Common Pitfalls in BMP Selection and Implementation. 19 th Annual Southeastern Lakes Management Conference Winston-Salem, NC
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1 Common Pitfalls in BMP Selection and Implementation 19 th Annual Southeastern Lakes Management Conference Winston-Salem, NC Harvey H. Harper, Ph.D., P.E. Environmental Research & Design, Inc.
2 Introduction Implementation of stormwater BMPs has accelerated in recent years to reduce loadings to receiving waters Potential BMP projects are often identified through TMDL evaluations and watershed studies Projects involving certain grant funding sources require post construction monitoring to evaluate BMP performance These studies have revealed common pitfalls within the BMP evaluation, selection, and design process which have the potential to affect the success of the project
3 Common Pitfalls in BMP Selection 1. Inaccurate modeling of pollutant loadings 2. Consideration of the type and form of the target pollutant 3. Consideration of baseflow loadings 4. Improper BMP selection 5. Failure to identify and fund maintenance activities 6. Failure to consider pollutant removal costs
4 1. Inaccurate Modeling of Pollutant Loadings Watershed studies and TMDL evaluations provide estimates of pollutant loadings based on a multitude of assumptions Some models and methods are better than others, but they all produce estimates Most models tend to over-estimate actual pollutant loadings due to: Over-estimation of runoff volume Failure to consider volume and pollutant attenuation within the basin The model results may lead to incorrect conclusions concerning the significance of a particular sub-basin with respect to loadings or water quality impacts Inaccurate pollutant loadings can also impact: Identification of target pollutants Ranking of sub-basins Order of BMP implementation
5 1. Inaccurate Modeling of Pollutant Loadings cont. Under worst case conditions, inaccurate loading estimates can: Falsely identify insignificant sub-basins or pollutants as significant Result in construction of an unnecessary BMP project In most cases insufficient information exists at the TMDL level to properly characterize pollutants and select appropriate BMPs Example Army Canal Wet detention pond recommended in the BMAP document as a retrofit project for an 820 acre watershed which discharges to an impaired water Loading model estimates indicate that the canal contributed 215 kg/yr of TP and the project will remove approximately 129 kg/yr of TP from the receiving water Governmental agency applied for and received a 319 Grant for construction of the facility Pond was constructed based on the recommendations Unique partnership between private and governmental entities BMP monitoring was conducted for a period of 12 months as directed by the 319 Grant
6 Figure 1-3 Drainage Basin Map for the Stormwater Facility Drainage Basin (820 ac) Stormwater Facility Lake Ketchup
7 Drainage Patterns for Figure the 1-2 Army Canal Facility Army Canal Army Canal Pond Diversion Weir Army Canal Lake Ketchup
8 Characteristics of the Stormwater Treatment Facility Outfall Weir Structure (2-8 orifices + weir) Wet Detention Pond (4.7 NWL) 2-6 x 10 CBC 24 RCP Diversion Weir/ Overflow Spillway (Elev ft) To Lake Ketchup
9 Box Culvert Inflows to Treatment Pond
10 Diversion Weir / Overflow Spillway
11 Pond Outfall through 24-inch RCP Normal Pond Discharge
12 Locations for Monitoring Equipment Outfall Weir Structure (2-8 orifice + weir) Monitoring Site 2 24 RCP Monitoring Site 1 6 x 10 CBC Rain Gauge Evaporimeter 24 RCP Water Level Recorder Diversion Weir/ Overflow Spillway To Lake Ketchup
13 Inflow Monitoring Equipment at Site 1
14 Rainfall and Pan Evaporation Equipment
15 Staff Gauge and Water Level Recorder Bullet Holes
16 Comparison of Average and Measured Rainfall in the Vicinity of the Army Canal Pond Site 20 Measured Rainfall Orlando Average Rainfall ( ) 15 Rainfall (inc ches) 10 Tropical Storm Fay 5 0 Mar 08 Apr 08 May 08 June 08 July 08 Aug 08 Sep 08 Oct 08 Nov 08 Dec 08 Jan 09 Feb 09 Month
17 Fluctuations in Water Levels in the Army Canal Pond from March 2008-February Tropical Storm Fay 7 6 Elevation (ft) Spillway Weir Elevation Rainfall (in) Mar Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb 0
