Obnovljivi izvori energije. Radiation of energy to and from the Earth

Transcription

1 Obnovljivi izvori energije Radiation of energy to and from the Earth 1

2 Extraterrestrial solar constant Daily variation Seasonal variation Angle of incidence Solar geometry The Earth revolves around the sun with its axes tilted at an angle of 23,5 C The tilt creates summer and winter 2

3 Surface tilted at latitude angle will be perpendicular to sun at spring and autumn Optimizing the tilt for different seasons 3

4 Solar radiation on horizontal surface in July (kwh/m 2 ) Solar radiation on horizontal surface in January (kwh/m 2 ) 4

5 Srednja godišnja suma ozračenosti vodoravne plohe u Hrvatskoj Srednja vrijednost: 1,3 MWh/m 2 Povrsina Hrvatske: km 2 Ukupna energija: PJ Potrosnja energije u Hrvatskoj: 400 PJ Godišnja insolacija Hrvatske je 650 puta veća od ukupne energetske potrošnje! 5

6 Solar domestic hot water system (SDHW system) 6

7 Components of a solar panel Magic of glass Transparency 7

8 Magic of glass Transparency Heat Loss U-Values Table 2-3 Efficiency of Solar Panels 8

9 Typical Mediterranean thermosyphon solar water heater Solarni grijaci vode u Turskoj 9

10 Low temperature solar energy applications Domestic Water Heating Domestic Space Heating - Active - Passive Different climatic zones in Europe 10

11 Low temperature solar energy applications Domestic Water Heating Domestic Space Heating - Active - Passive Typical Installations Swimming pool Heating Conservatory (sunspace) Trombe Wall Direct Gain Active solar heating Low temperature High temperature 11

12 Examples of the most successful... Applications in different countries worldwide Seasonal thermal energy storage Solar district heating 12

13 Passive solar heating Direct gain building Passive heating vs. superinsulation Figures 2-28 i

14 Passive solar architecture 14

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17 Proposals for Energy Independent Buildings in Croatia Contribution to the net space heating demand in a poorly insulated house in a well insulated house 17

18 General passive house heating techniques 1. Well insulated 2. Responsive efficient heating system 3. Facing south 4. Living rooms on the south less used rooms on the north 5. Avoid overshading by other buildings 6. Thermally massive Solar thermal engines and electricity generation Power towers 18

19 Solar thermal power systems Central Receiver System Solar thermal engines and electricity generation Power towers Parabolic trough concentrators 19

20 Solar thermal power systems Concentrator type (CPC) Solar thermal engines and electricity generation Power towers Parabolic trough concentrators Parabolic dish 20

21 Solar thermal engines and electricity generation Power towers Parabolic trough concentrators Parabolic dish Solar chimneys Solar thermal engines and electricity generation Power towers Parabolic trough concentrators Parabolic dish Solar chimneys Solar ponds 21

22 Solar thermal engines and electricity generation Power towers Parabolic trough concentrators Parabolic dish Solar chimneys Solar ponds Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 22

23 PV Technologies SOLAR ELECTRICITY Silicon-based Crystalline Si Amorphous Si Thin Film Non-silicon-based Thin Film New Concept Devices Singe-crystalline Si CdTe CIS Multi-crystaline Si Ribbon cast multi-crystalline Si Organic-based PV Solar Concentrator Systems Quantum cells 23

24 PV Efficiency Increase Source: Goetzberger, Cijena fotonaponskih panela pada 19% sa svakim dupliranjem proizvodnih kapaciteta Povijesno Projekcija Cijena modula ($/W) Kumulativna proizvodnja (MW) Vjetroenergane <$1/W 24

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26 Building Integration / Social Acceptability Building integration reduces BOS costs and impacts Enhanced aesthetics facilitate social acceptability (e.g. PVACCEPT Project 1 ) 1 Špansko-Zagreb, 9.59 kw (2003) (2005) only 5-PV that were built in the period ( ) bat only one is in the grid-connected and for that receives government (HROTE) support Čakovec, 6.72 kw Žitnjak Zagreb, 36.1 kw (2006) Drniš, 6.12 kw (2007) Metković, 9.69 kw (2008) 26

27 Elektrolizator Gorivna celija 27

28 Solar roof, Špansko - Zagreb Equipment: solar collectors 10 m 2 thermal storage 750 l rain water tank 8,000 l solar modules 7.14 kw 14 x kw 20 cm stone wool Savings: thermal energy 80% electricity more than 25% water 55% yearly decrease CO 2 approx. 10,500 kg Passive and active use of solar energy What do we expect from this option? 200,000 (houses) x 150 m 2 (house average) x 40 kwh/m 2 (energy saving) = 1.200,000 MWh Divided by average number of working hours in thermal power plants in Croatia, which is 2,763 hours, (source: Ministry of Economy) you get savings of one 434 MW power plant. (PV 300 MW and thermal collectors of total power 200 MW) Energy efficiency and solar energy could replace those 1,000 MW which are necessary in Croatia in all energy development strategies. 28