Sanitary Surveys: Success and Opportunities for the Future

Transcription

1 Sanitary Surveys: Success and Opportunities for the Future Gregory T. Kleinheinz, R.S., Ph.D. Department of Biology and Microbiology University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh Oshkosh, WI Phone - (920) Fax - (920) kleinhei@uwosh.edu Julie Kinzelman, Ph.D., MT (ASCP) City of Racine Health Department 730 Washington Avenue Racine, WI Phone - (262) Fax - (262) julie.kinzelman@cityofracine.org

2 What are sources Great Lakes? Reported Sources Causing Beach Actions in Great Lakes States in 2005 (1,481 actions) Storm 7% Other 3% Unknown 90% C. Kovatch, USEPA National Beaches Conference, 2006

3 Motivation for Action Public perception/expectations Citizens value utility as condition of residence Economic issues Social issues Equity with regards to access Environmental protection/preservation Coastal habitat Fisheries and wildlife Public health

4 Wisconsin s Beaches chosen for Sanitary Surveys Widespread locations for comparative analyses 18 beaches

5 Beach Sanitary Surveys Goal To explore and accurately characterize beaches along Lake Michigan and Lake Superior in terms of identifying possible sources of microbial pollution entering the beach area.

6 Beach Sanitary Surveys:

7 Beach Sanitary Surveys:

8 Beach Sanitary Surveys:

9 Tools Used in Sanitary Survey Project

10 Source Determination or Microbial Source Tracking (MST) Methods Used Sanitary Survey & Land Use Evaluations Spatial Sampling/Additional Sampling Physical Evaluations Animal/Avian Evaluations Weather Effects (Rain, temp, etc.) Genetic Evaluations New Techniques (MALDI-TOF)

11 Land Use Evaluations & Sanitary Surveys

12 Rain Sampling 1,2,3,4,8,12 & 24 hrs after a rain event of >0.25 Less E.coli the farther from the beach Sand E.coli correlates to water E.coli >82,000 E.coli/100mL >325,000 E.coli/100mL

13 3000 E. coli (MPN/100mL.) /31/06 6/7/06 8/14/06 6/4/07 6/4/07 6/4/07 6/18/07 6/18/07 6/20/07 8/20/07 8/28/07 Rain Effects Case # Sample Hours E. coli (MPN/100 ml.) hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour 8 hour 12 hour 24 hour Sample Hours 6/21/04 8/8/05 5/30/06 6/6/06 7/9/06 7/26/06 8/2/06 8/13/06 6/4/07 6/4/07 6/4/07 6/18/07 6/18/07 6/20/07 7/10/07 7/12/07 8/20/07 8/23/07 8/28/07

14 E. coli (MPN/100mL.) /14/06 6/4/07 6/4/07 6/4/07 6/18/07 6/18/07 8/20/07 8/28/07 Rain Effects Case # N S3 l Sample Hours N S l E. coli (MPN/100 ml.) hour 2 hour 3 hour 4 hour 8 hour 12 hour 24 hour Sample Hour 7/25/05 8/10/05 8/26/05 5/30/06 7/9/06 7/17/06 7/20/06 7/24/06 7/26/06 5/19/07 5/24/07 6/2/07 6/4/07 6/18/07 6/18/07 6/18/07 7/10/07 7/11/07 7/12/07 7/26/07 8/20/07

