PLUMBING SYSTEMS. Plumbing Systems

Transcription

1 PLUMBING SYSTEMS DRAINAGE outhouse: American outback inhouse: Canadian city Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 1 Plumbing Systems Potable water supply (fit for human consumption) Cold Hot (perhaps with recirculation loop) Sanitary drainage (waste water and stuff) Black water (contains human wastes) Greywater (no human waste content) Typically, black water and greywater are combined Storm drainage (rain water) today s focus Specialty (medical gases, natural gas, lab waste, ) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 2 1

2 Sanitary Drainage These sanitary systems demand large quantities of clean water, a thousand times the volume of what is being carried off. But water is still almost free in most places: delivered pure, under pressure, to any room, far from its source, on instant call with rare interruption, for only three cents a ton. What other commodity can match that? So we waste it. Kevin Lynch: Wasting Away Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 3 Sanitary Drainage Subsystems Source Waste-producing devices (fixtures) of all types Collection (generally by gravity flow) Pipes, traps, vents, and accessories (backflow preventers, grease traps, etc.) Disposal Public (a utility) Private (septic tank, Living Machine, composter, ) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 4 2

3 Disposal Subsystem (Where it Goes) Public Usually a utility (public or private) A building will connect to the utility s sewer network Connection conditions are dependent upon the utility (get information during design) Waste treatment is provided by the utility Treated water is returned to the hydrologic cycle; solids are used or disposed of Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 5 Disposal Subsystem (Where it Goes) Private All responsibility lies with the building owner Treatment/disposal is accomplished by the owner Effluent quality is the responsibility of the owner Capacity is dependent upon design of system The waste sink may be a septic tank (or similar), a private conventional treatment system, or an alternative disposal means Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 6 3

4 Alternative Disposal Composting Toilets installed in building, requires collection volume (right) and regular maintenance; fixture (left) has a somewhat different look Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 7 Alternative Disposal Living Machines an on-site biological waste treatment system, requires space/volume, maintenance, an operator Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 8 4

5 Alternative Disposal Living Machines Findhorn Ecovillage in Moray, Scotland Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 9 Conventional Disposal Waste Collection Subsystem Sanitary drainage piping (with 4 elements): Branches ( horizontal pipe runs) Stacks (vertical pipe runs) Building drain (the main collector inside building) Building sewer (the drain outside of building) Pipes are sized on the basis of connected fixture units (dictated by code), and such sizing is affected by diversity Pipes are typically from 1-1/2 diameter to say 8, with 3 min diameter common for water closets Waste piping requires more coordination than water supply piping due to gravity flow restrictions and size Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 10 5

6 Sanitary Drainage Piping Cast iron Plastic (very common) Must always slope downward (to preserve potential for gravity flow; if pipe must run upward [as from a basement] then a pump is required) Gentle bends and cleanouts are required (to avoid clogs) Accessories: sump pump, grease trap, check valve, etc. (may be required depending upon project) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 11 Sizing Sanitary Drainage Piping each fixture has a drainage fixture unit loading and a minimum trap size 2006 International Plumbing Code which leads to Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 12 6

7 Sizing Sanitary Drainage Piping empirically developed prescriptive pipe sizing requirements 2006 International Plumbing Code compare >> this shows gravity at work Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 13 Sanitary Drainage Piping oops? or intentional? ^^ plastic pipe: with continuous slope, gentle bends ^^ cast iron; cleanout Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 14 7

8 Sanitary Drainage Piping ^^ cast iron: stack, with cleanout ^^ glass (lab waste): stack Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 15 Trap Traps and Vents A water seal is established to keep sewer gases from entering a building through a pipe that would otherwise directly connect a fixture to a sewer Required by code Integral with some fixtures; a separate element for most fixtures Connected to a venting system (a separate piping network) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 16 8

9 Trap this gap acts as a backflow preventer if no fixtures above stack Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 17 Vent (a system) Traps and Vents A network of piping that prevents siphoning of the water seal on a trap by equalizing pressure across the trap Required by code Required for all drain branches Vent system connects to atmosphere (usually through roof) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 18 9

10 Vents watch out on green roofs gasses up wastes down Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 19 Sanitary Drainage Piping Network retrofit of an old building, England Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 20 10

