Transportation of Hazardous Wastes in Arizona: Development of a Data Base Management System for Basic Analysis

Transcription

1 Tranportation Reearch Record Tranportation of Hazardou Wate in Arizona: Development of a Data Bae Management Sytem for Baic Analyi A. ESSAM RADWAN, K. DAVD PJAWKA, ANDY SOESLO, and FURE-YOW SHEH ABSTRACT A data bae management ytem for hazardou wate movement in Arizona wa developed for the year and. The data were taken from the full manifet ytem provided by the Arizona Department of Health Service. A total of, manifet were reviewed for the year, and a microcomputer oftware (DBASE ) wa ued for data torage, retrieval, and analyi. The computer ytem provided tatitical report by month of year, day of week, chemical number, and other attribute elected by the uer for the year. An origin-detination analyi of the data wa conducted to trace the flow of wate hipment on all highway route and link. Reult of thi analyi provided ome inight on the ditribution of origin and detination of hipment within and outide urban area. Data generated from the origin-detination analyi together with other accident, traffic volume, and population information were ued to conduct a rik analyi. The tranportation of hazardou material and the rik involved with uch activity ha been identified a a eriou problem in the United State. t ha been etimated that p.t leat, hipment of hazardou material are made each day, totaling at leat billion ton per year, and thi volume i expected to double every year (). The U.S. Department of Tranportation etimate that between and percent of all truck on the road at any time carry hazardou material (). When conidering the tranportation of hazardou material, it i important to differentiate between hazardou material and hazardou wate. All hazardou wate are hazardou material, but only a l fraction of hazardou material hipped are hazardou wate. t i currently etimated that omewhat le than percent of the total of all hazardou material hipped are in the hazardou wate category. n the United State, million metric ton of hazardou wate are generated each year a part of the indutrial proce. Thee wate include organic chemical, peticide, acid, cautic, flammable, and exploive (_). Statitic have hown that in, all mode of tranportation contributed to a total of, hazardou material incident--reulting in injurie, fa tali tie, and $. billion in property damage. Of thoe incident, percent were in the highway mode C!l More than, incident of hazardou material pill involving truck travel were reported in, of which incident involved hazardou wate. Al though the number of hazardou wate incident i l, the hazardou wate hipment hare of the total hazardou material hipped i alo l ( percent). The incident rate, number of incident per million hipment mile, would be an appropriate meaure by which to judge the magnitude of the problem. Arizona State Univerity, Tempe, Ariz.. BACKGROUND NFORMATON n repone to a growing concern about the management of hazardou wate and their impact on the population and environment, the Reource Conervation and Recovery Act (RCRA) wa enacted in. RCRA authorized the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to etablih a hazardou wate control program for the nation, which include the identification and claification of hazardou wate, requirement for owner and operator of hazardou wate facilitie, and guideline for tate program developed under the act. A the tranportation of hazardou material i emerging a a national concern, attempt are ongoing to ae the rik of potential accident. An early tudy conducted by Ruell et al. (~) provided a comprehenive review and an excellent ummary of exiting method ued to etimate the rik of hazardou material tranport. The method reviewed are (a) enumerative indice, (b) regreion model, (c) network and ditribution model, and (d) probabilitic rik aement model. The baic concept of all method i to develop a rik index per tranportation route uing the probability of hazardou material incidence. n a recent tudy conducted for the Office of Solid Wate of the EPA, attempt were made to ae the releae and cot aociated with truck tranport of hazardou wate ( ). Three tream of data were found neceary to conduct the rik analyi:. Truck accident and volume data,, Hazardou wate hipment information, and, Hazardou wate incident data. Accident and volume data over -mile ection were obtained from Texa, California, and New Jerey. Some tate have implemented a manifet ytem for recording hazardou wate hipment. Wate hipment data were obtained from California, Texa, Maachuett, and New York. The hazardou wate in-

