Economic Indicators INPUT OUTPUT TABLES DECEMBER 2018 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

Transcription

1 Economic Indicators for EASTERN Asia INPUT OUTPUT TABLES DECEMBER 2018 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

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3 Economic Indicators for EASTERN Asia INPUT OUTPUT TABLES DECEMBER 2018 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

4 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) 2018 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel ; Fax Some rights reserved. Published in ISBN (print), (electronic) Publication Stock No. TCS DOI: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term country in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at This CC license does not apply to non-adb copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Photos in this publication are property of ADB. Notes: In this publication, $ refers to United States dollars. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at Printed on recycled paper

5 Contents Tables, Figures, and Boxes...iv Foreword...xv Acknowledgments... xvii Abbreviations... xviii Technical Note... 1 Part 1: Overview of Production and Demand Structures...1 Part 2: Domestic Interindustry Linkages... 5 Part 3: International Trade and Production Linkages...7 Part 4: Global Value Chain Indicators...12 Hong Kong, China...19 Japan Mongolia People s Republic of China...91 Republic of Korea Taipei,China Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Appendix 6: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Taipei,China iii

6 Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 1 Example of an Input-Output Table Sector Aggregation Used in Input-Output Tables Multiregional Input-Output Table...12 Hong Kong, China Gross Value Added Multipliers Import Multipliers Output Multipliers Input-Output Backward Linkage Input-Output Forward Linkage Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Japan Gross Value Added Multipliers Import Multipliers Output Multipliers Input-Output Backward Linkage Input-Output Forward Linkage Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Mongolia Gross Value Added Multipliers Import Multipliers Output Multipliers iv

7 Tables, Figures, and Boxes v Tables, continued Input-Output Backward Linkage Input-Output Forward Linkage Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, People s Republic of China Gross Value Added Multipliers Import Multipliers Output Multipliers Input-Output Backward Linkage Input-Output Forward Linkage Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Republic of Korea Gross Value Added Multipliers Import Multipliers Output Multipliers Input-Output Backward Linkage Input-Output Forward Linkage Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Taipei,China Gross Value Added Multipliers Import Multipliers Output Multipliers Input-Output Backward Linkage Input-Output Forward Linkage...149

8 vi Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables, continued Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Appendix TableS A1.1 Hong Kong, China Input Output Table, A1.2 Hong Kong, China Input Output Table, A2.1 Japan Input Output Table, A2.2 Japan Input Output Table, A3.1 Mongolia Input Output Table, A3.2 Mongolia Input Output Table, A4.1 People s Republic of China Input Output Table, A4.2 People s Republic of China Input Output Table, A5.1 Republic of Korea Input Output Table, A5.2 Republic of Korea Input Output Table, A6.1 Taipei,China Input Output Table, A6.2 Taipei,China Input Output Table, FIGURES 1 Decomposition of Value-added by Industry (Forward Linkages) Decomposition of Final Goods Production by Economy/Sector (Backward Linkages)...16 Hong Kong, China 1.1.1a Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, b Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, b Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, c Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and c Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, a Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and c Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, d Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and a Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, c Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand,

9 Tables, Figures, and Boxes vii Figures, continued 1.2.1a Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, b Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, a Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, b Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, a Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, b Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, a Potential Decline in Gross Output, b Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, Total Foreign Trade by Sector, Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Imports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to-Output Ratios, Total Foreign-Traded Input, Total Foreign-Traded Output, Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, a Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, b Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, Trade in Value-Added by Industry, Trade in Value-Added, Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector,

10 viii Tables, Figures, and Boxes Figures, continued Japan 2.1.1a Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, b Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, b Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, c Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and c Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, a Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and c Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, d Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and a Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, c Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, a Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, b Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, a Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, b Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, a Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, b Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, a Potential Decline in Gross Output, b Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, Total Foreign Trade by Sector, Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Imports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to-Output Ratios, Total Foreign-Traded Input, Total Foreign-Traded Output, Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, a Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, b Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, Trade in Value-Added by Industry, Trade in Value-Added,

11 Tables, Figures, and Boxes ix Figures, continued Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, Mongolia 3.1.1a Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, b Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, b Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, c Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and c Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, a Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and c Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, d Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and a Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, c Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, a Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, b Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, a Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, b Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, a Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, b Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, a Potential Decline in Gross Output, b Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, Total Foreign Trade by Sector, Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports,

12 x Tables, Figures, and Boxes Figures, continued Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Imports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to-Output Ratios, Total Foreign-Traded Input, Total Foreign-Traded Output, Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, a Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, b Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, Trade in Value-Added by Industry, Trade in Value-Added, Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, People s Republic of China 4.1.1a Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, b Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, b Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, c Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and c Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, a Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and c Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, d Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and a Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand,

