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2 H HLS GOHRMAL OAL AD S DVLOM: A UDA B.S. olentino and B.C. Bu5ing Geathermk Division OC nergy ~ evel~p~ent Corporation 791 MaRd Avenge Mahati, Metra Manila, hilippines ABSRAC Within a span of 12 years, since the 1973 oil crisis, the hilippines has become the world s second largest producer of geothermal energy. oday, the country has four developed geothermal fields with a combined generating capacity of 894 MWe, and about 25 more prospects in various stages of exploration and development. he hilippines hopes to attain a 5 percent energy self-sufficiency by the end of 1985, and possibly greater towards the turn of the decade, with development of its geothermal and other indigenous-energy programs. ~RO~UCO~ he hilippines, like most developing countries, was stunned by the 1973 oil crisis, As it was almost 95 percent dependent on imported oil, supply uncertainties threatened to abort on-going programs on econom~c, social and political development of the country. What was worst was the skyrocketting oil bill - from only US $2 million in 1974 to as high as US 92.6 billion in (Ministry of nergy, 1984a). he government s initial steps towards greater participation in the oil industry - from refining to marketing, and even international and inter-island oil movement - provided some cushion to the impact of the energy crisis. But it became increasin~y clear that the country could not forever depend on imported oil, and thus, alternative energy resources should be tapped to ultimately achieve energy self-reliance. he govern~ent, therefore, was forced to embark on an energy strategy which would reduce the country s dependence on foreign petroleum. his energy strategy mandates, among other things, the implementation and maintenance of a comprehensive, Figure. nergy self-reliance (in percentage independence from foreign oil). aggressive and accelerated energy resources development program. hus, diversification from depletable to alternative sources of energy was accelerated, with emphasis on indigenously abundant and regenerative forms (Malixi and olentino, ). And slowly but steadily, geothermal is rising to the top of all these alternative sources in chopping down the country s dependence on oil. GOHR~AL RGY S ~ ~ R ~ U ~ ~ n, geothermal energy accounted for 7.3 million barrels of oil equivalent (MMBO) of the total energy used 157

3 ~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ he hilippines able 1. ational Geothermal ower xpansion rogram, nstalled and lanned Capacities (in MWe) Field otal 199 iwi 3. Mak-Ban ongona n al inpi non Bacon- Mani to otal Cumulative otal able 2. ational ower xpansion rogram nstalled and lanned Capacities (in MWe) otal 199 Geothermal Luzon Visa yas Mindanao.. Sub-otal Fossil Fuels Luzon 2,2. Visa yas Mi nda nao Sub-otal 2, , Hydroelectric Luzon 1, Visa yas 2.o. Mindanao Sub-otal 1, ,586.8 uclear Luzon Sub-total 62. OAL 4, Cummulative otal 4,989. 5,99. 5,719. 5,829. 5, ,89.5 6,89.5 SOURC: ational ower Corporation ower xpansion rogram, June in the country, or an equivalent of 7.14 percent contribution (Ministry of nergy, ). he following year, 1984, saw its contribution rise to 8.33 percent, or 7.8 MMBO worth about US $27 million - second only to the 1 percent contribution of hydro resources to the country s energy requirement (Velasco, 1985). t was a major leap in the geothermal sector s share of the pie from a low 2.73 MMBO in with 223 MWe of generating capacity, to the 1984 level with 894 MWe of installed capacity. About this time also, the country s dependence on foreign oil has been reduced to 58 percent - down from 64.5 percent in (Figure 1) and closer to the target of 5 percent energy self-reliance by 1985 (Velasco, 1985). H AS: A RSUM6 he hilippines has a geothermal advantage by being located within the so-called Circum-acific Belt of. Fire where vast geothermal resources associated with decadent tectono-volcanism have been proven to exist. arly workers from the Commission on Volcanology (now hilippine nstitute of Volcanology and Seismology) obviously realized this advantage when they initiated local studies on geothermal energy in n cooperation with the ational Science Development Board (now ational Science and echnology Authority), they conducted geoscientific exploration initially in the iwi area (Figure 2), and later in some other localities with known thermal manifestations such as ongonan and Mak-Ban. he iwi project gained more momemtum when an electric bulb was lighted by geothermal power for the first time in the hilippines on April 12,1967. And before the end of this year, the hilippine legislature passed a law facilitating access to geothermal prospect areas and setting aside such areas as national reservations. hus, long before the crisis that started in 1973, the hilippines had laid down the groundwork for the exploitation of geothermal e ne rg y. Continued exploration in iwi resulted in the successful installation of a 2.5-kW noncondensing pilot plant utilizing geothermal steam. his plant paved the way for the government s decision to start the commercial 158

