Multilevel home energy management integrated with renewable energies and storage. technologies considering contingency operation

Transcription

1 Mulilevel home energy managemen inegraed wih renewable energies and sorage echnologies considering coningency operaion Corresponding auhor s address: Name: Hasan Mehrjerdi Academic Degree: Ph.D. in Elecrical Engineering Posiion: Assisan Professor Insiuion: Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, Qaar Universiy, Doha, Qaar Address: Doha, Qaar Phone Number: Fax Number: hasan.mehrjerdi@qu.edu.qa 1

2 Absrac This paper presens a mulilevel energy managemen sysem beween homes and he elecrical grid. The proposed model includes hree levels: he firs level is made by he uiliy grid, and i can send or receive energy from he second level. The second level is formed by a common level ha is equipped wih a wind urbine, baery energy sorage, and diesel generaor. The second level can exchange energy wih boh he firs and hird levels. The hird level is formed by a se of buildings wih differen loading paerns and some of hem are also equipped wih solar panels. The hird level can send or receive energy from he second level. The second level is a common level beween wo oher levels. The proposed planning minimizes he cos of consumed energy by houses in he hird level hrough opimal uilizaion and managemen of all levels. The problem opimizes he power beween levels 1 and 2, he power beween levels 2 and 3, he charging-discharging paern of baery in level 2, and he operaion paern of diesel generaor in level 2. The plan opimally uilizes boh wind and solar resources (in levels 2 and 3) o minimize energy cos and deals wih heir inermiency naure by means of sochasic programming. The plan is also designed o operae under coningency condiions when he uiliy grid (firs level) is ou of access. In such a siuaion, he problem uilizes he available echnologies in levels 2 and 3 (i.e., wind, solar, baery, and diesel) o supply he houses in hird level. The diesel generaor plays a major role during coningency and emergency condiions o mainain he resiliency of he sysem. Keywords Energy Managemen; Energy Sorage Technology; Home Energy Managemen; Mulilevel Energy Managemen; Renewable Energy; 2

3 Nomenclaure Indexes a h Ses A T H Parameers C e C d a R Index of scenarios of performance Index of ime periods (hours) Index of houses Se of scenarios of performance Se of ime periods Se of houses Price of elecriciy ($/kwh) Price of fuel for operaion of diesel generaor ($/kwh) Probabiliy of occurrence for scenarios a,, h P l Loading power of each house (kw) a,, h P s Power of solar panels on each house (kw) max P 12 Maximum capaciy of power beween levels 1-2 (kw) max P dg Maximum capaciy of diesel generaor (kw) r P b Raed power of baery in level 2 (kw) T p Duraion of ime inervals (Time) η b Efficiency of baery in level 2 (%) Design Variables z Annualized cos of energy ($/year) a, P 12 Power beween level 1and level 2 (kw) a, P dg Power of diesel generaor (kw) a,, h P h Consumed power by each house (kw) a, P L 2 Toal generaed power in level 2 (kw) P db Discharged power from baery in level 2 (kw) a, P w Generaed power by wind urbine in level 2 (kw) a, P dg Generaed power by diesel generaor in level 2 (kw) P cb Charged power o baery in level 2 (kw) w cb Binary variable showing charging saus [0,1] w db Binary variable showing discharging saus [0,1] E cb Energy of baery in level 2 (kwh) r E cb Raed capaciy of baery in level 2 (kwh) 3