13 Tables, Figures, and Boxes xi Figures, continued 4.1.5c Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, a Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, b Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, a Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, b Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, a Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, b Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, a Potential Decline in Gross Output, b Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, Total Foreign Trade by Sector, Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Imports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to-Output Ratios, Total Foreign-Traded Input, Total Foreign-Traded Output, Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, a Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, b Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, Trade in Value-Added by Industry, Trade in Value-Added, Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector,

14 xii Tables, Figures, and Boxes Figures, continued Republic of Korea 5.1.1a Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, b Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, b Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, c Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and c Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, a Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and c Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, d Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and a Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, c Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, a Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, b Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, a Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, b Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, a Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, b Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, a Potential Decline in Gross Output, b Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, Total Foreign Trade by Sector, Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Imports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to-Output Ratios, Total Foreign-Traded Input, Total Foreign-Traded Output, Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, a Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, b Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, Trade in Value-Added by Industry, Trade in Value-Added,

15 Tables, Figures, and Boxes xiii Figures, continued Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, Taipei,China 6.1.1a Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, b Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, b Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, c Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, a Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and c Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, a Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and c Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, d Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and a Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, b Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, c Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, a Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, b Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, a Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, b Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, a Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, b Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, a Potential Decline in Gross Output, b Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, c Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, Total Foreign Trade by Sector, Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports,

16 xiv Tables, Figures, and Boxes Figures, continued Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Imports, Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to-Output Ratios, Total Foreign-Traded Input, Total Foreign-Traded Output, Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, a Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, b Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, Trade in Value-Added by Industry, Trade in Value-Added, Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, Boxes 1 Hypothetical Extraction of Financial Intermediation Industry in Hong Kong, China Hypothetical Extraction of Transport Equipment Industry in Japan Hypothetical Extraction of Mining and Quarrying Industry in Mongolia Hypothetical Extraction of Electrical and Optical Equipment Industry in the People s Republic of China Hypothetical Extraction of Electrical and Optical Equipment Industry in the Republic of Korea Hypothetical Extraction of Electrical and Optical Equipment Industry in Taipei,China

17 Foreword Catalyzed by advancements in production, transportation, and information and communication technologies, as well as diminishing physical and policy barriers to trade, the global economy has been evolving rapidly in recent decades. The resulting need to understand the ever-changing dynamics of trade and production structures has increased the demand for better and more timely statistics. In this context, supply and use tables and input-output tables have received much attention as a response to the emerging need for more systematic and comprehensive approaches to data management, economic analysis, and policy research. The inputoutput analysis framework is designed to illustrate a system of trading activities and production-sharing arrangements at the local, regional, and global levels. To facilitate research and to inform policy, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) produces an ongoing compilation of a multiregional input-output (MRIO) database by augmenting the World Input-Output Database with economies from across Asia and the Pacific. The MRIO database depicts input-output details for 62 economies, 43 of which are based on the 2016 release of the World Input-Output Database, with the remaining 19 compiled from supply and use tables resulting from ADB s statistical capacity-building initiatives in the Asia and Pacific region since The MRIO database aptly serves the increasing demand for structured, relevant, timely, and accurate data, especially with the onset of various economic research projects on global value chains (GVCs). This publication is one of three that focus on particular regions: (i) South and Central Asia, covering Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka; (ii) Southeastern Asia and the Pacific, encompassing Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Fiji, Indonesia, the Lao People s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam; and (iii) Eastern Asia, including the People s Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; Japan; the Republic of Korea; Mongolia; and Taipei,China. Economy-specific time series of input-output tables, aggregated into 35 industrial sectors and 5 final demand sectors, are provided for 2010 and The publications also present data visualization of statistics relevant to the analysis of cross-border production arrangements such as value-added exports, revealed comparative advantages, trade in value-added, GVC income, and GVC participation computed from the MRIO. xv

18 xvi Foreword I would like to thank all those who contributed to the production of these three publications the consultants; the industry experts; ADB staff; and the national implementing agencies and other government organizations in the economies participating in ADB s statistical and analytical capacity-building initiatives for their dedication, cooperation, and hard work. The funding for the data development and analysis activities that led to this publication was provided under RCDTA-8838: Updating and Constructing the Supply and Use Tables for Selected Developing Member Economies, and RETA-9244: Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific We hope that this report will be a valuable resource for economic research and policy analysis. Yasuyuki Sawada Chief Economist and Director General Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department Asian Development Bank