2 Tranportation Reearch Record cident data were obtained from the HAZMAT file prepared by the U.S. Department of Tranportation' Material Tranportation Bureau (MTB). The data collected were ued, in aociation with the RCRA rik/cot analyi model, to calculate the rik and cot involved with all poible combination of a lit of wate, technologie, and environmental (WET) etting. The mot important reult of thi tudy a reported by the invetigator wa that the releae rate aociated with tranporting hazardou wate by truck appear to be a large a the potential releae at treatment and dipoal ite. For ome WET combination, tranport may be a more dangerou activity. A critical review of the literature reulted in the following obervation:. Mot tatitic related to hazardou wate hipment cited by different agencie are baed on etimate derived from urvey.. Thoe tate that have i mpl emented a manifet ytem for recording hazardou wate hipment have not, to the bet of the author' knowledge, reported on the hipment tranported through their tate by different category uch a a. Time period (month of year, day of week); b. Hazard cla (corroive, exploive, etc.); c. Tranportation route; d. Urban veru nonurban area; and e. Chemical number, a defined by United Nation Claification Sytem. RESEARCH SCOPE The Center for Environmental Studie and the Center fu Aclvaneecl Reo;earch in Tranportation at Arizona State Univerity were awarded a reearch grant, ponored by the Arizona Department of Tranportation (ADOT), to develop a data bae management ytem (DBMS) for hazardou material tranport within and through the tate of Arizona. One of the objective of thi reearch wa to computerize the hazardou wate manifet for the year and. To uccefully meet thi objective, the following tak were outlined:. To ue a microcomputer DBMS oftware to generate a hazardou wate information ytem for Arizona.. To utilize the U~M~ for generating caccc related to hazardou wate hipment by tranportation route, time period, origin citie, detination citie, chemical number, chemical cla, or any combination of thee categorie.. To identify the mot hazardou route in the tate by mean of conducting a rik analyi. Decribed in thi paper are the data collection proce, deign of the DBMS, the tatitical reult for, and the rik analyi approach. Data Collection Proce The Arizona Department of Health Service made available to the reearch team the original manifet a filed by the generator and the tranporter of hazardou wate. Data were collected for the year and. The manifet allow up to four chemical to be lited. f more than four chemical are tranported per hipment, a continuation form i attached to the main form. A total of, manifet were recorded for, of which hipment contained empty drum. nitial proceing of data revealed that the number of hipment during both year are almot equal. Deign of the DBMS During the early tage of the reearch, microcomputer were choen a the data proceing tool intead of mainframe computer for two reaon: (a) they are available and acceible by mot tate agencie, and (b) the tranferability of the data bae on mircrocomputer i eaier and more convenient than on mainframe computer. An BM-PC/XT with K Random Acce Memory wa utilized for data proceing and an external peripheral (Bernoulli Box) wa ued to back up the data on a cartridge dik. DEASE wa ued to generate the data bae. A ample record of the file developed i hown in Figure (note: the computer record hown in Figure hac been retyped) A et of program wa dvlopd to permit the uer to add more manifet to an exiting file, check the EPA identification number for generator and tranporter, and earch for all poible route between each origin city and all poible detination citie. They are conidered a utility program to aure aeeurate data clevelopmet. The tatitic report option allow the uer to query tatitic according to the following criteria:. By time period: Year (,, etc.), Month (January, February, etc.), Date (//, etc.), Day of week (Sunday, Monday, etc.); By origin (city) of the chemical; By detination (city) of the chemical; By chemical number (,, etc.); By company (EPA identification number) ; By chemical cla (exploive, corroive,..... etc.);. route and By tranportation identified). route (any route of the GENERATOR EPA id TRANSPORTOR EPA id T/S/D EPA id NAME CHEMCAL ****MANFEST OF WASTE MATERAL**** MANFEST No. SHP DATE // AZD CAD CAD LB GAL CLASS ORM-A OTHER TRANSPORTOR ORM-A ORM-E FGURE Sample of DBMS computer record. TAG

3 Radwan et al. The uer may ue the AND and OR option with the criteria jut lited. The AND option provide a cro tabulation of two or more criteria. For example, a report can be created for the month of May and by chemical number. Thi report will contain information related to hipment containing only number and hipped during the month of May. The OR option um up the data of two criteria. For example, a report can be created for Saturday OR Sunday. Such a report will contain the total weekend hipment. The tatitic report contain the total weight (in pound), the total volume (in gallon), the number of manifet being proceed, and the number of hipment, totaled for the elected criteria. No converion factor were made to convert volume to weight. Figure how a diplay of a ample run of the data bae (note: the ample run hown in Figure ha been retyped). wa found that hipment originating and terminating within the metropolitan