18 Inflow Hydrographs to the Army Canal Pond from March 2008-February Tropical Storm Fay 100 Flow (c cfs) Flow (cfs) Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 0 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
19 Discharges Over the Spillway Structure High Flow Conditions Low Flow Conditions
20 Comparison of Hydrologic Inputs to the Army Canal Pond Inputs
21 Temperature ph Depth (m) 1.5 Depth (m) Fall Spring Summer Winter Temperature ( o C) Conductivity ph (s.u.) Dissolved Oxygen Compilation of Vertical Depth Profiles Collected at the Navy Canal Pond Site Depth (m) 1.5 Depth (m) Conductivity (µmho/cm) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)
22 SRP Statistical Comparison of Phosphorus Species Measured in Stormwater, Baseflow, and Outflow at the Army Canal Pond Site SRP Conc. (µg/l) Stormwater Baseflow Outflow Dissolved Organic P Dissolved Organic P Conc. (µg/l) Stormwater Baseflow Outflow Outlier 90 th Percentile 75 th Percentile Median Mean 25 th Percentile 10 th Percentile Particulate P Particulate P Conc. (µg/l) Stormwater Baseflow Outflow Total P 180 Phosphorus concentrations in runoff and baseflow are near irreducible concerntrations Total P Conc. (µg/l) Stormwater Baseflow Outflow
23 Monthly Mass Balance for Total Phosphorus in the Army Canal Pond from March 2008-February 2009 Month Pond Inputs (Kg) Pond Losses (Kg) Removal Efficiency Rainfall Runoff Baseflow Total Outflow Total (%) March April May June July August September October November December January February TOTAL: Conclusion: Project fails to deliver the promised load reductions for nutrients
24 1. Inaccurate Modeling of Pollutant Loadings cont. Verify Loading Conditions Prior to Design Since pollutant loadings are only estimates, loading conditions should be verified as part of the Preliminary Design phase of any BMP project This step is particularly important for projects involving land purchases and significant expenditures of public funds Limited field monitoring should be conducted to verify the anticipated concentrations of the target pollutant(s) Conditions can be easily verified by monitoring 3-5 storm events and analyzing for pollutants of concern An inexpensive field verification monitoring program prior to design is a sound investment toward a successful BMP project
25 2. Consideration of the Type and Form of the Target Pollutant Untreated stormwater runoff contains a variety of pollutants Particulates Suspended solids Nutrients Heavy metals Dissolved species Nutrients Heavy metals Particulate and dissolved pollutants are removed by different types of mechanisms Type and form of pollutant must be considered in selecting BMPs Most BMP system designs and stated removal efficiencies are based on characteristics of untreated runoff If the characteristics of the runoff change prior to reaching the BMP, then these changes must be considered in the selection process May result in selection of a different BMP May affect the effectiveness of the selected BMP
26 2. Consideration of the Type and Form of the Target Pollutant cont. Impacts of Pre-Treatment Processes Runoff characterization data used in models reflect end-of-pipe characteristics prior to treatment in stormwater management systems or attenuation in conveyance systems such as swales and canals If the runoff experiences significant pretreatment processes prior to reaching the point of treatment, then the runoff characteristics may change considerably and impact BMP selection Ex. - Runoff discharging over grassed or vegetated conveyances may have much of the particulate matter removed Amount of removal depends on particle size and velocity of flow Since much of the particulate matter has been removed, a primarily biological process would be required to remove the remaining dissolved nutrients Ex. - Runoff which passes through water bodies prior to reaching the point of treatment may have much of the particulate and dissolved matter already removed This substantially changes the ability to achieve additional reductions and will impact BMP selection
