Classification. Types. Non renewable. Renewable. Sustainable

Transcription

1 Energy Resources

2 Classification Types Renewable Non renewable Sustainable

3 Types of energy sources Renewable Wind Wave Solar Hydro-power Fuel-cells Biofuels: biomass, biodiesel, methane from organic waste, OTEC (ocean thermal exchange capacitors) Non-renewable Fossil fuels petroleum, coal, gas Other derivatives which are finite in supply. Sustainable Nuclear power (supplies last for a long time)

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5 Source: statistics-2013)

6 Source: Numbers in Kilograms of oil equivalent (2011)

7 Coal Was the first fossil fuel to be used on an industrial scale. Remains a major force in world energy. Been the fastest growing worldwide in recent years. After centuries of mineral exploration, the location, size and characteristics of most countries coal resources are well-established. Economically recoverable reserves exist in about 70 countries. At the current rate of production, global coal reserves are estimated to last for almost another 150 years.

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9 Thermal power plant

10 Oil

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12 Natural Gas Composition of natural gas- 95% methane and other hydrocarbons Since 1980, the world s proved reserves of natural gas have increased at an average annual rate of 3.4% (compared with 2.4% for oil). It currently accounts for 23.5% of the world energy mix and ranks third, behind oil and coal. This expansion was sparked by many essential breakthroughs. Natural gas liquefaction, long distance pipelines, deep offshore pipe-laying. combined-cycle gas-fired power plants. A more environment-friendly energy.

13 Occurrence of natural gas

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15 Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is pollution free, renewable and economic alternative for coal. Alternative to fossil fuels

16 MECHANISM OF NUCLEAR FISSION

17 Nuclear reactor

18 Fission Today 435 Nuclear Power plants worldwide 1/6 of the world s power is nuclear France 76%, Belgium 56%, South Korea 36% Switzerland 40% Sweden 47% Finland 30% Japan 33% United Kingdom 25%, Bulgaria 46%, Hungry 42%, United States 20%, INDIA 2%(2013)

19 20 reactors in India with total installed capacity of 4780 Mwe (3% of the total installed capacity) India in position 6 in terms of number of reactors in operation worldwide Position 3 in terms of number of reactors under construction (6 reactors in construction)

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21 Future Forecast Integrated Energy Policy projections for next 25 years. Renewables 14% To meet 7-9 % GDP growth To raise per capita consumption to 1000 KWh Hydro 21% Coal 39% Insitu Coal Gas 3% Nuclear 63 GWe 9% Natural Gas 10% Coal Bed Methane 4% Total installed capacity 0f 700 GWe by 2032

22 Indo-US nuclear deal Signed with the objective of enhancing the speed and quantity of nuclear power production

23 Hydropower

24 Hydropower Hydro helps power generation in 160 countries. Five countries make up more than half of the world s hydropower production: Brazil, Canada, China, Russia and the USA.

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26 The Changing Role of Hydropower There are 45,000 large dams in the world and the majority do not have a hydro component. Need to use if for power generation Long-term economic advantage. Operating costs minimalautonomy from the fuel price is a distinct advantage. Water management- multipurpose hydro reservoirs can bring security of water supply as well as power.

27 Disadvantages Water logging Salinity of lands Siltation of reservoirs Submergence of forest lands and villages Displacement and rehabilitation of people affected Possibility of earthquakes

28 Solar energy

29 Solar energy

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31 Solar energy The Sun is the most abundant permanent source of energy for its planet Earth. Solar energy is available both directly as solar radiation and indirectly in the form of power from wind, biomass, hydro, and marine sources. The annual solar radiation reaching the earth is over 7,500 times the world s annual primary energy consumption of 450 exa joules (10 18 ); it varies from place to place. However, there is a useable solar resource in virtually all parts of the world, and economically attractive applications are not confined to the sunniest regions.

32 Devices There are two basic types of device currently used to capture and utilize solar radiation: solar thermal collectors, which are used to heat air, water or other liquids, depending on the application; photovoltaic (PV) collectors, which convert sunlight directly into electricity.

33 Solar thermal collectors Non-concentrating (or flat-plate) solar collectors, commonly installed as roof-mounted panels, can produce temperatures up to about 100 o C, with applications in the heating and cooling of buildings, and the provision of domestic hot water and industrial process heat. Medium-temperature concentrating collectors such as parabolic troughs/dishes provide temperatures of o C, with applications in process heat, refrigeration and electricity generation. Central-receiver types of solar concentrating collectors can produce temperatures as high as 2,000 o C or more, and are used to generate electricity and in industrial furnace applications.

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35 Solar thermal collector

36 Photovoltaic cells PV panels are solid-state and are therefore very rugged, with a long life. Currently, the commonest panels are based on crystalline and polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Their efficiency has gradually increased, while costs have declined. A major advantage of PV devices is that they can be installed as stand-alone systems, providing power ranging from microwatts to megawatts.

37 PV cell- roof top solar panels

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39 Wind Energy- principle

40 Wind Energy

41 Wind energy Source: Wikipedia

42 Statewise electricity produced from wind Source:

43 Biomass energy Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived material

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45 Biomass to Biogas (65%methane, 30% carbon dioxide)

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47 Biogas Microbial activity releases methane by decomposing organic matter under ANAEROBIC conditions. Estimated power of about 19.5 GW can be generated from fuel wood, crop residue, forest sources and bagasse from sugar industry. Bio-gas plants in small scale are adopted in small sector- households using agricultural residues and animal waste. This gas can be used for cooking and domestic lighting purposes.

