REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE RESEARCH

Transcription

1 REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE RESEARCH

2 REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE RESEARCH Based on the symposium on "Polymers for Desalination" held at the 162nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D.C., September 1971 Edited by H. K. Lonsdale Alza Research Palo Alto. California and H.E.Podall Office of Saline Water u.s. Department of the Interior Washington. D. C. 9? PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK-LONDON 1972

3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: / Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1972 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. looli United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWIO SSE, England All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher

4 To the pioneers of reverse osmosis Charles E. Reid Sidney Loeb Srinivasa Sourirajan

5 PREFACE Th i s book had its orl gl n in the sympos i urn on "Polymers for Desalination" sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry of the American Chemical Society and held in September, 1971 in Washington D. C. at the 162nd national meeting of the Society. However, the book is not simply the proceedings of that symposium. A number of additional papers were contributed by other workers in the field, and the original papers presented at the symposium have, for the most part, been expanded. The book thus represents a broad cross section of membrane research and development activities in the United States and abroad within the field of reverse osmosis. The purposes of the book are to bring attention to important new developments in this field, to suggest what the next generation of reverse osmosis equipment may look like, and to indicate where further research and development are needed. The vast majority of the papers collected here represent work supported by the Office of Saline Water of the United States Department of the Interior, and the emphasis here is clearly on the application of the reverse osmosis process to water purification. However, many of the concepts, methods, and conclusions are expected to be useful in other areas of membrane science and technology. We would like to thank Dr. W. S. Gillam of the Office of Saline Water for his encouragement in the initial planning of the symposium and in the publication of this monograph. We also wish to thank Mrs. Helen Ryan and Mrs. Pat Sebilian for their excellent job in typing the manuscript. June, 1971 H. K. Lonsdale, Palo Alto, California H. E. Podall, Washington, D. C. vii

6 CONTENTS PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION I. FUNDAMENTALS Water and Salt Transport in Hyperfiltration O. Kedem Concentration Polarization in Hyperfiltration Systems W. Pusch I I. CELLULOSIC MEMBRANES The Use of Solubility Parameters for Solvent Selection In Asymmetric Membrane Formation El ias Klein and James K. Smith The Mechanism of Membrane Formation: Membrane Structures and Their Relation to Preparation Conditions Moshe A. Frommer and Doron Lancet Influence of Processing Variables on the Transport Properties of Cellulose Acetate Membranes. Ultimate Elongation, Birefringence, and Transport Characteristics 111 Eberhard A. Meinecke and Devendra V. Mehta Cellulose Acetate Blend Membranes W. M. King, D. L. Hoernschemeyer and C. W. Saltonstall, Jr. 131 ix

7 x Stabilization of Cellulosic Desalination Membranes by Cross1inking D. L. Hoernschemeyer, R. W. Lawrence, C. W. Sa1tonsta11, Jr., and O. S. Schaeff1er The Preparation and Properties of Styrene Grafted Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Desalination F. Kimura-Yeh, H. B. Hopfenberg, and V. Stannett Continuous Casting of Asymmetric Tubular Reverse Osmosis Membranes John L. Richardson, Gilbert Segovia, Wilfred H. Bach1e, and H. Andre Parker-Jones CONTENTS I I I. NON-CELLULOSIC MEMBRANES The Phenomenological Characterization of DP-1 Membranes 243 Lynn E. Applegate and C. Richard Antonson Properties of Aromatic Polyamide and Polyamide-Hydrazide Membranes 253 R. McKinney, Jr. Morphology and Reverse Osmosis Properties of Sulfonated 2,6-Dimethy1 Po1ypheny1ene Oxide Membranes Anthony B. LaConti, Paul J. Ch1udzinski, and Arnold P. Fickett PBI Reverse Osmosis Membranes: Frank S. Model and Leonard A. Lee An Initial Survey Reverse Osmosis Properties of Ionic and Nonionic Polymer Membranes 299 H. Yasuda and A. Schindler Ionic Block Copolymers as Piezodia1ysis Membranes G. Lopatin and H. A. Newey 317 IV. HOLLOW FIBERS AND SMALL TUBES Hollow-Fiber Reverse Osmosis Membranes Mark E. Cohen, Michael A. Grable and Billy M. Riggleman 331

8 CONTENTS xi Development of In Situ Casting of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Tubules Through the Hydrocasting Method A. Gollan and M. P. Tul in 341 V. COMPOSITE MEMBRANES Polyelectrolytes in Aqueous Solutions - Filtration, Hyperfiltration, and Dynamic Membranes James S. Johnson, Jr. Polyacrylic Acid Composite Membranes for Brackish Water DesaI ination C. E. Milstead and M. Tagami Tubular Ultrathin Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Water Desalination L. T. Rozelle, J. E. Cadotte, A. J. Senechal, W. L. King, and B. R. Ne I son Preparation, Morphology, and Transport Properties of Composite Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Seawater DesaI ination R. L. Riley, G. Hightower, and C. R. Lyons X-Ray Studies of Ultrathin Desalination Membranes S. Krishnamurthy and D. McIntyre Porous Tubulets for DesaI ination Barriers Bernard Baum, R. A. White, and W. H. Holley, Jr VI. SUMMARY AND FUTURE TRENDS Future Trends of OSW Membrane Research Index W. S. Gill am