27 Impacts of Pre-Treatment Processes cont. Examples: 1. Retrofit of nutrient loadings from a basin with existing stormwater treatment a. Basin identified as contributing large loadings of nutrients to the receiving water b. However, all basin areas are currently treated in a series of interconnected wet detention ponds which remove a majority of the dissolved and particulate pollutants c. Water reaching the point of treatment is near irreducible concentrations d. Consultant recommended a shallow pond to treat discharges from the basin e. Estimated P removal at 60% for a pond with a detention time of 2-3 days f. All readily removable nutrients will have already been removed in the upstream stormwater ponds, and significant additional removal cannot be achieved using additional biological mechanisms 4
28 Impacts of Pre-Treatment Processes cont. Examples: 2. Retrofit of a lake discharge canal to reduce downstream nutrient loadings a. Consultant designed and submitted b a 319 Grant application for a small wet detention pond for the lake outflow Pond was designed for a 14 day residence time and claimed a 60% load reduction for TP based on Harper (2007) c. Relationship between TP removal and detention time is based on untreated stormwater runoff Removal Efficiency iency (%) Total Phosphorus Detention Time, t d (days) d. It is inappropriate to use this relationship for anything other than untreated stormwater runoff e. How can you expect to achieve an additional 60% removal in a period of 14 days for water which has already been in a lake for several years? Efficiency = ln( t d ) (ln( td )) R 2 =
29 3. Failure to Consider Baseflow Loadings Many pollutant loading models do not consider impacts from dry weather baseflow Baseflow represents drawdown of the water table, ponds, and wetland areas within the basin between storm events Baseflow can be particularly significant in basins with channelized conveyance systems, such as canals and creeks In basins with permeable soils, baseflow often reflects infiltrated rainfall which migrates toward the conveyance system This baseflow can significantly increase the observed C-value for a basin compared with model estimates In some instances, baseflow loadings can equal or exceed runoff volumes and loadings
30 3. Consideration of Baseflow cont. -Large sub-basin with elevated TP concentration of 187 µg/l -Contributes 27.1% of inflow TP to lake -Highly permeable soils HSG A -Continuous baseflow virtually year round -Baseflow is primarily dissolved Lake Down Sub-Basin 15 Parameter Units Value 1. Inflow Volume a. Runoff ac-ft/yr 277 b. Baseflow ac-ft/yr TP Load a. Runoff kg/yr 63.8 b. Baseflow kg/yr 165 Calculated C-Values Runoff only Runoff + Baseflow Lake Down
31 3. Consideration of Baseflow cont. Impact of Baseflow Loadings on BMP Selection -Only available parcel is 5.24 ac. In size -Assume that a 4 ac wet pond is constructed with a mean depth of 8 feet -Volume = 32 ac-ft -T d for runoff only = 42 days Project Site (5.24 acres) -If baseflow is considered, then T d is reduced to 12 days -Since the baseflow is primarily dissolved removals, actual removal will be much less than predicted by graph Sub-Basin 15 Inflow Lake Down
32 4. Improper BMP Selection Stormwater runoff contains a variety of pollutants: Suspended solids Nutrients Heavy metals Oil and Grease Oxygen demanding substances Pathogens Each of these pollutants are removed by different mechanisms The selected BMP should maximize opportunities for appropriate removal mechanisms for target pollutants
33 Removal Processes and BMP Types for Common Runoff Pollutants Pollutant Removal Processes Appropriate BMPs 1. Suspended solids 2. Nutrients 3. Heavy metals 4. Oil & grease 5. Oxygen demanding substances 6. Pathogens Physical settling, filtration Physical settling, adsorption Biological biological uptake Chemical - coagulation Physical settling, adsorption Biological biological uptake Chemical - coagulation Physical settling, adsorption, volatilization Biological biological degradation Chemical - coagulation Physical filtration, UV exposure Biological biological predation Chemical - coagulation Wet/dry ponds Gross pollutant separators Infiltration systems Wet ponds Alum treatment Infiltration systems Wet ponds Alum treatment Wet pond with skimmer Wet pond w/extended Td Alum treatment Infiltration systems Wet ponds Alum treatment