area of Phoenix and Tucon amounted to, and hipment for, repectively, which repreented approximately percent of all hipment. Thee intraurban movement repreent hipment generated from a company and tranported to a proceing torage facility before they are ent out to be dipoed. The origin-detination analyi howed that hipment originated from Arizona and were ent outide the tate (internal-external), hipment repreented external-internal movement, hipment were external-external movement, and, hipment repreented internal-internal movement. A mentioned earlier, intraurban hipment (Phoenix and Tucon) were reponible for, out of the, hipment in the internal-internal categot ie ( percent of the total) Cloer examination of hipment originating or terminating in Phoenix indicated the following: Statitical Reult for A total of hipment left Phoenix for outof-tate detination. A total of hipment left Phoenix for intate detination. Fifty link and route were identified for hazardou wate hipment. The annual truckload of hazardou wate by route were derived and are hown in Figure. A the plot indicate, ntertate wet of Phoenix, between Ehrenberg and Phoenix, carrie the highet number of truck load. Thi i a expected becaue almot all hazardou wate hipment travel on thi highway en route to California, where mot of the dipoal facilitie ued by Arizona firm are located. The link that connect Tucon and Phoenix i econd in ranking becaue wate generated from Tucon' indutrie ha to go through Phoenix either for reproceing or en route to California. The program wa ued to generate tatitical report by time period and chemical number for the year. The total number of loaded hipment wa found to be, hipment--totaling approximately, ton and,, gal. Figure how a diplay of the total number of hipment by month of year. t wa oberved that July and Augut had the highet number of hipment; their hare were. percent and. percent of the total year hipment, repectively. The ditribution of the number of hipment by day of week wa derived, and the plot (hown in Figure ) howed that Tueday had the highet number of hipment (. percent of the total number of hipment) and the weekend had the lowet. Statitic of thi type could be of aitance to the Department of Public Safety in cheduling enforcement program on the tate highway ytem. The ditribution of hipment by chemical number wa developed, and it wa concluded from the reult that chemical number and chemical number collectively contituted almot two-third of all the hipment (Figure ). According to the Emergency Repone Guidebook, chemical number i defined a hazardou wate in general, wherea chemical number included different type of chemical uch a combutible liquid, weed killer, cometic, creoote, ethyl nitrate, flammable liquid, fuel oil, inecticide, olvent, tar, and wax (). The guidebook provide intruction on how to handle a hazardou pill and lit emergency action that hould be implemented by the HAZMAT team regarding fire, evacuation of the public, and other neceary activitie. Statitic provided by the DBMS related to the mot frequent chemical being tranported on the highway can aid in planning a ucceful emergency repone program. An orig in-detination analyi wa conducted to trace hipment flow within and out of Arizona. t A total of hipment left Phoenix in. On the other hand, hipment detined for Phoenix from other localitie plu the, intraurban hipment totaled, hipment. The difference between the figure and the, figure repreent the reduction in number of hipment due to intermediate wate proceing or aembly that took place in ome of the Phoenix facilitie. Furthermore, the hipment that left Phoenix for outof-tate detination were heading to dipoal ite. Thi figure repreent the latent demand for the Mobile dipoal facility expected to be opened. in Arizona. The ame approach wa applied to Tucon; the reult were a follow: A total of hipment were detined for Tucon from all other citie. A total of hipment repreented intraurban movement. A total of hipment left Tucon for outof-tate detination. A total of hipment left Tucon for intate detination. A total of hipment were detined for Tucon and a total of hipment originated from Tucon, reulting in a reduction of hipment due to proceing and torage. The latent demand for the new Mobile ite from Tucon i approximately hipment annually. A final obervation reulting from the origindetination analyi i that the hipment that croed Arizona without topping (external-external movement) originated from New Mexico and were detined for dipoal ite in outhern California. Rik Analyi Approach Rik aement involve the meaurement of the probability and everity of harm inherent in expoure to a hazardou object or event. Rik aement i a cientific activity and hould be ditinguihed from judging afety. By providing objective meaure or ranking of rik, it i the purpoe of a rik aement to provide empirical, cientific data o that the ubjective proce of judging the relative afety of variou option can be performed on an informed bai.

