Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level

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1 Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level * * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/22 Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere October/November 2016 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. 1 hour 30 minutes Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. Section A 1 For Examiner s Use 2 Section B Total This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages. DC (CW/JG) [Turn over

2 Sea 2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the minimum extent of Arctic Ocean summer sea ice in 2007 compared to the average for 1979 to Pacific Ocean Key minimum extent of the Arctic Ocean summer sea ice for 2007 Gulf of Alaska ALASKA Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Laptev Sea average for 1979 to 2000 ocean / sea CANADA RUSSIA land Bay Hudson Baffin Bay Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean ice cap ice sheet GREENLAND ICELAND Greenland Sea Norwegian Sea Barents Sea Kara Arctic Circle FINLAND SWEDEN NORWAY ice Fig. 1.1 (i) With reference to Fig. 1.1, describe the difference between the minimum extent of Arctic Ocean summer sea ice average for 1979 to 2000 and that for [2]

3 3 Fig. 1.2 shows the summer Greenland ice sheet melt area, in million km 2, between 1979 and melt area / million km year Fig. 1.2 (ii) With reference to Fig. 1.2, describe the trend in the melt area between 1979 and [2] [Turn over

4 4 (iii) Explain the impact of global warming on the size of the main storage zones of water. Refer to Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 in your answer.... [5] (b) The Thames Barrier, in the United Kingdom, is a barrage built to protect London from tidal surges. Fig. 1.3 shows the location of the Thames Barrier and some other barriers. N London Thames Barrier River Thames North Sea 0 8 km Key land above 5 metres land 5 metres and below River Thames / North Sea Greater London urban area barrier Fig. 1.3

5 5 Fig. 1.4 shows the number of closures of the Thames Barrier between 1983 and number of closures of Thames Barrier year Fig. 1.4 (i) Describe the changes in the number of closures of the Thames Barrier between 1983 and 2014 as shown by Fig [3] [Turn over

6 6 (ii) Using Fig. 1.3 and Fig. 1.4, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of barrages such as the Thames Barrier.... [8] [Total: 20]

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8 8 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows a succession developing near Mount Vesuvius, an active volcano in Europe. Fig. 2.2 shows the changes in biomass, primary productivity and biodiversity during succession. bare lava lava colonised by lichen Stereocaulon vesuvianum ferns herbaceous plants (900 species) e.g. Helichrysum litoreum scrubland low woody shrubs e.g. Genista tinctoria deciduous mixed woodland e.g. Neapolitan maple time since volcanic eruption Fig. 2.1 biomass A primary productivity biodiversity 0 0 time since volcanic eruption Fig. 2.2 (i) With reference to Fig. 2.1, outline what is meant by the term succession.... [2]

9 9 (ii) With reference to Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, describe and explain the changes in biomass and biodiversity during succession.... [6] (iii) Explain why the primary productivity in the succession is highest at point A in Fig [2] [Turn over

10 10 (b) The Vesuvius National Park was established in 1995 to protect this active volcanic area in Europe. Fig. 2.3 shows some features of this national park. N Mount Vesuvius VC Key mineral-rich volcanic soil traditional agricultural land use (vineyards and orchards) date of lava formation urban area VC Vesuvius National Park visitor centre lichen ferns herbaceous plants / shrubs national park boundary access road / track gate trails to explore the plants, animals and lava slopes of an active volcano (1 8) educational trail (9) trees 0 1 km Fig. 2.3

11 11 (i) Suggest one reason why different stages of succession can be found in different areas within the Vesuvius National Park.... [2] (ii) Explain the role of national parks in the preservation and conservation of the environment. Include information from Fig. 2.3 in your answer.... [8] [Total: 20] [Turn over

12 12 Section B Select one question from this section. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. 3 Fig. 3.1 shows the volume of freshwater resources available for different regions from surface water as run-off and losses due to evaporation volume of fresh water / km 3 per year Key run-off loss due to evaporation North America South America Europe Africa Asia Oceania region Fig. 3.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 3.1, describe and suggest reasons for the regional differences in the supply of fresh water from run-off. [10] (b) With reference to countries at different levels of economic development, describe ways in which increasing water demands are being met. Assess the impact of growing demand upon the natural supplies of water. [30] [Total: 40]

13 13 4 Fig. 4.1 shows the global distribution of biodiversity as indicated by the number of species of plants per km 2. Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Key number of plant species per km 2 < >5000 Fig. 4.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe and explain the patterns shown in the global distribution of biodiversity. [10] (b) Both natural and human factors influence the biodiversity of ecosystems. Using examples, assess to what extent methods used in ecosystem management are effective in maintaining this biodiversity. [30] [Total: 40] [Turn over

14 14 5 Fig. 5.1 shows how human activity can lead to pollution and result in the formation of a dead zone (an area of water with a depleted oxygen concentration). precipitation agriculture and livestock run-off water treatment river septic tank roads residential run-off urban run-off sea fresh water algae denser saltwater dead zone oxygen-depleted area dead algae dead fish Fig. 5.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 5.1, explain how a dead zone (an area of water with a depleted oxygen concentration) can form as a result of pollution from human activity. [10] (b) With reference to pollutants from both land and marine sources, evaluate management strategies that are aimed at reducing the pollution of marine environments. [30] [Total: 40]

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