48 Geothermal energy Geothermal energy is, in the broadest sense, the natural heat of the Earth. This heat can be exploited as a source of energy in two basic ways. The first is to utilize the heat that is transferred (mostly by conduction) from the extremely hot interior of the earth to accessible areas at or near the surface; the second is to utilize (via heat pumps) the temperature difference between the ambient temperature and that of the ground. In 2004, the worldwide use of geothermal energy was about 55 TWh of electricity, and 76 TWh for direct use.

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51 Geothermal plant

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53 Source:

54 Tidal energy The tides cyclic variations in the level of the seas and oceans give rise to water currents which constitute a potential source of power. There are two basic approaches to tidal energy exploitation: one exploits the cyclic rise and fall of the sea level through entrainment, whilst the other harnesses local tidal currents. The basic approach is always the same: an estuary or bay with a large tidal range being enclosed by a barrier, often planned to include a rail and/or road crossing, in order to maximize the economic benefits. Electricity is generated by allowing water to flow from one side of the barrier to the other, through low-head turbines. Various configurations have been proposed, utilizing single or multiple basin layouts.

55 Turning Tides into Usable Energy Ebb generating system A dam (barrage) is built across the mouth of an estuary. Sluice gates allow incoming tides to fill the basin. As the tide ebbs, the water is forced through a turbine system to generate electricity.

56 Turning Waves into Usable Energy Oscillating water column Incoming waves force air up column to turn the turbine Outgoing waves suck air down column to turn the turbine

57 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Is a means of converting into useful energy the temperature difference between the surface water in tropical and sub-tropical seas and cold water at a depth of about 1,000 metres, which emanates from the polar regions. A temperature difference of 20 o C is adequate for OTEC: this level is encountered over wide ocean areas, particularly near islands and off the coast of certain developing countries. Unlike most renewable energy technologies, OTEC has the advantage of providing base-load power, available at a constant rate throughout the 24 hours, and varying very little with the seasons.

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59 Open cycle OTEC

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61 Fuel cells

62 Hydrogen energy When hydrogen burns it gives energy. H 2 + O H 2 O + Energy Hydrogen can be fuel of tomorrow. Technology is improving to produce hydrogen. This energy is currently expensive because: Energy is required to produce hydrogen Storing and transporting hydrogen is to be done very effectively If fossil energy is used to produce hydrogen then pollution is inevitable.

63 Future vehicle

64 Comparison of various energy sources Source Advantages Disadvantages Coal Inexpensive Easy to recover (in U.S. and Russia) Requires expensive air pollution controls (e.g. mercury, sulphur dioxide) Significant contributor to acid rain and global warming Requires extensive transportation system

65 Comparison of various energy sources Source Advantages Disadvantages Nuclear Fuel is inexpensive Energy generation is the most concentrated source Waste is more compact than any source Extensive scientific basis for the cycle Easy to transport as new fuel No greenhouse or acid rain effects Requires larger capital cost because of emergency, containment, radioactive waste and storage systems Requires resolution of the longterm high level waste storage issue in most countries Potential nuclear proliferation issue

66 Comparison of various energy sources Source Advantages Disadvantages Hydroelectric Very inexpensive once dam is built Government has invested heavily in building dams. Very limited source since depends on water elevation Dam collapse usually leads to loss of life Dams have affected fish (e.g. salmon runs) Environmental damage for areas flooded (backed up) and downstream

67 Comparison of various energy sources Source Advantages Disadvantages Gas/Oil Good distribution system for current use levels Easy to obtain Better as space heating energy source Very limited availability as shown by shortages during winters several years ago Could be major contributor to global warming Expensive for energy generation Large price swings with supply and demand

68 Comparison of various energy sources Source Advantages Disadvantages Wind Wind is free if available Generation and maintenance costs have decreased. Wind is proving to be a reasonable cost renewable source. Well suited to rural areas. Limited to windy areas. Limited to small generator size; need many towers. Need expensive energy storage (e.g. batteries) Highly climate dependent - wind can damage equipment during windstorms or not turn during still summer days. Can affect endangered birds, however tower design can reduce impact. Noisy

69 Comparison of various energy sources Source Advantages Disadvantages Solar Sunlight is free when available Limited to sunny areas throughout the world (demand can be highest when least available, e.g winter solar heating) Does require special materials for mirrors/panels that can affect environment Current technology requires large amounts of land for small amounts of energy generation

70 Comparison of various energy sources Source Advantages Disadvantages Biomass Industry in its infancy Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used Inefficient if small plants are used Could be significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content Refuse based fuel Fuel can have low cost Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used Low sulfur dioxide emissions Inefficient if small plants are used Could be significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content Flyash can contain metals as cadmium and lead Contain dioxins and furans in air and ash releases

71 Comparison of various energy sources Source Advantages Disadvantages Hydrogen Combines easily with oxygen to produce water and energy Very costly to produce Takes more energy to produce hydrogen than energy that could be recovered. Fusion Hydrogen and tritium could be used as fuel source Higher energy output per unit mass than fission Low radiation levels associated with process than fission-based reactors Breakeven point has not been reached after ~40 years of expensive research and commercially available plants not expected for at least 35 years.

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