NY-GEO Electrify Your Heat 2592

Transcription

1 NY-GEO-2017 Electrify Your Heat 2592 John D. Manning, PE April 19, 2017

2 Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-aia members are available upon request. This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

3 Copyright Materials This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. Earth Sensitive Solutions, LLC 2017

4 Course Description When considering strategies to reduce carbon emissions the obvious target of opportunity is to displace the use of fossil fuels to heat our buildings. Improving thermal envelopes and system efficiency is not aggressive enough to meet the urgent challenge. Due to the fact that only 5% of the market is in play in any given year and a 20% reduction in every one of the in play opportunities will only result in a 1% annual reduction and simply result in missed opportunities being put back into the 20 year cycle. The electrification of the heating market is the only strategy that can displace fossil fuels with significant market penetration and reliability. Electrification means using heat pumps to provide heating. Heat pumps will also provide air conditioning, domestic water heating, pool heating and many other low temperature (< 140 F) heating applications. Combining heat pumps with renewably generated electricity, either onsite or offsite will create a 100% reduction in carbon emissions, creating a potential of 5% annual reduction in the emissions associated with heating our buildings. Even without dedicated renewable generation to operate the heat pump there is a 50-70% reduction in emissions and as the grid becomes cleaner every heat pump installed will benefit. The operating characteristics of the various heat pump choices will also have a growing impact to the electrical grid. Overall kwh requirements as well as peak KW demand will be discussed to help a designer understand the implications of various choices in heat pumps.

5 Learning Objectives At the end of the this course, you will be able to: Articulate and communicate the key reasons why electrifying our heating industry is vitally important. Analyze and quantify the carbon emission and grid impact characteristics of various heat pump technologies. Investigate and challenge decisions made by others regarding your own construction/renovation project. Leverage your knowledge to strengthen your advocacy role in creating a more sustainable future.

6 ELECTRIFY YOUR HEAT Sustainable Solutions to Keep You Comfortable

7 ENERGY VS DEMAND British Thermal Unit (BTU) or Kilowatt-Hour (kwh) A Unit of Energy BTU/Hr (BTUH) or Kilowatt (KW) is a Unit of Demand or Load or Power or Capacity The Rate of Energy

8 ENERGY VS DEMAND Kilowatt-Hour (KWH) A KWH is a Unit of Energy 1 KWH = 3, BTU A Kilowatt (KW) is a Unit of Demand or Capacity or Load or Power

9 ENERGY VS DEMAND To Summarize: Energy Demand Heat/Thermal BTU BTU/Hr Electricity KWH KW

10 Total Energy for one year: HEATING YOUR HOME

11 HEATING YOUR HOME Burning Fossil Fuels Natural 92% Efficiency requires 1,087 Therms 94% Efficiency requires 1,165 gallons Fuel 82% Efficiency requires 877 gallons 70% Efficiency requires 8.66 Ton of Pellets 70% Efficiency requires 5.1 Ton of Coal

12 HEATING YOUR HOME Unfortunately, combustion will give you a whole lot more than. Carbon Dioxide & Water

13 HEATING YOUR HOME Thousands of other compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, classified as hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds, are also produced in the burning of fossil fuels. During combustion, some of the carbon remains unburned, and some other materials in coal and oil are not combustible; these come off as very small solid particles, called particulates, which are typically less than one ten thousandth of an inch in diameter, and float around in the air for many days. Smoke is a common term used for particulates large enough to be visible. Some of the organic compounds formed in the combustion process attach to these particulates, including some that are known to cause cancer. Coal contains trace amounts of nearly every element, including toxic metals like beryllium, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and lead, and these are released in various forms as the coal burns. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS

14 HEATING YOUR HOME Sulfur dioxide is associated with many types of respiratory diseases, including coughs and colds, asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. Studies have found increased death rates from high sulfur dioxide levels among people with heart and lung diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS

15 HEATING YOUR HOME Nitrogen oxides can irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia, and lower resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza; at higher levels it can cause pulmonary edema. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS

16 HEATING YOUR HOME Carbon monoxide bonds chemically to hemoglobin, the substance in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells, and thus reduces the amount of oxygen available to the body tissues. Carbon monoxide also weakens heart contractions, which further reduces oxygen supplies and can be fatal to people with heart disease. Even at low concentrations it can affect mental functioning, visual acuity, and alertness. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS

17 HEATING YOUR HOME Particulates, when inhaled, can scratch or otherwise damage the respiratory system, causing acute and/or chronic respiratory illnesses. Depending on their chemical composition, they can contribute to other adverse health effects. For example, benzo-a-pyrene, well recognized as a cancer-causing agent from its effects in cigarette smoking, sticks to surfaces of particulates and enters the body when they are inhaled. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS

18 HEATING YOUR HOME Hydrocarbons cause smog and are important in the formation of ozone. Ozone irritates the eyes and the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. It affects lung function, reduces ability to exercise, causes chest pains, coughing, and pulmonary congestion, and damages the immune system. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS

19 HEATING YOUR HOME Volatile organic compounds include many substances that are known or suspected to cause cancer. Prominent among these is a group called polycyclic aromatic, which includes benzo-a-pyrene mentioned above. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS

20 HEATING YOUR HOME Toxic metals have a variety of harmful effects. Cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium, and beryllium can cause cancer, and each of these has additional harmful effects of its own. Lead causes neurological disorders such as seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders, and it also contributes to high blood pressure and heart disease. Selenium and tellurium affect the respiratory system, causing death at higher concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS

21 HEATING YOUR HOME We don t need to discuss Climate Change when we are already killing millions by burning fossil fuels

22 CHOICES TO ELECTRIFY YOUR HEAT Electric Resistance Air Source Heat Pumps Water Source Heat Pumps

23 HEAT PUMPS 50 o F Heat Pumps are simply an electrical driven device that can move heat Where is your from a lower temperature to a higher 40 o F temperature. They must also obey fundamental laws of heat transfer and thermodynamics. heat pump? 90 o F 80 o F

24 ROOM 70 o F Carnot Cycle HEAT PUMPS Nicolas Carnot Work (Energy In) is directly related to the temperature Lift BEER 50 o F

25 Low Temperature Low Pressure Liquid/Gas Mixture Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Gas Expansion Device The Compressor is essentially a fixed displacement pump Cubic Feet/Hour Compressor High Temperature High Pressure Liquid Condenser High Temperature High Pressure Gas

26 Density of R410A versus Saturated Suction Temperature The Density of Refrigerant will 2.5 dictate the Capacity of the heat pump. Therefore, a o F Source will always have more capacity than a -10 o F Source by a factor of (1.68/0.77) = 219%

27 Compression Ratio of R410A versus Saturated Suction Temperature The Compression Ratio will 6.74 dictate the COP of the heat pump. Therefore, a 30 o F Source will always have a higher 3.03 COP than a -10 o F Source by a factor of (6.74/3.03) = 222%

28 HEATING YOUR HOME 100,000,000 BTU and 6,000 Heating Degree-Days and a 0 o F Outdoor Design Temperature results in a Design Heating Load of 58,622 BTU/Hr Good Practice would dictate 25% additional heating plant capacity to meet the extreme requirements of the Heating Envelope Minimum Capacity = 73,277 BTU/Hr

29 Btu/Hr 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 Heating Load Line & Bin Hour Distribution Curve Heat Load Design Heating Load Bin Hours HEAT PUMPS This area will dictate overall seasonal energy (KWH) 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, This point will dictate demand (KW) Outdoor Temperature

30 For our example in Syracuse, NY with a Design Heating Load of 58,622 BTU/Hr at 0 o F, and a Peak Heating Load of 70,346 BTU/Hr at -13 o F and requiring 100,000,000 BTU for the entire heating season. CHOICES Air Source Average COP = 2.2 Peak Demand = 21.7 KW Water Source Average COP = 4.4 Peak Demand = 6.9 KW Electric Resistance Average COP = 1.0 Peak Demand = 20.6 KW

31 COLD CLIMATE HEAT PUMPS Making Residential Heating and Cooling Climate- Friendly in New York State Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D.

32 For our example in Syracuse, NY with a Design Heating Load of 58,622 BTU/Hr at 0 o F, and a Peak Heating Load of 70,346 BTU/Hr at -13 o F and requiring 100,000,000 BTU for the entire heating season. 35,000 lbs of CO2 per Year CHOICES 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 - Pellets Coal Fuel Oil Elec Resistance Propane Natural Gas Air Source Heat Pump Geothermal Heat Pump

33 For our example in Syracuse, NY with a Design Heating Load of 58,622 BTU/Hr at 0 o F, and a Peak Heating Load of 70,346 BTU/Hr at -13 o F and requiring 100,000,000 BTU for the entire heating season. 35,000 lbs of CO2 per Year CHOICES 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 - Pellets Coal Fuel Oil Elec Resistance Propane Natural Gas Air Source Heat Pump Geothermal Heat Pump

34 ENERGY & DEMAND 35,000 Energy - KWH 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 - Elec Resistance Air Source Heat Pump Geothermal Heat Pump

35 ENERGY & DEMAND 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Energy(KWH) & Demand (KW) Elec Resistance Air Source Heat Pump Geothermal Heat Pump 0.0

36 WHY IS DEMAND IMPORTANT? Peak Heating Demand occurs at 6-8 AM Must rely on Utility Scale Generation the Grid Success at replacing Propane & Oil Heating Systems in New York State with either Air Source Heat Pumps or Geothermal Heat Pumps will have dramatically different results Electrifying our heating systems will undoubtedly shift our utility infrastructure from a summer peak to a winter peak. Current Summer Peak = 31.1 GW Current Winter Peak = 24.6 GW Conversion of all Propane & Fuel Oil will result in the following increase in Winter Peak Air Source Heat Pump = 25.7 GW Geothermal Heat Pump = 8.2 GW

37 WHY IS DEMAND IMPORTANT? Geothermal Heat pumps will create a winter Peak Demand that is roughly equivalent to the summer demand Air Source Heat Pumps will require additional generating capacity of approximately 17.5 GW At a construction cost of $6 per Watt this extra generation capacity will cost $105 Billion. or $51,220 per converted household

38 MORAL TO THAT STORY Sometimes the appearance of a bargain is merely an illusion

39 What s in Your House?

40 This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course New York Geothermal Energy Organization Bill Nowak Executive Director