been used and tested using a large variety of materials such as: polyethylene, PVC, glass etc. They have been designed in many different forms: bags, tubes, flat panel, tubular reactors (horizontal, vertical, helical)

14 ...some examples

15 And some other i.e. Solix biofuel G3

16 Process Algae Biomass (biodiesel, biogas, bioethanol, fish feed, manure)

17 Oil yields liters/ha-yr Soybeans 400 Sunflower 800 Canola 1600 Jathropha 2000 Palm Oil 6000 Microalgae 60000

18 Biodiesel production scenarios from microalgae grown in open ponds (OP) or photobioreactors (PBR) L ha/year Macroalgae: OP Pessimistic: 1700 OP Base: OP Optimistic: PBR Pessimistic: PBR Base: PBR Optimistic:

19 Algae biomass characteristics Calorimetric value MJ/kg Ash content ranging from 3 to 37% and in some cases higher Predominants fatty acids: 16 C and 18 C

20 Algal biomass conversion pathway Chemical Thermochemical Biochemical Esterification Transterification Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Liquefaction Interesterification Fermentation Anaerobic digestion Biodiesel (FAME) Electricity Syngas Bio-oil Charcoal Bio-oil Biodiesel Bioethanol Biobutanol Biohydrogen Biogas

21 The above image indicates relative concentrations of marine algae throughout the world's oceans, with the highest concentrations in red and orange, and the smallest concentrations in dark blue and purple. (Image: NASA - SeaWiFS)

22 Umeå Microbiorefine Consortium The Umeå project has three strong points: tight collaboration among academia (SLU, Umeå University and Luleå University of Technology) and industrial partners Umeå Energi AB and Umeå vatten och avfall (Vakin), RagnSells and help from Uminova Innovation for network establishment. Approach to the problem going directly to the problem core Experimental work carried out both in lab as well as at the power plant using real raw materials.

23 Summary Reduction of gaseous emissions (CO 2 ) Reduction of N and P in wastewater Reduction of pharmaceuticals from ww Growing algae using as substrate wastewater, CO 2 emitted from industries (ex. power plant, wastewater plant) Large production of economically interesting products such as biodiesel, biogas, bioethanol, fish feed, manure etc.

24 Growing system...

25 At Vakin

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28 Laboratory results 62 algal strains tested, 8 strains gave the best results (productivity) and 3 could grow at low temperature 5 C. Microalgae have been growing on municipal wastewater effluent ( utgående vatten ) and 5% CO 2 in air at 22 C with continuous artificial light µe m -2 s -1. Under these conditions we got a N, P and Fe reduction between % after 12 days.

29 CO 2 ppm a Treatment b CO 2 from organic waste fixed in the two treatments: a) control without algae and b) with algae. The values are mean±se for four-six replicate.

30 4,0 3,5 3,0 Algae dry matter (g/l) 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0, Time (h) Biomass yield of 3,7 g/l algae DM in 6 days. A daily production of 1.1 g/l/d DM in the lab.

31 At power plant station in 650 L hybrid photobioreactor Algae biomass production from 0.1 to 0.5 g/l dependent on retention time. Using influent (raw wastewater) Total inorganic nitrogen (NH 4 +NO 3 ) reduction from 44 to 82% after a retention time of 3.5 days. Phosphates were reduced on average by 46% and total phosphorus followed a similar trend.

32 Lab unit. The pilot plant

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35 Algae system Using algae CO 2 NO x Industries Wastewater Biomass Energi Environment

36 Thank you!!!