4 ******** Main Menu ******** l> Statitic Report > Databae Diagnoi > Switch Databae > Re-index Databae > Exit route-link related query involved? (Say no for fat execution) N l> By Time Period > By Chemical Original > By Detination City Select criteria to be ued -> City l> By Time Period * > By Chemical Original > By Detination City City : Select time unit l> By year > By month > By day > By week day => Specify Week Day ( l(sun),(mon), ) => l> By Time Period * > By Chemical Original City > By Detination City -- Current Criteria dow(shp_date) = (Sunday) l> By Time Period * > By Chemical Original City > By Detination City Any other criteria to be ued ( Y/N )? ( Statitic criteria can be multichooed => N -- Selected Criteria dow(shp_date) = (Sunday) Total weight Total volume Number of record proceed Number of hipment lb gal < Type any key to return to the main menu > FGURE Sample run of the DBMS.

5 Radwan et al. GRAND CANYON PAGE. "C "'.,. c, :J,.t::!::. en. - z w ::!:, Cl. :r: (/) SHPMENTS. OTHERS CHEM CAL NO. FGURE hipment claification by elected chemical number FGURE Total annual truckload of hazardou wate for. STAT! ST re (/) - - <[ - ;... - _J ~ u :::) a: - J F M A M J A S N MONTH FGURE hipment claification by month of year. TRUCKLOADS SUN MON TUE WED THU FR SAT DAY FGURE hipment claification by day of week. - D n thi ection, an empirical rik analyi of tranporting hazardou wate on Arizona highway route i preented. The objective i to determine rik rating for route under tudy o that tranportation route can be comparatively evaluated regarding level of rik. Such evaluation i crucial for good and ound repone planning and implementation to hazardou wate incident at the tate level. Two factor are identified and ued to calculate a rik factor for each route: the firt factor repreent the probability of a hazardou wate accident for commercial vehicle the econd factor capture the population-at-rik due to a hazardou wate incident. n the next ection, the calculation of the two factor and the definition of the final rating will be decribed. Hazardou Wate Accident Probabilitie Four piece of information were gathered:. Highway ection length in mile (LENGTH),. Daily commercial vehicle traffic volume for (TRVOL),. Number of annual hazardou wate hipment for (CHEM), and. Number of annual commercial vehicle accident for (ACCD). Table give the four meaure for each of the link being conidered. The ection length were meaured from the county map. Average daily traffic (ADT) data a well a the commercial vehicle percentage for each highway were obtained from the ADOT. t wa noticed that, for ome highway, more than one ADT exited. The wort cenario wa aumed, and the highet ADT wa ued for calculating the daily commercial vehicle traffic. Concerning the annual accident number, a computer printout howing all accident that occurred on all Arizona highway in wa provided by ADOT. Thoe accident were reported by location (milepot) and everity level. Data on accident by vehicle type were not available, and therefore it wa aumed that the probability of commercial vehicle accident i directly related to the proportion of commercial vehicle traffic. Percentage of commercial vehicle were then ued in conjunction with the accident number to calculate the commercial vehicle accident numher. The number of annual hazardou wate hipment wa derived earlier from the computer DBMS.

6 Tranportation Reearch Record TABLE Rik Analyi nput Data Highway Section Length (mi) n Daily Commercial Vehicle Traffic Volume (TR VOL).,,,,,,,,,S,,,,,,,S,,,,,,,,,,, :l,,,,,,,, No. Annual Hazardou Wate Shipment (CHEM), l No. of Annual Commercial Vehicle Accident (ACCD) O o An index PRO that combine the four meaure wa developed: PRO = (ACCD X CHEM)/(LENGTH X TRVOL) A higher number of accident and a higher number of hipment produce higher value of PRO. Furthermore, hort ection and low commercial vehicle volume produce higher value of PRO, and a higher rik factor hould be aociated with thee condition. The calculation of the PRO factor howed a range of between. and.. Three arbitrary level of rik were aumed: High rik ntermediate rik Low rik PRO >.. > PRO >. PRO <. To ae the three level of rik, arbitrary ratio of :: were ued to repreent high, intermediate, and low rik, repectively. A PROB index wa aumed to take the value of,, and for the three level of rik. Population-at-Rik Factor Two type of population-at-rik were identified: l. Permanent population living near the tranportation route and. Driver and paenger of vehicle on the road. The firt meaure wa obtained from the cenu data. The boundarie were defined by an evacuation ditance of mile on either ide of a route and along the route, per mile length. The vehicular traffic at rik wa etimated by uing baic principle of traffic flow theory. Traffic flow (vehicle per hour) i equal to traffic denity (vehicle per mile) time the average operating peed (mile per hour). The ADT per link being known, it wa aumed that the peak-hour traffic i percent of ADT. The traffic denity wa then calculated for each ection, and a vehicular occupancy factor of. wa aumed. The two population-at-rik meaure, population (POPS) and number of paenger (PSGR), are given in Table. The um of the two meaure ranged between, peron per mile and per on per TABLE Rik Analyi Reult Population (POPS) l,, :.!,!'/~,, S S,,SSO, S,,,,,S,,,,,,,,,,,,, No. of Paenger (PSGR) :.! O JO Rating (RTG) o o o Rik