4 1. Inroducion Nowadays, renewable energy resources (RER s) and energy sorage sysems (ESS s) are he inseparable pars of modern elecrical sysems in all secors, including generaion [1], ransmission [2], disribuion [3], or he consumers secor [4]. In all elecrical sysems from generaion ceners o he loading poins, RER s and ESS s have been broadly and properly sudied and uilized [5]. The coordinaion of RER s and ESS s provides significan advanages in operaing elecrical sysems. I has been recommended o uilize ESS s ogeher wih RER s in order o deal wih some negaive aspecs of renewable energies such as inermiency naure [6]. Differen ypes of ESS s have been modeled, sudied, and uilized in he elecrical neworks. However he mos common energy sorage echnologies in he elecrical grids are baeries, capaciors, superconducing magneic sorage, pump-sorage hydroelecriciy, compress air, and flywheels [7, 8]. As well, he mos common renewable energies in he elecrical grids are wind [9], solar [9], and hydroelecriciy energy [10]. Togeher wih developmen of RER s and ESS s [11] in he elecrical grids, hese echnologies have also been recommended as energy managemen ools in homes. The home energy managemen sysem (HEMS) is one of he ineresing problems ha has been sudied incorporaing boh RER s and ESS s [12, 13]. The energy sorage echnologies like baery sorage sysem [12], hermal sorage [14], and hydrogen sorage [15] are he common echnologies in homes. Renewable energies, such as wind, solar, and fuel cell, are also referred o as green energies in modern homes [16]. HEMS is a mahemaical programming ha opimizes energy managemen in homes under boh he grid or sandalone operaion [17]. Energy opimizaion may refer o he cos of energy for consumers or profi of energy for hird par in he elecriciy marke [18]. This ool may make use 4

5 of differen echnologies o opimize energy consumpion in homes. The common echnologies are energy sorage sysems, renewable energies, elecric vehicles, load conrol programs, demand side managemen, and diesel generaors [19]. This paper presens a novel HEMS including hree levels. Firs level is he upsream grid, second level is a common level including all houses and uiliy grid, and he hird level is formed by five houses. The common level (level 2) is equipped wih BESS, wind urbine, and diesel generaor (for emergency). This level has bidirecional operaion wih boh he grid and houses. I can send energy o he grid or receive energy from i. As well, i can send energy o all houses or receive energy from hem. The houses have differen loading profiles and some of hem are also equipped wih solar panels. The proposed planning minimizes he annualized energy cos for all houses hrough opimal uilizaion of wind urbine, solar panels, BESS, and diesel generaor. The planning opimizes he charging-discharging paern of BESS, he operaion paern of diesel generaor, he ransferred power beween common level and grid, and he cos a he same ime. The planning also presens he opimal planning under emergency condiion when he connecion of sysem and uiliy grid is los. In such a siuaion, he planning properly uilizes diesel generaor, baery, and wind-solar resources o suppor he loads. The proposed model includes uncerainy of wind and solar energies and he uncerainy is deal by means of sochasic programming. The resuls verify ha he inroduced model can successfully suppor all loads under boh normal and coningency condiions wih minimum cos. 2. The proposed mulilevel model The proposed model for muli-level muli-home energy managemen is depiced in Figure 1. The model comprises hree levels. Firs level is devoed o he uiliy grid. The second level is a 5

6 common level beween he houses and grid. The hird level includes five houses. The problem aims o minimize annualized energy cos for he houses locaed a hird level. The proposed planning uilizes he echnologies available in he common level (level 2) o minimize cos of energy. The common level has bidirecional power ransfer wih he oher levels. I can send or receive power o boh oher levels in order o manage energy consumpion. Some houses in he hird level are equipped wih solar panels and hey may injec power o he common level. The bidirecional power flow is also adoped beween levels 1 and 2 in order o injec he surplus of energy in he common level o he uiliy grid. The proposed programming opimizes following design variable o achieve he minimum energy cos; The ransferred power beween levels 1 and 2. The charging-discharging paern of BESS. The operaion paern of diesel generaor. The ransferred power beween levels 2 and 3. The characerisics of he given mehod are also as follows; The model includes uncerainies of solar and wind resources and his uncerainy is modeled by sochasic programming. The problem opimally uilizes boh solar and wind resources o minimize energy cos. The plan is designed o operae under coningency condiion when he uiliy grid is off. In his case, he problem uilizes he available echnologies (wind, solar, baery, and diesel) o supply he houses. 6

