Observations on the History and Utility of Tissue- Based Wildlife Critical Body Residues (CBRs) for Regulatory Use

Transcription

1 Observations on the History and Utility of Tissue- Based Wildlife Critical Body Residues (CBRs) for Regulatory Use SETAC Hudson-Delaware Chapter Fall Workshop October 8, 2008 Tim Kubiak New Jersey Field Office Pleasantville, New Jersey

2 History of Criteria & Standards Legal Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution Some Working Examples of Integration of Water /Sediment & Tissue CBRs

3 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Section 5 Authorizes FWS To Investigate And Report To Congress On The Effects of Pollutants And Make Recommendations To Alleviate The Dangerous And Undesirable Effects Of Such Pollution. These Investigations Shall Include 1) Determination of Standards of Water Quality For The Maintenance Of Wildlife 3) The Collation and Distribution Of Data On The Progress And Results Of Such Investigations For The Use Of Federal, State, Municipal And Private Agencies, Individuals, Organizations Or Enterprises.

4 Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1965 The water quality standards submitted by the States are subject to review by the Department of the Interior and, if found consistent with Paragraph 3 of Section 10 of the Act, will be approved as Federal standards by the Secretary of the Interior. Paragraph 3, Section 10, reads as follows: Standards of quality established pursuant to this subsection shall be such as to protect the public health or welfare, enhance the quality of water and serve the purposes of this Act. In establishing such standards the Secretary, the Hearing Board, or the appropriate state authority shall take into consideration their use and value for public water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, recreational purposes, and agricultural, industrial, and other legitimate uses.

5 Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution 1962 Silent Spring Rachel Carson 1964 Pesticides and the Living Landscape Robert Rudd

6 Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution DDT and DDD Reviewed As Potential Water Pollutants, For Various Uses Of Water Generally In The MG/L Range McKee, JE and HW. Wolf, (1971). Water Quality Criteria State Water Resources Control Board, State of California Publication 3-A

7 Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution

8 Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution 1968 Freshwater Organisms - Narrative Any Addition Of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides Is Likely To Cause Damage To Some Desired Organisms And Should Be Avoided Wildlife - Narrative No Pesticides Should Occur in Water To The Degree That They Affect The Health, Reproduction, And Natural Growth Of Wildlife Freshwater Organisms - Numeric 1/100 TLm for Gammarus lacustris or ug/l Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, USDOI Report Of The Committee On Water Quality Criteria, April 1968

9 Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution WILDLIFE require water of a quality adequate to maintain their health, as well as optimum production of beneficial biota in their environment. A healthy animal is one that can survive to an average lifespan, display normal behavior and migration patterns, and reproduce successfully. Keith (1966) and Hickey, Keith, and Coon ( 1966) reported 14 µg/l of DDT and its metabolites in lake bottom muds. About 50 times that quantity was reported in amphipods (Pontoporeia afinis), 500 times as much in fish and old squaw ducks, and 15,000 times as much in herring gulls that ate the fish. Reproduction of the gulls decreased. In our infinite ignorance of the dynamics of biological magnification in wildlife habitats, tolerable limits for pesticides in water cannot be realistically established. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, USDOI Report Of The Committee On Water Quality Criteria April 1968

10 Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution Water Quality Criteria 1972 (EPA BlueBook): Freshwater Aquatic Life and Wildlife Recommendations: Organochlorine Insecticides The recommendations for selected organochlorine insecticides are based upon levels in water and residue concentrations in whole fish on a wet weight basis. Aquatic life should be protected where the maximum concentration of the organochlorine pesticide in the water does not exceed the values listed in Table III-17. (for DDT ug/l and TDE ug/l. For the protection of predators, the following values are suggested for residues in whole fish (wet weight): DDT (including DDD and DDE) -1.0 mg/kg. Another biomagnification section states plants and animals should be less than 1.0 mg/kg

11 Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution Quality Criteria for Water 1976 (EPA Red Book) ug/l for Freshwater and Marine Aquatic Life. The persistence, bioaccummulation potential, and carcinogenicity of DDT caution human exposure to a minimum.

12 Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution Ambient Water Quality Criteria for DDT (EPA 1980) A residue value for wildlife protection of µg/l is obtained for both freshwater and saltwater using the lowest maximum permissible tissue concentration of 0.15 mg/kg based on reduced productivity of the brown pelican (Anderson, et al. 1975). Average lipid content of pelican diets is unavailable. Clupeids usually constitute the major prey of pelicans, and the percent lipid value of the clupeid, northern anchovy, is 8 (Reintjes, 1980). The northern anchovy is in some areas a major food source of the brown pelican. Therefore, the percent lipid value of 8 was used for the calculation of the final Residue Value. The value of 0.15 mg/kg divided by the geometric mean of normalized BCF values (17,870) and by a percent lipid value of 8 gives a residue value of ug/l.

13 Measures Of Knowledge And Policy Evolution Quality Criteria for Water 1986 (EPA Gold Book) 0.001ug/l for Freshwater and Marine Aquatic Life. EPA is developing Acceptable daily intake or verified Reference Dose values for agency-wide use for this chemical (for human health)

14 Statewide Wildlife Criteria Proposed in 2001

15 Eagle CBR Example

16 Tern Example TCDD TEQs ww pg/g 1989 AHH TEFs 1998 WHO TEFs TEQs ALWAYS PCB 126 DOMINATED Green Bay Lake Poygan % HATCHABILITY Kubiak et al (1989) Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 18: ; Reinterpreted With WHO TEFs van den Berg et al (1998)

17 Herring Gull Example TCDD EQs PG/G Dioxins 14.6 % PCBs 85% Furans 0.4 % 4753 PCBs 98.5% PCBs 95.5 % TEQs ALWAYS PCB 126 DOMINATED LAKE ONTARIO 1974 GREEN BAY 1974 GREEN BAY 1971

18 Lake Trout Integrated Sediment Example From Cook et al 2003 Environ Sci Technol

19 Oyster and Solids Evaluation Example Arthur Kill Staten Island, NY Lower New York Harbor 10 miles Sandy Hook New Jersey

20 Oyster CBR Bedded Sediment Example PRGseddw = (C oyst-lip [t] x fsoc) BSAF PRGseddw = 73.3 pg/g x g/g 0.91 PRGseddw = 3.17 pg/g

21 Oyster CBR Suspended Solids Example PRGseddw = (C oyst-lip [t] x fsoc) BSAF PRGseddw = 73.3 pg/g x * g/g 1.05 PRGseddw = 3.67 pg/g

22 Closing Observations Wildlife vs Human Health is not a valid argument, we need both derivations. Derivations are doable for many pollutants. Look for opportunities to integrate models that can mutually support water, sediment and tissue concentrations and establish target goals for standards, criteria, risk and causation related regulatory matters.

23 Acknowledgements Clay Stern & Melissa Foster, NJFO All those who have come before and with us and the promise of those yet to make their contribution... (Yes that means SETAC members and guests too!) We have The Obligation to Endure Rachel Carson, Silent Spring