4 olentino and Buffing. * XLAAO : A VOLCAC/GOHRMAL CRS ARAS UDR DVLOM ARAS ADVACD SAG OF XLORAO - ROOSD/WH AL XLORAO ': 1 CAGUA 9 CAGAYA BAOG- BUHAY/MA-SADAGA M. ROVC DAKLA, BBU ACUA, BGU M. LABO, CAMARS OR - M. AUBO MAK LG -BAAHAW BACO-MA SORSOGO -ALBAY ROS, SORSOGO MABll,BAAGAS MO L AGO MDOR,OR AL MARDUQU, SLAD - BlLlRA, LY OGOA,LY BURAU, LY AAHAWA,LY ALAWA SLAD WL O -DAM GROS OCCDAL MlSAMlS OCCDAL SURGAO BAL1 GA SA G M SA M S OR AL MA A-AMACA DAVAO DL OR M. AO-KDAAWA COABAO M. MAUUM COABAO Figure 2. hilippine geothermal areas undergoing exploration and development 159

5 he hilippines development of the iwi field. he ational ower Corporation (C) was given the task of exploring and developing the field through a service contract with hilippine Geothermal nc. (G), a subsidiary of Union Oil of California. While iwi was being developed, C, and later OC-nergy Development Corporation (OC-DC), continued to explore more prospects, notably ongonan and alinpinon in the Visayas and Mak-Ban in Luzon (Figure 2). he efforts paid off with the installation of a 3-MWe pilot power plant in ongonan in July, and the subsequent commercial utilization of geothermal energy with the harnessing of 22 MWe for the Luzon grid from two 55-MWe generating units each in the iwi and Mak- Ban fields. he following years saw the continuous build up of geothermal generating capacity, proceeding with the upgrading of the iwi and Mak-Ban fields in 198, and 1984, and the commissioning by OC-DC of a MWe plant each in ongonan-and alinpinon in (able 1). By the end of 1984, a total of 894 MWe was already on stream, supplying 66 MWe to the Luzon grid and the rest to the Visayas (able 2). FLD DVLOMS. Assessments of the geothermal potential of developed fields such as ongonan, alinpinon, iwi, Mak-Ban (Ministry of nergy, 1984b) and lately Bacon-Manito, indicate that reserves are in excess of present and planned generating capacities (Figure 3). iwi at present has a proven capacity of 5 MWe at the wellheads of 87 productive wells. Mak-Ban he second area developed by G, Mak-Ban in Laguna, has 415 MWe of proven capacity, and presently generates 3 MWe for the Luzon power grid. o date 69 wells have been reported completed of which 14 are injection wells. he third power plant in this field was commissioned in 1984, adding 11 MWe to geothermal s contribution to the energy requirement of Luzon sland. ongonan So far, the ongonan field in the Visayas appears to have the largest reserves in the country. he sector of the field that has been adequately tested has an assessed potential of 45 MWe for a plant life of 25 years. he total field reserves is estimated at 885 MWe. A total of 52 deep wells have been completed since the start of field development in ; 38 are tested production wells, nine are injection wells, and the rest are either nonproductive or to be tested yet. While 36 MWe have been confirmed at the wellheads of the 38 production wells, only 12 of these wells were proven to be sufficient to fully support the first MWe power plant in the field. Another 37.5 MWe generating unit is planned for installation in 1989 when the projected industrial consumption of electricity in Leyte and the neighboring island of Samar will have increased. ali npi non A second field in the Visayas, alinpinon on the island of egros, is also in an advanced stage of development. he MGAWAS 6 lwl OGOA MAKBA ALO BACMA OHRS Figure 3. Geothermal development status first plant, the MWe alinpinon, was put in operation in, and plans are on the way for the development and ultimate installation of a second MWe power facility in the 199 s. A total of 53 deep wells have been drilled, including the two exploration wells in the Dauin project extension. hirty-two of these wells have been tested productive; 12 are for injection purposes, and the rest are either nonproductive or have yet to undergo testing. A total of 18 MWe has been confirmed from the tested production wells, and 21 of these wells are alternately hooked up to the MWe plant. Assessments done on the field have put its reserves at about 7 MWe for a 25-year plant life (Geothermx,, ). Bacon-Mani to he fifth geothermal field in an advanced stage of development is Bacon-Manito in Southern Luzon. ighteen deep wells had been completed by the end of 1984, and another well is being drilled at the time of this writing. hirteen of these wells have a combined tested output of 73 MWe, while three are dedicated for injection purposes. Recent asses,ments on the resource within a drilled area of about 12 km indicate that reserves of about 15 MWe for a 25-year plant life have already been delineated (Buning and others, 1985). lans for a 11-MWe power facility are thus on the way for a projected full commissioning in hree more exploration wells were also drilled for direct heat utilization in the Manito lowlands, an extension of the Bacon-Manit Geothermal roject, north of the present site of the 11-MWe power development. XLORAO ACVS BY OC-DC oday there are at least 27 identified geothermal prospects in the country, dotted by more than a hundred surface thermal manifestations that occur as hot and warm springs, cold springs, geysers, solfataras, fumaroles, altered ground, boiling mud pools and others. Most of these prospects have been identified with about 25 volcanic 16