15 E.coli MPN/100mL /30/2006 6/2/2006 Entire County Mean E.coli MPN/100mL and County Rainfall 6/6/2006 6/12/2006 6/15/2006 6/19/2006 6/22/2006 6/27/2006 7/3/2006 7/6/2006 7/11/2006 7/14/2006 7/18/2006 7/21/2006 Date E. coli Sturgeon Bay Rain Egg Harbor Rain Sister Bay Rain Case #1 7/26/2006 7/30/2006 8/2/2006 8/7/2006 8/10/2006 8/13/2006 8/16/2006 8/21/2006 8/24/2006 8/27/2006 8/30/ Rainfall (in.) Overall Evaluation and Data Analysis Overall Impact (ANOVA-Overall) Beach p-value Baileys Harbor Whitefish Dunes Egg Harbor Murphy Park Sister Bay Ellison Bay Sunset Nicolet Case #2 Seasonal Mean 1-3 hour mean 8 hour sample 12 hour sample 24 hour sample Seasonal Mean hour mean hour sample hour sample hour sample Seasonal Mean 1-3 hour mean 8 hour sample 12 hour sample 24 hour sample Seasonal Mean hour mean hour sample hour sample hour sample

16 What is Cladophora? Filamentous branched structure Rarely found pure in environment Mainly grows on hard surfaces From WIDNR 2004 Common in highly eutrophic waters Often forms large mats

17 Whitefish Dunes E. coli in Water - Event E. coli MPN/100mL A B C D E F G H I J A B C D E F G H I J Left w ater outside of mat Within mat Right w ater outside of mat Staked Water Samples

18 E.coli and Sand Table 1. Beaches included in the sand evaluation study and summary of data from Beach Mean Upshore Mean Swash Mean E.coli Sand E.coli CFU/g Sand E.coli CFU/g Mean Submerged Sand E.coli CFU/g from water MPN/100mL Baileys Harbor Ephraim Beach Fish Creek Otumba Park Sunset Park Whitefish Dunes Table 2. Beaches included in the sand evaulation study and summary of data from Beach Mean Upshore Mean Swash Mean E.coli Sand E.coli CFU/g Sand E.coli CFU/g Mean Submerged Sand E.coli CFU/g from water MPN/100mL Baileys Harbor Ephraim Beach Fish Creek Otumba Park Sunset Park Whitefish Dunes

19 Genetic Evaluations

20 Virtual Beach Predictive Model Figure 5: Whitefish Dunes Scatter plot. X-axis shows the true E. coli and Y-axis shows the estimated response or the predicted E. coli. p-value<0.005 which is significant and R 2 = %. Figure 4: Sunset Park Scatter plot. X-axis shows the true E. coli and Y-axis shows the estimated response or the predicted E. coli. p- value<0.005 and R 2 = %.

21 Beach Sanitary Surveys: Potential Contamination Sources Lake Superior Beach Sand Outfalls Animal Fecal Material on Beach Runoff through Beach Area Poor Beach Maintenance Lake Michigan Beach Sand Outfalls Large Gull Population & Feces Potential of CSOs Discharge from WWTPs Stormwater Runoff Cladophora/Algal Mats

22 Now that we have all this data what can we do? Make a Difference!

23 Best Management Practices Regular Maintenance of Storm Sewers and catch basins - Significant source of E.coli Street and Impervious Surface Cleaning Know where pipes come from and go Beach Grooming - CORRECTLY DONE Removal of Cladophora Storm Water Ordinances Public Signage/Public Education Pick-up pet waste, pick-up trash, Do Not feed birds, etc. Others?

24 Storm Water Infiltration

25 Sunset Park Beach Sturgeon Bay Door County, Wisconsin

26 Current

27 QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Future

28 Beach Nourishment Improved water flow Decreased size of swash zone Improved filtration Increased beach area Aesthetic improvement

29 After Before

30 Fish Creek Beach Town of Gibraltar Door County, Wisconsin

31 Existing Conditions

32 Planned Improvements QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.

33 QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Current Future

34 Beach Sanitary Surveys: Recommended Remediation Measures Bank Stabilization with Native Plants at Zoo Beach (Racine, WI) Better beach maintenance Stormwater runoff controls (diverting outfalls, vegetated swales, eliminating sources of seeps)

35 Beach Sanitary Surveys: Recommended Remediation Measures Removal of fecal material at beaches Cladophora (algae) removal Gull population control

