The influence of the air quality on the physiological diseases of the urban ornamental forestry species

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1 PhD THESIS The influence of the air quality on the physiological diseases of the urban ornamental forestry species (THE SUMMARY OF THE PhD THESIS) PhD student Narcisa Peneghi (Marian) Scientific coordinator Professor Ioan Oroian PhD

2 Narcisa Peneghi (Marian)

3 The influence of the air quality on the physiological diseases of the urban ornamental forestry species Introduction The air quality control is the process of the quantitative, qualitative and repetitive observation and measurement of the concentration of one or several air constituents. The data delivered by the monitoring network allow the calculation of the indicators of the air quality, identification of the polluted areas, comparisons with threshold values of air quality established by regulation and rapid measurements of fight against pollution and prevention of pollution. The placement of the network of surveillance of the air quality must be selected in a manner that it is possible to monitor the cumulated effect of industry, traffic, warming of houses, and commercial spaces (PROOROCU et al., 8). The physiological diseases of the urban ornamental trees and air contaminants represented by macro and microelements There are several gaseous substances in air that could affect the plants and animals (including humans) health, or that could reduce visibility. These pollutiants may have origin from both natural and anthropic processes (AXELROD et al., 198). Forestry species with potential in using as biomonitoring agents The forestry species used in present study are: Pinus nigra Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia cordata The objectives In this study, the following objectives are aimed: The estimation of the air quality in the municipality of Cluj Napoca, from the point of view of the content in sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) The quantification of the biomonitoring capacity of the trees, used in ornamental aim in urban spaces, for pollution with macro and microelements The study of the interaction between the sulphur and nitrogen contents in foliar/needle tissue of the studied trees Testing the interactions between the sulphur and nitrogen contents in foliar/needle tissue of the studied trees and air content in NOx and SO2 The identification of the interrelationships between the manifesting of the physiological diseases and the tree capacity of biomonitoring I

4 Microgram/mc Narcisa Ioana Peneghi (Marian) The formulation of recommendations with the aim of experimental data integration in the practice of plant protection. Results and discussions The evolution of the nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide concentrations during the entire experimental period is variable within all four monitoring sites (Fig. 1) CLU-1 CLU-2 CLU-3 CLU-4 Locaţia NOx SO2 Fig. 1. The evolution of SO2 and NOx air concentrations, in experimental sites localized in Cluj Napoca, The concentrations in macro and microelements from the foliar/needle tissue of the ornamental trees used in experimental sites recorded variations that must be taken into consideration (Fig. 2-9), and where these are over the allowed limits, they produce physiological diseases, affirmation that can be sustained by the aspects of the foliar/needle tissues aspects (Fig. 1). II

5 g/kg The influence of the air quality on the physiological diseases of the urban ornamental forestry species Fig. 2. The evolution sulphur concentrations, in foliar tissue of Tilia cordata, Pinus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, and, in experimental sites localized in Cluj Napoca, / Fig. 3. The evolution of nitrogen concentrations, in foliar tissue of Tilia cordata, Pinus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, and, in experimental sites localized in Cluj Napoca, III

6 Narcisa Ioana Peneghi (Marian) Fig. 4. The evolution of silica concentrations, in foliar tissue of Tilia cordata, Pinus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, and, in experimental sites localized in Cluj Napoca, Fig. 5. The evolution of aluminium concentrations, in foliar tissue of Tilia cordata, Pinus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, and, in experimental sites localized in Cluj Napoca, IV

7 The influence of the air quality on the physiological diseases of the urban ornamental forestry species Fig. 6. The evolution of zinc concentrations, in foliar tissue of Tilia cordata, Pinus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, and, in experimental sites localized in Cluj Napoca, Fig. 7. The evolution of copper concentrations, in foliar tissue of Tilia cordata, Pinus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, and, in experimental sites localized in Cluj Napoca, V

8 Narcisa Ioana Peneghi (Marian) Fig. 8. The evolution of lead concentrations, in foliar tissue of Tilia cordata, Pinus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, and, in experimental sites localized in Cluj Napoca, Fig. 9. The evolution of cadmiumconcentrations, in foliar tissue of Tilia cordata, Pinus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, and, in experimental sites localized in Cluj Napoca, VI

9 The influence of the air quality on the physiological diseases of the urban ornamental forestry species N Aesculus hippocastanum - Si Pb Tilia cordata - Al a - CLU-1 Tilia cordata S, Cd b - CLU-2 - N Tilia cordata S Tilia cordata Si Pinus nigra - Zn, Cu Aesculus hippocastanum - Si, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd c - CLU-3 d - CLU-4 Fig. 1. Aspects of physiological diseases of foliar/needle tissues in monitored trees from the experimemtal sites, Cluj Napoca, VII

10 Narcisa Ioana Peneghi (Marian) Conclusions and recommendations Concerning the evolution of the SO2, during the assembly of the experimental period April September, 14 and 15, in experimental site located in the proximity of the monitoring station of urban type CLU 2, were reported the biggest values of the SO2 concentrations (21.4 μg/m 3 ), while the minimal values were reported in the experimental site located in the proximity of the monitoring station of industrial type CLU - 4, 7.76 μg/m 3, respectively. During the assembly of the experimental period April September, 14 and 15, concerning the evolution of the NOx, in experimental site located in the proximity of the monitoring station of urban type CLU 2, respectively, there were reported the biggest values of the NOx concentrations (83.5 μg/m 3 ), while the minimal values were reported in the experimental site located in the proximity of the monitoring station of industrial type CLU - 4, r 42.4 μg/m 3 NOx, respectively. The results of the present research, demonstrate, in this way, that in species Tilia cordata and are reported the biggest capacities of sulphur and nitrogen bioaccumulation, while in the species Pinus nigra, and Aesculus hippocastanum are reported the lowest capacities of sulphur and nitrogen bioaccumulation. The Tilia cordata specie has proofed that has the biggest capacity of bioaccumulation of silica (974.12, CLU 3), aluminum (159.68, CLU 1) şi cadmium (3.71, CLU 24). The Pinus nigra specie has proofed that has the biggest capacity of bioaccumulation of silica (122.85, CLU 1), zinc (87.4, CLU 3) and copper (66.4, CLU 3). The Aesculus hippocastanum specie has proofed that has the biggest capacity of bioaccumulation of silica (98.99, CLU 1), zinc (5.18, CLU 3), copper (99.71, CLU 4), lead (33.9, CLU 4) and cadmium (3.45, CLU 4). VIII

11 The influence of the air quality on the physiological diseases of the urban ornamental forestry species The specie has proofed that has the biggest capacity of bioaccumulation of silica (98.99, CLU 3). The specie has proofed that has the biggest capacity of bioaccumulation of lead (34.52, CLU 4). Recommendations Within the studied areal, in the proximity of the monitoring station of urban type CLU 2, located in the center of the Cluj Napoca municipality, where there is recorded the biggest pollution with nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide, we recommend the plantation of a bigger number of ornamental trees belonging to the species Tilia cordata, and, species that have the biggest capacity of retention of these elements. According to the results of our study, we recommend the plantation of the chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and linden (Tilia cordata) species in urban areas where there the risk of heavy metal pollution may be encountered, and also the risk of pollution with sulphur and nitrogen. This recommendation is based on the high capacity of the above mentioned tree species to monitor the air pollution with the greatest majority of these pollutants. IX

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