6 olentino and Bu'iing centers punctuating the entire length of the archipelago. (See nformation About Geothermal Localities, able 3 of accompanying Summary Country Update.) Luzon sland, orthern hilippines Mt: inatubo, OC-DC completed a year-long comprehensive geoscientific investigation of the Mt. inatubo prospect in Zambales, Luzon sland in early Analyses of the data indicate a resource with geochemically estimated temperatures in excess of " Cy situated within a geological environment typical of most hilippine geothermal fields, i.e., within the peripheries of coalescing ertiary to Quaternary andesitic volcanoes. xtensive thermal manifestation, such as steaming vents, altered ground and warm springs also abound in the area. Because of its strategic location with regards to power demand and proximity to the power-hungry cities of central Luzon, this field has a high priority for power development. rosin-bulusan. his prospect in Sorsogon, Luzon sland also promises to be a viable geothermal project. Although exploration activities in the area were temporarily suspended in 1984, the information gathered so far is more than enough to justify future detailed investigations. he area is situated about 35 km south of the Bacon-Manito field at the western limb of the active Bulusan Volcano. OC-DC also conducted the geoscientific investigation of the prospect. Visayas Region, Central hilippines Biliran and Burauen. n the Visayas Region, Central hilippines, the Biliran and Burauen prospects in the province of Leyte top the list of priority areas for future development. Both prospects lie along the path of the Central hilippine Fault. he Biliran prospect has three deep exploration wells having a combined output of about 8 MWe. he third well is rated at 4.9 MWe. A maximum temperature of 332 C was measured in this well, and it was interpreted as an indication of proximity of the exploration drilling sites to the center of the resource. Additionally, vertical electrical soundings (VS) taken at 19 stations in early 1984 provided information supportive of the indications from the well data. Detailed geochemical, geological and geophysical investigations in the Burauen prospect were completed in. Aside from the impressive surface thermal manifestations, which abound all over the prospect, analyses of the data are suggestive of an extensive and high temperature resource ( >" C). A three-well exploration drilling has been planned for the area. Mindanao-alawan Region, Southern hilippines Manut-Arnacan. n the Mindanao-alawan region in the Southern hilippines, seven geothermal localities have been identified. he Manat-Amacan prospect in Davao del orte has had the most extensive exploration activities including a complete surface geoscientific investigation, three shallow exploration wells (957 to 167 m deep), and one deep exploration well (2692 m) that was completed and tested in. A maximum temperature of 267 C was.. recorded in the deep well, and indications of a possible resource were observed. his well, which builds up pressure and discharges without stimulation, however, displays a cyclic behaviour and dies down a few hours after each discharge. ermeability problems are, at the moment, being entertained as one of the major causes of such behavior. Mt. Ao-Kidapawan. Another promising geothermal area in Mindanao is the Mt. Apo-Kidapawan prospect at the foot of the famous Mt. Apo. Data from a suite of geoscientific surveys conducted in 1984 are now being analyzed for siting of the first exploration wells in this prospect. A combined interpretation of traverse (Schlumberger resistivity survey) and sounding data defined a geophysical target area of about 15 to 28 km2 at the northwestern side of Mt. Apo. Reservoir temperatures greater than OOC have been estimated by geochemical analyses of discharges from numerous warm and hot springs, gas seepages and solfataras in the area. nitial geoscientific studies ranging from reconnaissance surface investigations to shallow exploratory well drilling has also been conducted at other prospects throughout the archipelago, such as: Mt. Cagua, Mabini -Lemery, Mon telago- auj an, Ma ri nduque sland, Anahawan, Mambucal, anay sland, Balingasag, Malindang, Mt. Matutum and Surigao. More detailed work on these areas will be conducted according to national priorities on energy development. XLORAO BY OHR AGCS OC-DC was not alone in the exploration of the country's geothermal prospects. he Bureau of nergy Development (BD) has also been undertaking geothermal activities. Luzon sland Daklan and Buguias. n cooperation with the Japan nternational Cooperation Agency (JCA), BD started the exploration of Daklan and Buguias in 198. he Buguias project, however, has been suspended since August, and only works in Daklan were completed in with lectroconsult of taly and OC-DC, joining in drilling and testing the.five deep exploration wells. valuation of the field and well data of Daklan provided evidence for the presence of a geothermal resource beneath the area. However, the limited zones of permeability intersected by the wells have restrained commercial steam production, with only one well producing 3 MWe. Acupan-2togon.JCAs interest on Buguias was shifted to a new area, the Acupan-togon prospect in Benguet, in. horough surface geological, geophysical and geochemical investigations were, thus, conducted by JCA and BD, followed by the drilling of seven shallow thermal gradient holes until early rior to the drilling of the first exploration well, OC-DC also conducted shallow resistivity surveys over a 326 km2 area to possibly correlate the resistivity anomalies found in Daklan to those of Acupan. Results revealed an isolated 6-km2 resistivity anomaly, which appears to be associated with the thermal 161