36 Conclusions

37 Conclusions

38 Potential Local Sources Racine, WI Indirect or Non-Point Source Run-off (Impervious surface, Landscape) Algae Submerged sediments, Beach Sands Direct or Point Source CSO (regional) Boaters Bathers Storm Drains (infrastructure malfunctions) River (would also include NPS)

39 Where we found pollution & What the source likely was Local influences are predominant (spatial distribution) Regional influences unlikely (spatial distribution) Primarily beach sands and storm water discharge (spatial distribution) Algal mats may contribute if not removed (spatial distribution) E. coli in beach sands likely due to gulls (PCR, ARA) Storm water may have mixed human and non-human sources human specific Bacteroides detected in some samples (ARA + Bacteroides) Some potential for riverine influences under right conditions also mixed human and non-human sources (ARA + Bacteroides)

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41 2004 Spatial Distribution Study 80 samples by wading or boat Pre-rainfall, Rainfall, and Postrainfall samples Look for elevated levels of bacteria indicator organisms

42 When were Bathing Water Advisories Occurring? Wind Direction East winds associated with 49% of BWQF Wave Height 85% of BWQF occurred when waves were 1.0 ft. Precipitation Only 42% of BWQF were preceded by precipitation

43 Municipal Remediation Measures Reduce Impacts of Storm Water Remove Algae Reduce Amount of E. coli In Beach Sands

44 Basin English St. 150 cm pipe Drainage area acres ( hectares) Land Use 20-25% HD residential 20-22% multi-family 15-20% MD residential 12-15% Commercial 5-10% Industrial 5-6% Open space 1-2% Office, Institutional

45 Storm Drain Televising Severely cracked pipes at several points downstream Sanitary sewer defects Defects in laterals (sanitary infiltration) Deposits in catch basins Illicit discharge to storm drain system

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47 Step 1 -Outlet Relocated X

48 Step 2 - Chamber Installation

49 Step 3 - Construct Infiltration Basins Infiltration & Evaporation Basins Discharge to lake 1 First flush storm water Vorceptor removes solid wastes

50 Outfall Maintenance Inspect annually and after rain events of 5 cm Inspect sediment level in grit chamber quarterly Clean grit chambers annually Dry and landfill solid waste

51 Bypass Outlet Current Wetland Area

52 Algae (Cladophora) Algae contains bacterial indicators E. coli 25,000 cfu/ml enterococci = 800 cfu/ml If indicators are persistent in algae they may contribute to FIB burden

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54 Beach Grooming/Beach Slope Maintenance E. coli content in beach sands is influenced by the moisture content Large swales trap water and remain wetted Flat beach face allows for the encroachment of waves Deep beach grooming w/o leveling can promote drying

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56 Helpful Hints BSS will provide you with the information you need to determine pollutant sources Don t be overwhelmed by the process Take a partnership approach Public Works, Parks, Water/Wastewater, Health, Local Universities, Volunteers One person does not necessarily have to collect all of the data Some data can be collected pre- or post-beach season Be patient, work incrementally It took Racine 5 years to ID all sources and implement remediation sources We re all in this together People who have done this are likely willing to act as resources Racine s beach sanitary surveys have been posted on their website water quality research tab Some remediation measures are low/no cost Grant funding may be available for research/remediation Remediating beaches will benefit your community

57 Conclusions Collect reliable, defendable data on EACH location. Determine sources of E.coli local/shore-borne regional Utilize sustainable remediation approaches with minimal O&M costs whenever possible. Beach remediation/redesign will: convert the beach to a more natural setting increase water quality protect public health make each beach more aesthetically pleasing and more user friendly.

58 Beach Sanitary Surveys: Predictive Models Environmental data collected as part of a BSS can be used to begin constructing a predictive model Virtual Beach (USEPA model) Allows correlations between parameters and water quality (i.e. wave height, wind direction, rainfall, etc.) Data limitations prevent full use, i.e. you will likely need multiple years of data If funding continues, will use modeling simultaneously with sampling

59 Thank you!

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