7 Radwan et al. mile. The ame ratio (::) wa applied and a PORSK index wa aumed to make the following value: (POPS + PSGR) < - > Rating and Rik Factor PORSK The two factor PROB and PORSK were ummed duce RTG, and it value ranged between Five level of rik were aumed: Rik (high) RTG < Rik < RTG < Rik < RTG Rik < RTG - < Rik (low) RTG > to proand. The reult of the rik level are given in Table. A expected, link,, and had the highet rik becaue they are located within the Phoenix and Tucon metropolitan area. Link,,, and are econd highet. Link,, and repreent the route between Phoenix and Tucon on ntertate, and link connect Phoenix with California on ntertate. Figure how a diplay of the rik level of the link; a comparion of Figure and Figure would how the direct correlation between the number of hipment and the rik level. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSONS Data on hazardou wate hipment in Arizona were collected for the year and. Thee data were extracted from official manifet made available by the Arizona Department of Health Service. DBASE wa utilized on an BM-PC/XT to develop a DBMS for the hazardou wate data. The DBMS wa utilized to generate tatitical report on month of year, day of week, and elected chemical number. An origin-detination analyi wa conducted to trace hazardou wate hipment within Arizona. A rik analyi wa conducted to ae the rik level of elected link on the tranportation route. Data on link length, commercial vehicle traffic volume, commercial vehicle accident, number of hazardou wate hipment, population-at-rik factor, and paenger-at-rik factor were collected for all link to conduct the rik analyi. Several concluion were reached:. The ue of DBMS computer oftware provided a powerful and eay approach for data torage, retrieval, and analyi.. n,, hipment occurred, totaling, ton plu,, gal of wate in Arizona for.. Augut and October had the highet number of hipment, with hare of. percent and. percent of the total hipment, repectively.. Tueday had the highet number of hipment, repreenting. percent of the total hipment, and the weekend had the lowet hare.. Chemical identified a number and collectively repreented almot two-third of all hipment.. ntraurban hipment with Phoenix and Tucon metropolitan area collectively contituted percent of all hipment.. The origin-detination analyi of the data provided valuable information on wate movement within and acro Arizona.. t wa concluded baed on the rik analyi that the highway link located within the Phoenix and Tucon metropolitan area had the highet rik factor. The line with the econd highet rik factor were found to be located on the route between Phoenix and Tucon, and the link that connect Phoenix with California on ntertate. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thi tudy wa ponored by the ADOT. The author wih to acknowledge the ADOT and the Arizona Department of Health Service for making the data available. The author would like to acknowledge Nichola Hild for hi technical advice on hazardou wate management. Special thank are extended to Janice Dwyer, Brian Kalahar, and David Gria for their effort in collecting the data. GRAND CANYON - HGH HGH - NTERMEDATE ---- LOW NTERMEDATE NTERMEDATE - LOW FGURE Map howing rik level of the line. REFERENCES. J. Colle. Federal Activitie in Toxic Subtance.. Environmental Protection Agency, May. D. Doniger. The Law and Policy of Toxic Subtance Control. John Hopkin Univerity Pre, Baltimore, Md.,.. National Survey of Hazardou wate Generator and Treatment, Storage, and Dipoal Facilitie Regulated Under RCRA in. Preliminary Highlight and Finding. Draft Final Report. Environmental Protection Agency, Jan... Tranportation of Hazardou Material: Toward a National Strategy. TRB, National Reearch Council, Wahington, D.c.,, Volume.. E.R. Ruell et al. Rik Aement Uer Manual for Sl Communitie and Rural Area. DOT/RSPA DPB///. Department of Civil Engineering, Kana State Univerity, Manhattan,.. Aeing the Releae and Cot Aociated with Truck Tranport of Hazardou Wate. Office of Solid wate, Environmental Protection Agency,.. Emergency Repone Guidebook. Report DOT P.. Material Tranportation Bureau, U.S. Department of Tranportation,.