7 he hilippines manifestations about a volcanic breccia pipe near the center of the prospect. At the time of this writing, the first deep exploration well is nearing completion at a total depth of 2 m. Batong-Bubay. n, Caltex (hilippines) nc. was awarded a survey permit by BD for the exploration of Batong-Buhay in Kalinga-Apayao and Mainit-Sadanga in the Mountain rovince. he award was extended to June for additional geoscientific work in Batong-Buhay, where a 1-ohm-meter anomaly was defined over an area of approximately 6 km2. he exploration also resulted in the identification of more hot springs and fumaroles in previously unexplored terrain, and the preliminary siting of deep exploratory wells. Mainit-Sadanga, Work in the Mainit-Sadanga prospect involved an assessment of the operating conditions for exploration, as well as a survey on the sites for three temperature gradient holes and resistivity survey stations. n southern Luzon, two prime prospects for geothermal energy were also investigated by two foreign exploration firms under the one-year nonexclusive geothermal exploration permit granted by BD. Mt, Labo. otal xploration (OAL) and hilippine Oil and Geothermal xploration, nc. (OG) conducted geoscientific works over 12, ha in the Mt. Lab prospect. reliminary analyses of photogeological and volcanological studies, and resistivity surveys indicate the possible existence of a 15 km2 resource area with temperatures greater than 26 C. he field data were sent to Occidental etroleum, USA, for review and further in te rpre ta t ions. ~rjga-sarog. he riga-sarog prospect, not too far from the Mt. Lab area, was surveyed by Ultrana uclear and Minerals Corporation (with Canada orthwest nergy, Ltd.) in. Reconnaissance geological and geochemical studies were conducted in the area. DRC HA ULZAO Geothermal energy development in the hilippines is not confined to electrical power generation. Considerable effort has been spent also on direct industrial application, with the hilippine nstitute of Volcanology and Seismology (HVOLCS) in the forefront, n March 1.973, a salt-making plant utilizing geothermal water for evaporation was first put to operation in iwi, at the site of the present 3 MWe power generation facility (Commission on Volcanology, 1973). Various studies on other applications of geothermal water also produced encouraging results. A fish canning process utilizing geothermal steam has been developed by HVOLCS () at its pilot plant in iwi. he results proved the absence of microbial growth and the acceptability of the products. Research on the feasibility of extracting magnesium and potassium chloride from the pilot plant's waste products is also under way. he establishment of an industrial estate in the Manito Lowlands, the northern extension of the Bacon- Manito Geothermal roject, is also being studied. Results from tests conducted on the three exploration wells in this area proved that sufficient mass and heat are available for direct heat application of geothermal energy. n the list of uses offered to the private sector are grain and abaca pulp drying, two of the leading means of livelihood of the Manito folks, aside from fish drying. GOHRMAL MAOWR DVLOM Coupled with the government's aggressive energy development strategies is also an extensive manpower development program. On-the-job training with experts from ew Zealand has been successfully implemented. Special studies from short training missions to masterate and doctorate studies for the local geothermal scientists and engineers have been given full support by the hilippine government and sponsoring countries and international agencies such as: ew Zealand, celand, Japan, taly, USA, and the United ations Development rogramme. nhouse personnel development programs have also been pursued by the government agencies involved in geothermal exploration and development in the country, all of which aregeared towards the development of a highly capable, sufficient indigenous manpower base. OULOOK he hilippines, at present, has a total of 5,99 MWe installed capacity, of which 894 MWe (17.5%) is geothermal (able 2). With this capacity, the eight commercial geothermal power plants in four producing fields in the country produced a combined output of about 4, gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 1984, which was 2S.5 percent of the total electrical energy generated in that year (able 3). With the planned commissioning of the first nuclear power plant in the country in 1985, and other power plants in the succeeding years, geothermal's contribution to the total energy demand is expected to decline percentagewise. onetheless, the completion of a 11-MWe geothermal power plant in the Bacon-Manito field, Luzon sland, and an additional 37.5-MWe generating unit in the ongonan field, byte sland, will bring the nationwide installed geothermal capacity to 1,41.5 MWe and a projected utilization of 6,535 GWh by 199 (able 3). Sustained exploration of more prospects throughout the country, not only by government-owned agencies, but also by interested foreign investors can eventually make the hilippines the world's leading producer of geothermal power, and a major user of geothermal water for direct industrial applications before the turn of the century. ACK~O~L~GM~ he authors are indebted to Dr. R.S. unongbayan of the hilippine nstitute of Volcanology and Seismology, Mr... Minette of hilippine Geothermal ncorporated, Dr. R. Datuin of the ational ower Corporation, and Mr. A.C. roncales of the Bureau of nergy Development for the invaluable information they provided for this paper. 162