34 5. Failure to Identify and Fund Maintenance Activities All BMPs require at least some type of maintenance It is important to plan and fund maintenance activities early in the planning stage Failure to provide maintenance activities can reduce the effectiveness of the BMP, and in extreme cases, may lead to failure of the BMP altogether Potential maintenance activities and costs should be clearly identified prior to implementation In general, more innovative and specialized BMPs require more maintenance activities than traditional BMPs
35 Typical Maintenance Activities for Common and Traditional BMPs BMP Type Required Maintenance Relative Costs 1. Infiltration a. Dry Ponds b. Exfiltration c. Pervious pavement 2. Wet Ponds 3. Filter/Sorption Systems 4. Vegetated Removal 5. Solids Removal Systems a. Curb/gutter inlet baskets b. GPS/Baffle boxes c. Street sweeping 6. Chemical Treatment a. Mowing, trash removal, verify infilt. rate b. Monitor observation well, verify infilt. c. Vacuum sweeping, verify infilt. rate Mowing, trash removal, nuisance vegetation control, check outlet structure Monitor flow rates, trash removal, replace media/cartridges as necessary Monitor vegetation, control nuisance species, remove vegetation as necessary a. Remove debris, quantification, disposal b. Remove debris, quantification, disposal c. Remove debris, quantification, disposal Periodic inspection/maintenance, resupply chemicals a. Low b. Low c. Moderate/high Low Moderate to high Low to moderate a. Moderate b. Moderate c. Moderate/High Moderate/high
36 6. Failure to Consider Pollutant Removal Costs Calculation of pollutant removal costs is an important part of the BMP design process Essentially a cost/benefit ratio Calculated as the ratio of present worth (PW) cost to mass of pollutant removed PW is generally calculated over a period of years and includes construction and O&M costs PW = (Construction cost + annual O&M x analysis period) The time value of money is often included in the analysis Pollutant removal costs are calculated by: = PW / kg of pollutant removed over analysis period Decisions between treatment options should be based on the lowest pollutant removal costs Failure to consider pollutant removal costs may lead to a poor BMP decision
37 Overview of Bear Gully Creek on the South End of Bear Gully Lake Bear Gully Creek Bear Gully Lake -31% of inflow to lake -16% of TP loadings -P is primarily dissolved Bear Gully Creek
38 Schematic of the Shallow Wetland Treatment Option 1. Shallow Wetland Concept Total Area = 2.5 ac. Water Area = 1.95 ac. Rip-rap Around Outflow Construction Silt Fence Rip-rap Around Inflow
39 Cross-Section View of the Shallow Wetland Treatment Option 2 ft 1 ft System will provide a detention time of 12 hours at a flow rate of 2 cfs Mass removal occurs as a result of nutrient uptake and additional ET
40 Conceptual Schematic for the Water Diversion and Wetland Rehydration Option Construct 20 ft Wide weir
41 Schematic Overview of the Low-Dose Alum Addition Option Garden Lake Inflow 25% of inflow to lake -13% of TP loadings -P is primarily dissolved Construct low dose alum addition/aeration system Reduced TP concentrations Discharging through Dodd Rd. Creek Excess plant growth indicates elevated nutrient loadings in this area
42 Schematic of Proposed Aeration and Alum Addition System
43 Schematic of Aeration / Alum Addition Process Equipment
44 Comparison of Pollutant Removal Costs for the Evaluated Treatment Options Parameter Bear Gully Creek Diversion/ Wetland System Rehydration Garden Lake Inflow Current P Load 32.9 kg/yr 32.9 kg/yr 27.0 kg/yr Assumed P Removal 40% 30% 60% Annual P Removal 13.1 kg/yr 9.9 kg/yr 16.2 kg/yr Construction Cost $135,702 $35,145 $47,500 Annual O&M $5,000 $2,000 $7, yr PW Cost $235,702 $75,145 $195,400 P Removal Cost $900/kg $380/kg $603/kg
45 Conclusions BMP selection is a complex process which involves many factors which may not be adequately addressed in some projects Managers have a responsibility to spend tax Managers have a responsibility to spend tax dollars in the most responsible manner and should demand a thorough evaluation of all potential BMPs prior to selection
46 Questions?
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