7 Level 1 Uiliy grid Bidirecional Power Level Baery Diesel Generaor Wind urbine Bidirecional Power Solar panel Solar panel Level 3 House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5 Figure 1: Srucure of hree-level home energy managemen sysem 3. Formulaion and modelling The objecive funcion of he proposed opimizaion programming is expressed by (1). I comprises wo erms; he firs erm shows he cos of consumed energy by he houses and he second erm represens he fuel cos of diesel generaor. The cos is elaboraed over he year o calculae he annualized cos. I is clear ha he expeced value of cos is calculaed as final cos. A T a= 1= 1,, ( 12 e dg d ) a a a z = P C + P C R 365 (1) 7

8 The received power by every house is calculaed as (2). The generaed power by he solar panels is modeled by negaive load. a,, h a,, h a,, h h = l s P P P a A, T, h H (2) The power in he common level (level 2) is calculaed by (3). The common level includes baery, wind, and diesel generaor. The powers of wind and diesel generaor are modeled as generaion. The charged power of baery is modeled as load and he discharged power is modeled as generaion. a, a, a, L 2 = db + w + dg cb P P P P P a A, T (3) The ransferred power beween levels 1 and 2 is calculaed by (4). This power is bidirecional and he negaive values mean injecion of power from level 2 o level 1. H a, a,, h a, 12 = h L2 h = 1 P P P (4) a A, T The maximum level of power ransfer beween levels 1 and 2 is limied by (5) and he capaciy of diesel generaor is also limied by (6). a, max 12 P12 P a A, T (5) P a, max dg Pdg a A, T The operaion of BESS is modeled hrough (7) o (12). In (7), he binary variables are defined for charging and discharging saes. In (8) and (9), he charging and discharging operaions are defined. The baery can only operae on one of he charging or discharging saes a each ime period. (6) 8

9 w cb T db + w 1 r cb b cb P P w T (7) (8) r db b db P P w T The energy of baery a each ime period is calculaed by (10). The energy a firs ime period is calculaed wih respec o he iniial energy of baery. The duraion of ime periods is one hour. As a resul, charging and discharging powers (per kw) are muliplied by one hour o make he energy (per kwh). The efficiency of baery is denoed by (11) and he raed capaciy is defined by (9) (12). ( ) 1 cb = cb + cb db p E E P P T T T = 1 η b = T E cb = 1 E T P db P r cb cb (10) (11) (12) 4. Inroducing es case The sysem shown in Figure 1 is he es case for he given energy managemen ool. The loading profiles of five houses in he hird level are given in Table 1 [20]. The daa in Table 1 shows he percenage of loading a each hour. The houses 1 o 4 have residenial loading profile and he house 5 has commercial loading profile [20]. The raed powers of houses are 8, 10, 8, 9, and 12 kw, respecively. 9

10 Table 1: Percenage of loading a each hour for 5 houses Time (hour) House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House In he level 3, here is 5 kw solar panel on house 1 and 2 kw solar panel on house 5. Table 2 shows he solar energy profile over he day hours [13]. The common level is equipped wih 20 kw wind urbine and he wind energy profile is given in Table 2 [15]. One BESS is insalled in he common level wih raed power equal o 10 kw and raed capaciy equal o 100 kwh. Raed power of diesel generaor is 31 kw and he fuel cos is 0.25 $/ kwh. The maximum capaciy of power beween grid and level 2 is 40 kw. Table 2 liss he elecriciy price according o ime-of-use pricing scheme [21]. Table 2: Elecriciy price and wind-solar profiles Time (hour) Solar power Wind power Elecriciy price ($/kwh) profile (%) profile (%)

11 5. Numerical resuls and discussions The given model is implemened in GAMS sofware by means of mixed ineger linear programming and solved by CPLEX solver. The numerical resuls of he inroduced energy managemen ool are presened and discussed here. Table 3 presens he opimal level of he design variables and parameers. The annualized cos of energy is minimized and achieved as ($/year). The diesel generaor in level 2 only operaes a one hour (i.e., hour 20) and produces 31 kw. Table 3: Opimal level of design variables and parameers Design variables and parameers Level Raed power of BESS (kw) 10 Raed capaciy of BESS (kwh) 100 Raed power of DG (kw) 31 Annualized cos of energy ($/year) The given echnique supplies energy of all houses considering heir solar panels. For insance, Figure 2 demonsraes he power from common level o houses 1 and 2. House 1 is equipped wih 5 kw solar panels and house 2 does no have solar generaion. I is demonsraed ha he injeced power o house 1 is very low, because a big porion of is energy is supplied by solar sysem. A hours 12-15, he solar energy rises and reduces he received power from he common level. 11