8 ~~ ~ ~~ olentino and Buiiing able 3. hilippines nergy Generation Mix (GWh)# nergy Source 1984, Geothermal 4, % 4, 25.5% 4,686.5% 5,682.4% 6,131.5% 6,535.4% Fossil Fuels 11, % 7, % 6, 31.4% 6,7 26.8% 7, % 8, % Hydroelec'tric 2, % 5, % 6, % 7, % 7, % 8,142.4% uclear % % 1,9 9.9% 3, % 3, % 3, % OAL 18,681 1 % 17,781 1 % 19,112 1 % 23,333 1 % 35,33 1 % 26, % #SOURC: ational ower Corporation xpansion rogram, June Heartfelt thanks are also due to Ms..J. Aventurado, R.C.M. Malate,.F. Lataro,.A. Victoria and.g. Garcia of the Geothermal Division of OC-DC for their efforts on this project. RFRCS Buning, B.C., R.A. Camales, R.C.M. Malate, M..G. Urbino, V.C: Clemente, M.C. Vergara,.L. Bueta, H.. Ferrer,and J.B. ornuevo, 1985, A resource assessment for the proposed 11-MWe Bac-Man geothermal power plant: OC-DC unpublished report, hilippines, 147 p. Geothermx, nc.,, An evaluation of the geothermal reservoir at alinpinon, egros Oriental, the hilippines (unpublished), 379 p. Geothermx, nc.,, Geothermal resource assessment for alinpinon 1 plant, egros Oriental, the hilippines (unpublished), 88 p. Malixi,.V., and B.S. olentino,, hilippine geothermal potential and national strategies for its development: Offshore Southeast Asia Conferernce roceedings. Ministry of nergy,, Ministry of nergy Report for. hilippines, 4 p. Ministry of nergy, 1984a, Accomplishment Report: nergy Self-Reliance 1973-, hilippines, 16 p. Ministry of nergy, 1984b, nergy Sector Report , hilippines, 28 p. ational ower Corporation, 1984, ower xpansion rogram, June 1984, hilippines, 86 p. Velasco, G.Z., 1985, Local energy contributes 42% of total (local press release), Bulletin oday, January 7, 1985, p.. Commission on Volcanology, he Geothermal Salt-Making Research lant (A joint research project of the aval Shore stablishment, hilippine avy, Comission on Volcanology, and ational Science Development Board, hilippines.) - 163