11 Fixtures The Source Sub-system Minimum required fixtures are dictated by building codes Actual installed fixtures are derived from the owner s project requirements (OPR) A drainage fixture is any device that generates sanitary waste, including: dishwasher, refrigerator, washing machine, water closet, lavatory, shower, janitor sink, drinking fountain, floor drain, etc. Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 21 Floor Drains Floor drains can be problematic fixtures; although they have traps, if the drain is not used very much the trap will dry out (rendering it useless as an odor-blocking device) Standard Practical Plumbing (1910) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 22 11

12 Water-Conserving Fixtures << waterless urinal sensoractivated flow control >> ^^ pressure-assisted water closet Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 23 Project Coordination The architect s job Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 24 12

13 Would You Use It? Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 25 Would You Use It? Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 26 13

14 Storm Drainage Systems Disposal sink Public (a utility ideally this will involve a separate storm drainage system) Private (on-site retention / detention areas) Collection Drains, piping, perhaps storage Storage may be used to collect water for some on-site use (landscaping, toilet flushing, etc.) or simply to delay water release into the public collection system (to reduce impact) Sources Rain-impacted surfaces (roofs, patios, parking,..) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 27 Disposal Sinks Public Usually provided by a utility Building connects into a utility s storm drain network Connection capacity (and availability) dependent upon utility (get data during design) Water disposal is handled by the utility Water is returned to the hydrologic cycle; pollutants may be removed and disposed of (or not) Combined storm/sanitary systems are an environmental disaster on site (private) stormwater mitigation is very valuable in these situations More and more localities are requiring on-site stormwater mitigation Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 28 14

15 Disposal Sinks Private Stormwater is the responsibility of the building owner Treatment and disposal are by the owner Outflow water quality is responsibility of owner Capacity is dependent upon design of system The sink may be a retention/detention pond, bioswale, pervious pavement, green roof, or other approach Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 29 Disposal Sinks Detention pond: is a low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location; they are essentially for flow control when large amounts of rain could cause excessive runoff Retention pond: is designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely (to maintain a certain capacity); will usually drain to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity Wetland: an area of land that is saturated with water for at least part of the year and contains plants and animals that are adapted to live in these conditions. Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 30 15

16 On-Site Storm Water Control Sinks detention pond ^^ << retention pond ^^ green roof Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 31 Collection and Retention bioswales and rain leaders, Water Pollution Control Lab, Portland, OR Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 32 16

17 Collection Detailing Philip Merrill Center Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 33 Conventional Storm Drainage Piping Storm drainage piping Can be external to building (gutters/downspouts) Can be internal to building (roof or area drains, pipes) Are often insulated if internal (to prevent condensation due to cold water during winter) Sized on the basis of drained surface area and design rainfall amount (dictated by code) Pipes are typically from 2 diameter up to say 8 Not affected by diversity (rainfall is coincident) Gravity flow system (always downhill, gentle turns) Provide safety outlets and backups Use common sense (place drains at low points) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 34 17

18 Conventional Storm Drainage roof drain (with backup) roof drain branch piping emergency scuppers Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 35 Sizing Storm Drainage Piping design rainfall allowable collection area for pipe size (vertical or horizontal) empirical, prescriptive sizing 2006 International Plumbing Code Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 36 18

19 Sanitary + Storm Drainage in 1 Pipe = Combined Sewer System combined sewer systems are common in older cities and are simply put stupid; there is no need to fully treat rain water and combining rain and sewage often results in dumping untreated wastes into watersheds a combined sewer system is a good rationale for a green roof Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 37 The Energy Side of Water/Waste energy is consumed by sewage pumping, treatment, and support services; energy can be produced by biomass from the treatment process Melbourne (Australia) water and sewage: Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 38 19

20 Green Roofs ACROS Fukuoka, Fukuoka City, Japan; hardscape versus greenscape ecosalon.com/high-tech-green-roof-technology-in-architecture/ Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 39 Conventional versus Green Roofs resistively reduce heat flow provide green habitat; mitigate solar radiation; delay water flow; capacitively reduce heat flow shed and collect water conventional green understand OPR when considering a green roof topdesign72.com/ Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 Grondzik 40 20