12 House 1 House Power (kw) Time (Hour) Figure 2: Power from common level o houses 1 and 2 Figure 3 shows he power and energy of BESS in he common level. This baery charges energy and sends i back o he grid in order o reduce cos of energy. The charging-discharging regime are opimized by he given mehodology as shown in Figure 3. Wih respec o he elecriciy price in Table 2, i is demonsraed ha he baery shifs energy from he hours wih 0.1 $/kwh o he hours wih 0.25 $/kwh. Such energy arbiraging helps he sysem o reduce he energy cos. 12

13 10 Power (kw) Time (Hour) 80 Energy (kwh) Time (Hour) Figure 3: Power and energy of BESS The ransferred power beween levels 1 and 2 a hree differen scenarios of performance are depiced in Figure 4. The scenarios in he figure are as follows; Scenario 1: wind-solar work on 50% of he nominal power; Scenario 2: wind-solar work on 20% of he nominal power; Scenario 3: wind-solar work on 115% of he nominal power. The resuls show ha he received power from he grid is increased ogeher wih reducing wind-solar energy. On he oher hand, ogeher wih increasing wind-solar energy he received power from he grid is reduced. Such operaion minimizes he energy cos in he nework. 13

14 40 Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario Power (kw) Time (Hour) Figure 4: Transferred power beween levels 1-2 under differen scenarios Figure 5 indicaes he power of common level under differen scenarios (Scenario 1: wind-solar power work on 50%; Scenario 2: wind-solar work on 20% of nominal power). The common level uses wind-diesel-baery and generaes power a mos of he imes. However, when he wind energy reduces such as under scenario 2, he common level has o receive more energy from he firs level as demonsraed in Figure 5. Under scenario 2 a hour 20, he diesel generaor produces 31 kw resuling in peak power a hour

15 Scenario 1 Scenario Power (kw) Time (Hour) Figure 5: Power of common level under differen scenarios 5.1. Emergency operaion The proposed model is presened o operae under coningency condiions when he grid is disconneced. In his regard, he connecion beween level 1 and level 2 is opened and level 2 has o supply all houses wihou receiving energy from he grid. Table 4 shows ha he planning cos increases o ($/year). I shows a significan incremen in he cos (abou 60%) from he previous case. This is because of uilizing diesel generaor ha runs on high cos fuel. Figure 6 shows he power of diesel generaor under differen scenarios and i is clear ha he diesel generaor operaes a all hours of he day o supply he houses. 15

16 Table 4: Opimal level of parameers under emergency operaion Design variables and parameers Level Raed power of BESS (kw) 10 Raed capaciy of BESS (kwh) 100 Raed power of DG (kw) 31 Annualized cos of energy ($/year) Scenario 1 Scenario Power (kw) Time (Hour) Figure 6: Power of diesel generaor for emergency operaion Table 5 liss he charging-discharging regime of sorage sysem a all hours and i verifies ha he energy sorage sysem properly collaboraes he diesel generaor o supply he loads. I charges surplus of wind energy a he iniial hours and discharges he energy during high demand hours such as hours 10 o 21. I verifies ha coordinaion of baery-diesel successfully supplies he loads under coningency condiion. 16

17 Table 5: Charging-discharging regime of sorage sysem under emergency operaion Charging (+) and Hours Discharging (-) power per (kw) o o Wihou baery Anoher emergency operaion is simulaed when baery sorage sysem is no funcioning. The resuls for his case are presened in Table 6 and Figure 7. I is clear ha mos par of power is aken from he grid. As well, he surplus of energy in he common level a hours 4-6 is sen o he grid because here is no baery o sore such energy. The energy cos is increased compared o he nominal case. Table 6: Opimal level of parameers wihou baery Design variables and parameers Level Raed power of BESS (kw) 0 Raed capaciy of BESS (kwh) 0 Raed power of DG (kw) 0 Annualized cos of energy ($/year)