9 ~~ he hilippines Geothermal Fossil Fuels Hydroelectric uclear Utilization Capacity Utilization Capacity Utilization GWh/yr MWe GWh/yr MWe GWh/yr n operation January ,686. 2, ,. 1, , ,9. Under construction January 1985 ~~ Funds committed, but not yet under construction January 1985 otal projected use by 199 1, , , ,266. 1, , ,83. Locality (Footnote for Comments) ype" Maxi mum Utilization Average Annual Utilization Flow Rate emperature "C nthalpy"" kj/kg Flow Rate emperature "C nthalpy"" kj/kg kg/s kg/s nlet Outlet nlet Outlet iwi',a,f Well CV--7 in iwi (see able 3 also) is now used to feed hot water to a multi-purpose geothermal experimental plant. 164

10 olentino and BuiYing able 3. nformation About Geothermal Localities Rock' = Main type of reservoir rock. Water' = otal dissolved solids, in mg/kg, before flashing. ut v for vapor dominated. status' = dentified geothermal locality, but no assessment information available. R = Regional assessment = re-feasibility studies F = Feasibility studies (reservoir evaluation and engineering studies) U = Commercial utilization Locality Location o earest.5 Degree Latitude Longitude Rock' Reservoir Water' status3 Reservoir emp. "C stimated Measured Luzon and eighboring slands Acupan, Benguet Bacon-Manito, Sorsogon Andesite/ tuff breccia F > > 326 Batong-Buhay, Mt. rovince Cagua, Cagayan Daklan, Benguet Volcaniclastics 283 Del Gallego-riga-sarog, Camarines Sur R rosin-bulusan, Sorsogon R > Mabini-Lemery, Batangas Mainit-Sadanga Mt. rovince Makiling-Banahaw Laguna, Ba tangas Marinduque sland Andesite/ py roclas tics/ volcaniclastics U Montelago-aujan, Oriental Mindoro Mt. Lab Camarines orte R >26 Mt. inatubo Zambales R > iwi, Albay Andesite/ pyroclas tics U Vasa yas Anahawan, byte alinpinon-dauin, egros Oriental Biliran, Leyte Andesite/ Diori te/ sedimentary units Volcaniclastics/andesi te U > > Burauen, byte R > ongonan, Leyte Andesite U 32 Mambucal, egros Occidental Andesi te/ sedi me ntary units >25 anay sland Mindanao/alawan Balingasag, Misamis Oriental Malindang, Misamis Occidental Manat-Amacan, Davao del orte >267 Mt. Apo-Kidapawan, Cotabato R > Mt. Matutum, Cotabato Surigao, Surigao del orte alawan sland

11 he hilippines Locality (Footnote for comments) otal Maximum Flowing Flow Year Well ype of' Depth emp. nthalpy Rate Drilled"' umber We] (meters)' * ' "C kj/ke kg/ s" ' Lower Mahiao Sector Lower Sambaloran Sector South Sambaloran Sector Upper Mahiao Sector Mamba n- Ma ha nagdong Sector Malitbog Sector ' lrlo 15d'4' R3 R5D A' ' ' 29A'" R R4D 2R3D "' D M-1 MG- 1 MG-2D MG-5D R4 55D 56D 5R7D 58D D 511D 515D D / / / Untested Untested

