Cellulosic Biomass Systems. Tom Richard Penn State University Mark Laser Dartmouth College

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1 Cellulosic Biomass Systems Tom Richard Penn State University Mark Laser Dartmouth College

2 Comparative production costs U S $ / lit e r $0.60 $0.50 $0.40 $0.30 $0.20 $0.10 $0.00 Brazil- Cane US-Corn Ger- Wheat Eur- Wheat Ger-Beets Eur-Beets Cellulosea Celluloseb Cellulosec Source: Compiled by Brewer from data in IEA, 2004

3 Integrated Biorefineries Protein Biomass Feedstock Feedstock Handling Pretreatment Convert Carbohydrate Biological Conversion Power LDV & HDV Fuels Power/TCF Production Product Recovery Waste Treatment LDV Fuels Organic Chemicals Integration of bioconversion and thermochemical platforms Lignin-Rich Residue (More energy dense than original feedstock) Lynd et al., 2007

4 NREL 2002 Model w/ Hierarchies PRETREATMENT &CONDITIONING SACCHARIFICATION& CO-FERMENTATION CORN STOVER FEED HANDLING ENZYME PRODUCTION BURNER/BOILER TURBOGENERATOR PRODUCT PURIFICATION WATER TREATMENT UTILITIES STORAGE ETHANOL

5 Changes from 2002 NREL Design 1 (change to switchgrass) Corn Stover 2 (change to AFEX) 3 (change to CBP) Cellulase 4 (change to IHOSR distillation) Ethanol Pretreatment (Dilute Acid) Separate Hydrolysis & Fermentation (SHF) Stage 1 Distillation Stage 2 Distillation Recycled Water 5 eliminate Evaporation Solids Separation 6 (add AF digestor) Concentrated Syrup Lignin Residue Treated Water Biogas & Sludge Wastewater Treatment Power Generation Power for Process & Export 7 (Combustion -> gasification, TC fuels & powe

6 Energy Flows (Example Scenario) Feedstock 0.1% Feed Handling 0.2% NH 3 1% Pretreatment 3% 0.9% CBP 100% 100% 97% 96% 1.6% Distillation 5% Steam Steam 10% 10% 3% Ethanol 54% 2% Power Power 3.6% 3.7% 3.7% 1% Steam Turbine THERMOCHEMICAL HRSG 1% 17% Other Utilities 6% 2% 9% 21% Cooling/Heat Loss 4% Liquid 16% WWT 0.6% 0.3% Drier WWT Sludge 1% Solids 26% 27% 26% Residue Biogas 13% 0.1% Gasification 0.1% 22% POX Gas Cleanup 35% FT Synthesis 19% GT Power 1% FT Gasoline 6% FT Diesel 10% BIOLOGICAL Ag Inputs (Farming, feedstock transport) ~ 7 % Energy out/ag inputs in: 71/7 10

7 Internal Rate of Return (%) Process Economics Crude Oil Price ($/barrel oil) $13 $26 $31 $42 $57 $66 $72 $100 $120 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 Fuel Price ($/gallon gasoline equivalent) $0.05/kWh $0.20/lb protein 35/65 D/E 7.0% loan rate Ethanol-Rankine Ethanol-GTCC Ethanol-FT-GTCC Ethanol-FT (1X)-CH4 Ethanol-FT (recycle)-ch4 Ethanol-H2 Ethanol-Protein-Rankine Ethanol-Protein-GTCC Ethanol-Protein-FT FT-GTCC DME-GTCC H2-GTCC Rankine GTCC Scale: 5,000 dry short tons/day = 4,535 metric tons/day

8 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Processing Efficiencies *Defined as energy out/(feedstock + external processing energy); % feedstock LHV basis Processing Efficiency (%)* EtOH/Rankine EtOH/GTCC EtOH/FT/GTCC EtOH/FT (1X)/CH4 EtOH/FT (w/recycle)/ch Max Fuels Current technology (dilute acid pretreatment; SSCF) 36 47% EtOH/H2 EtOH/Protein/Rankine EtOH/Protein/GTCC EtOH/Protein/FT EtOH/SA/Rankine FT/GTCC DME/GTCC H2/GTCC Rankine GTCC Corn EtOH Oil Refining (fuels) Oil Refining (fuels + chems) Oil Refining (total)

9 1,400 1,200 1, Comparative GHG Displacement Bioethanol (max fuels) and TC Coproducts Bioethanol and TC Coproducts TC fuels and Power Dedicated Power GHG Displacement (kg/dry ton) EtOH/Rankine EtOH/GTCC EtOH/FT/GTCC EtOH/FT (1X)/CH4 EtOH/FT (recycle)/ch4 EtOH/H2 EtOH/Protein/Rankine EtOH/Protein/GTCC EtOH/Protein/FT FT/GTCC DME/GTCC H2 Rankine GTCC Current US Power Mix A Future US Power Mix

10 Comparative Oil Displacement Bioethanol (max fuels) and TC Coproducts Bioethanol and TC Coproducts TC fuels and Power Dedicated Power Oil Displacement (GJ/dry ton) EtOH/Rankine EtOH/GTCC EtOH/FT/GTCC EtOH/FT (1X)/CH4 EtOH/FT (recycle)/ch4 EtOH/H2 EtOH/Protein/Rankine EtOH/Protein/GTCC EtOH/Protein/FT FT/GTCC DME/GTCC H2 Rankine GTCC Current US Power Mix A Future US Power Mix

11 Comparative Oil Use and GHG Emissions 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% -50% -60% -70% -80% -90% -100% CO 2 emissions (gasoline base case = 586 g/mile) Petroleum use (gasoline base case = 6.94 MJ/mile) EtOH/Rankine EtOH/GTCC EtOH/FT/GTCC EtOH/FT/FT (1X)/CH4 EtOH/FT/FT (recycle)/ch4 EtOH/H2/GTCC EtOH/Protein/Rankine EtOH/Protein/GTCC EtOH/Protein/FT FT/GTCC DME/GTCC H2/GTCC Percent Change From Base Case Scenarios involving bioprocessing: > 90% reduction relative to status quo

12 Economic Drivers: Biological Processing of Lignocellulose Fermentable Carbohydrate Cost ($/kg) $0.30 $0.25 $0.20 $0.15 $0.10 $0.05 $0.00 $0.152 Corn (dry mill) $0.168 Current Enzyme Operating (non-enzyme) Capital (non-enzyme) Feedstock $0.083 Mature Cellulosic Biomass Laser and Lynd, 2007

13 Net energy and net greenhouse gases for gasoline, six studies, and three cases A. E. Farrell et al., Science 311, (2006)

14 Photo credit: T. Richard