18 Power (kw) Time (Hour) Figure 7: Power beween levels 1-2 when baery is no working 5.3. Error analysis In order o verify he proposed formulaions and simulaions, an error analysis is carried ou as lised in Table 7. The resuls reveal ha decreasing or removing echnologies increases he cos and vice-versa. As well, he capaciy of power beween level 1 and level 2 is a key parameer in he planning. The planning excluding BESS increases he cos by abou 4000 ($/year) and removing solar panels raises he cos by abou 3000 ($/year). I is clear ha he impacs of wind urbine is more han solar panels because of is wider energy profile. The maximum capaciy of line beween sysem and grid is also imporan and i makes significan impacs on he model. The diesel cos can also change he coss significanly. Table 7: Error analysis on he parameers of he model 18

19 Analyzed case Annualized cos of energy ($/Year) Nominal case Planning excluding BESS Planning excluding solar panels in homes Planning excluding wind urbine in common level Maximum power from grid se on 0 kw Maximum power from grid se on 10 kw Maximum power from grid se on 30 kw Diesel fuel cos 0.20 $/kwh Diesel fuel cos 0.15 $/kwh Incorporaing non-radiional energy sources Nowadays, he nonradiional renewable sources are rapidly developed as a reliable alernaive for radiional energy resources such as oil and gas. I is herefore necessary o sudy hese nonradiional renewable resources in he elecrical grids. The nonradiional renewable energy can be obained by hydro sysems, solar panels, wind urbines, geohermal power plans, biomassburning generaors, idal power, sea wave power, and ocean energy. Some of hese energy resources are no very common (e.g., idal power, sea wave power, and ocean energy). On he oher hand, some of hese energy resources are widely used such as wind and solar. In his paper, some of he main nonradiional renewable sources such as solar and wind are modeled. However, i is worh discussing he oher ypes of nonradiional renewable sources in he model. The proposed problem presens a model for managing energy consumpion wihin a cluser of residenial homes while incorporaing renewable energy harvesers. The renewable energy could be wind or solar as i was discussed. As well, he hydro energy can be incorporaed ino he given model. The hydro energy could achieve from a small river close o he homes. The hydro energy in such sysem needs waer reservoir and opimal programming should be carried ou o manage energy in he waer reservoir. The geohermal energy is also possible if he homes are locaed on he proper ground wih ho energy beneah he earh surface. The homes can also be equipped wih 19

20 biomass-burning generaors, bu i needs enough biomass o run he generaors. The idal power, sea wave power, and ocean energy would no be proper for he presened model because hey are ofen available in he non-residenial areas. 6. Conclusions The proposed sraegy o manage energy in he muli-level muli-home sysem was successfully simulaed and sudied. The resuls show ha he energy cos is ($/year) and he plan uilizes diesel generaor only a hour 20 o produce 31 kw. The houses wih solar panels benefi from heir solar sysems and receive less energy from he grid. The baery energy sorage sysem shifs energy from he hours wih 0.1 $/kwh pricing in hours wih 0.25 $/kwh, in order o reduce he energy cos. I is also demonsraed ha he ransferred power beween levels 1 and 2 is increased ogeher wih reducing wind-solar energy. The simulaions confirm ha he model can supply houses under sandalone operaion. In such a siuaion, he energy cos is increased by 60%, and energy is mainly supplied by diesel generaor. The model can also supply he houses wihou a baery, and he energy cos, in such case is $ /year USD. Furher o his work, i is useful o consider he poenial approaches for incorporaing oher non-radiional energy sources ino a grid sysem. References [1] R. Hemmai, Opimal design and operaion of energy sorage sysems and generaors in he nework insalled wih wind urbines considering pracical characerisics of sorage unis as design variable, Journal of Cleaner Producion. 20

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