12 olentino and Buing Locality (Footnote for comments) otal Maximum Flowing Flow Year Well ype of+ Depth emp. nthalpy Rate Drilled'" umber Well (meters)'2' O C kj/k kg/ s3' Malitbog Sector (continued) 5R1D D ongonan Geothermal Field 1973 G G- 1 G-2 G-3 G-5A G-8 G-4 G-6 G-9 G-~o[~) G- 11 / Southern egros Geothermal roject, Valencia, egros Oriental, hilippines alinpinon Sector alinpinon 1 Sector OK-7 OK-9D OK-1OD -13D D -16D -17D -18D -19D -2OD -2 1D -22D -23D"" -D D D -D -31D OK-12D - 1 RD -2RD -3RD 4RD -5RD -6RD -7RD -8RD -9RD OK-5 OK-6 OK8RD OK-11D SG- 1 SG-2 SG-3D J-1D J-2D / / Un tes red Un tes ted, o o MD 1 67

13 he hilippines Locality (Footnote for comments) alinpinon 1 Sector (continued) Other Southern egros Wells otal Year Well ype of" Depth Drilled"' umber Well (meters)'*' ' J-3D J4D J-5D J-6D J-7D J-8D OK-1 OK-2 OK-3 OK-4-25D D-1 D Maximum Flowing Flow emp. Rate OC d C y kg/s"' Untested Untested Un res ted Bacon-Manito Geothermal roject, Boundary of Albay and Sorsogon rovinces, Bicol eninsula, hilippines MA-1 MA-2 C- 1 M-1 B-1A C-2D AL-1 AL-2D AL-3D AL4D AL-5D AL-GD AL-8D AL-7D AL-1RD AL-2RD AL-9D AL-1OD AL-3RD 1 / / p ' Untested Un res ted Untested Biliran Geothermal roject, Biliran sland, hilippines B-1.4 B B Daklan Geothermal roject, Benguet rovince, hilippines DK- 1 A DK DK DK-4 8. DK orthern egros (Mambucal) Geothermal roject, egros Occidental, hilippines MC MC

14 olentino and Busing Locality (Footnote for Year Well ype of+ comments) Drilled umber Well otal Depth (meters) Davao (Manat-Amacan) Geothermal roject, Davao del orte, hilippines GH-1 GH-3 GH-5 GH-6 GH-9 GH- 1 1 GH-12 GH-13 GH-14 GH-15 GH-16 GH-17 GH-18 GH-19 GH-2 MAA-1 MAA-2 A- BASA-1 AMACA Maximum Flowing Flow emp. daklgy Rate OC kg/ s iwi Contract Area r.dglagbong !

15 he hilippines Locality (Footnote for comments) otal Maximum Flowing Flow Year Well ype of* Depth emp. nthalpy Rate Drilled umber Well (meters) O C kj/kg kg/st3 aglagbong (continued) Bariis GO Sadurong Kapipihan G Matalibong

16 olentino and Buzing able 4 Continued. Locality otal Maximum (Footnote for Year Well ypeof* Depth emp. comments) Drilled"' umber Well (meters )'*' "C Flowing nthalpy kj/kg Flow Rate kg/d3' Bulalo A A

17 he hitippines Locality otal Maximum Flowing Flow (Footnote for Year Well ypeof" Depth emp. nthalpy Rate corn men ts) Drilled' ' ' umber Well (meters)'*' O C kj/ke kg/s"' Bulalo (continued) GO G GZ G , Gt , 66 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ l on& ; ~ to a wells ~ kis e LeyJe, So. epos, kcon- Manito, Biliran, Dakkan, orthern egros, and Davao Geothermal rojects of OC-DC.) 1. Year Drilled - he years quoted indicate the year each well was completed. 2. otal Depth - All depths quoted are true vertical depths measured from the casing head flange. hese depths were measured during the completion of each well. 3. Flow Rate - he flow rates quoted were measured while the wells were being tested under full-bore discharge condition. Flow rates of injection wells are injection capacities, as against the discharge flow rates of product~on wells. 4. Well 15 was first completed on October 16, at a depth of 1796 m. t is basically an exploration/production well, but it was also used for low-temperature injection testing (flash temperature 12U C), using wells 11,12 and 13 as injectors. n ovember, the well was redischarged. ts output, however, dropped from its rated capacity of 15MWe to about SMWe, until it subsequently died down. Downhqte surveys (go-devil and caliper) indicated a total blockage within the production casing (silica deposits). he well was re-drilled (side-tracked) and completed on February 15, at a depth of m. hus, it was renamed 15D to indicate that it is now a directional well. t is now one of the wells supplying steam to the ongonan MWe ower lant. 5. Well 28 was originally drilled as an exptoration well in the northeastern portion of the tower Sambaloran Sector, ongonan Geothermal Field. t was completed on May 13, at a depth of m. he well did not register good temperatures and injectivity although it produced about 3.6 MWe. n the hope of finding better ~r~eab~lity, was deepened and compfeted on February, at a depth of m. t was then renamed 28A to indicate deepening of an original bore. 6. Well 29 basically underwent the same deepening process as 28A. t turned our to be one of the best producers in the ongonan Geothermal Field after its second completion. t is now one of the wells supplying steam to the ongonan ower lant with a rated capacity (full-bore opening) of 18 MWe. 7. Well 4Uf was the first deep exploratory well drilled in ongonan. t turned out also to be the first commercial producer in this field. Six months after its completion, it was hooked up to a 3-MWe noncondensing power plant in the project. t supplied wet steam to this pilot plant fromjuiy 19ff until the middle of when the MWe ongonan ower lant was commissioned for commercial utilization. 8. G-1 was renamed 4RZ when it was utilized as an injection well for effluents from 41 and the 3 MWe pilot plant. 9. ongonan Geothermal Field has MWe installed capacity on 3 x 37.5 MWe Mitsubishi turbines ~ ~ o n ) ~ and ~ 1 x ~ 3 MVVe a n Fuji noncondensing type turbine generator (piiot plant). On the ongonan, there are 12 production and five injection wells on line. Of the 12 production wells, nine operate for base load and three can be operated or peak load with aflowance or contingency. With the three turbines in operation, the nine base-load-operated wells deliver 44 tons/ hour of steam to generate 25 MWe, while the three other production wells can supply additional steam tu generate a total of 45 MWe, which is the current average peak load of the plant. he 3-MWe pilot plant has been put on standby operation since the commissioning of ongonan.

18 olentino and Buzing his plant, nevertheless, used to supply electricity to Ormoc City and the nearby localities, including the ongonan field's base camp. 1. ongonan roduction Wells: 11, 12, 13, 15D, lo6,18,22,29a, 212,213,214, ongonan Reinjection Wells: lr3, 1R5D, 2R2, 2R3D, 2R4D. 12. During -23D's MD tests, *its mass flow was 2 tons/hour. Bore output measurements during commercial operation (when the well was cut into the alinpinon steam gathering system), however, indicated a mass flow of 286 tons/hour. he bore output data also suggested an improvement in its permeability. 13. alinpinon is OC's second geothermal field developed for electrical power generation. he same name has been adopted for the corresponding MWe power plant of the ational ower Corporation. wenty one production and ten injection wells are hooked up to this plant. 14. alinpinon roduction Wells: OK-7, OK-9D, OK-lOD, -l3d, -14, -15D, -16D, -l7d, -l8d, -lgd, -2D, -21D, -22D, O-23D, -DY -26, -27D, -28, -29D, -D, -3 D. 15. alinpinon njection Wells: OK-l2D, -lrd, -2RD, -3RD, -4RD, -SRD, -GRD, - 7RD, -8RD, -9RD. able 5. Wells Drilled For Direct Heat Utilization of Geothermal Resources to January 1, 1985 (Does not include thermal gradient wells less than 1 m deep) 'ype or purpose of well and manner of production (Uses one symbol from column (1) and one from column (2) (1) (2) = hermal gradient or other scientific purpose A = Artesian = xploration = umped = roduction F = Flashing = njection C = Combined electrical and direct use "'For wellhead temperatures less than loo"c, temperatures in "C are multiplied by to obtain the enthalpy. Locality (Footnote for comments) Year Drilled ype of' otal Maximum.Flbwing Flow Well Well Depth emp. nthalpy Rate umber (1) (2) (meters) "C kj/k kg/s 173

19 he hilippines (1) Government (2) ublic Utilities (3) Universities able 6. Allocation of rofessional ersonnel to Geothermal Activities (Restricted to personnel with a university degree) (4) aid Foreign Consultants (5) Contributed hrough Foreign Aid rograms (6) rivate ndustry (rofessional Man Years of ffort) Year 1975 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)