19 Acknowledgments The successful integration of the supply and use framework into the national accounts systems in 19 participating economies in Asia and the Pacific through the regional capacity development technical assistance (RCDTA) 8838: Updating and Constructing Supply and Use Tables for Selected Developing Member Economies, was made possible by the strong cooperation and active participation of the respective governments and national statistical offices. Building on the successful implementation of RCDTA 8838, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) expanded the initiative on data development to compile input-output tables and multiregional input-output tables. The project was financially supported by ADB through RCDTA 8838 and RETA 9244: Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific ADB gratefully acknowledges the valuable contributions of the heads, national coordinators, and Supply and Use Table (SUT) team members in all national implementing agencies for their active participation and hard work in collating the various data sources and compiling the supply and use tables. The national implementing agencies are Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics; National Statistics Bureau, Bhutan; Department of Economic Planning and Development, Brunei Darussalam; National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia; National Bureau of Statistics, People s Republic of China; Bureau of Statistics, Fiji; Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong, China; Central Statistics Office, India; Badan Pusat Statistik, Indonesia; Lao Statistics Bureau, Lao People s Democratic Republic; Department of Statistics, Malaysia; Department of National Planning, Maldives; National Statistical Office of Mongolia; Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal; Pakistan Bureau of Statistics; Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka; Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Taipei,China; National Economic and Social Development Board, Thailand; and General Statistics Office, Viet Nam. This set of three publications cover South and Central Asia, Eastern Asia, and Southeastern Asia and the Pacific. It was produced by the Development Economics and Indicators Division of the Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department of ADB, under the overall coordination of Mahinthan Joseph Mariasingham; with technical assistance from Kristina Baris, John Arvin Bernabe, Donald Jay Bertulfo, Nina Ashley Dela Cruz, Paul Neilmer Feliciano, Dianne Lara Monis, Julieta Magallanes, Sarah Mae Manuel, Irene Talam, Jonarie Vergara, and Resi Olivares. Eric Suan provided overall administrative support. Paul Dent edited the publications. Joe Mark Ganaban led the typesetting process while Maria Denise Pena designed the covers. These volumes were published with the support of ADB s Department of Communications and Printing Unit. Rana Hasan Director Development Economics and Indicators Division Asian Development Bank xvii

20 Abbreviations ERDI GDP GFCF GVA GVC ICT IOT MRIO NBL NFL NPISH NRCA RoW SUT TiVA TRCA WIOD Development Economics and Indicators Division gross domestic product gross fixed capital formation gross value added global value chains information and communication technology input-output tables multiregional input-output normalized backward linkages normalized forward linkages nonprofit organizations and institutions serving households new revealed comparative advantage rest of the world supply and use tables trade in value added traditional revealed comparative advantage World Input-Output Database xviii

21 Technical Note Part 1: Overview of Production and Demand Structures Input-output tables (IOTs) provide a detailed picture of an economy through which mutual interrelationships among the producers and consumers in that economy can be systematically quantified. IOTs have become a widely used tool for national accounting, economic planning, and policy analysis. This section describes the basic framework of an IOT, consisting of the transaction flows across industries that both produce goods and services (outputs) and consume goods and services (inputs), as well as outlining the value-added by industry and final demand. This also includes a description of different baseline multipliers, which are central indicators of IOTs for impact analysis. A two-region (home and foreign) IOT is used throughout the analysis, spanning All values are expressed either in millions of United States (US) dollars or as percentage shares. The data presented here are not official statistics and could differ from relevant official statistics. Input Output Tables Consider an economy with a given number (n) of sectors. An IOT depicting transactions between industries within that economy, and with the rest of the world (RoW), is summarized in the table below. The Intermediate Uses section of Table 1 depicts consumption (Z ij ) of goods and services by the j produced by industry i. Imported inputs of industry j are denoted as Zm j. Adding intermediate consumption to valueadded (v j ) is equal to the total inputs x j. Table 1: Example of an Input-Output Table Intermediate Uses Final Uses Gross Industry 1 Industry 2... Industry n Households NPISHs Government GFCF CIIs Export Output 1 Z 11 Z Z 1n f 11 f 11 f 11 f 11 f 11 e 1 x 1 Domestic 2 Z 21 Z Z 2n f 21 f 21 f 21 f 21 f 21 e 2 x n Z n1 Z n2... Z nn f n1 f n2 f n3 f n4 f n5 e n x n Imports Zm 1 Zm 2... Zm n fm 1 fm 2 fm 3 fm 4 fm 5 Value-Added v 1 v 2... v n Total Inputs x 1 x 2... x n CIIs = changes in inventories, GFCF = gross fixed capital formation, NPISHs = nonprofit organizations and institutions serving households. Source: Adapted from Miller and Blair (2009). 1 The data presented in this publication are not official statistics. Production and trade data from various sources are integrated into the input-output economic analysis framework and adjusted as required to conform to specific macroeconomic concepts. As such, data and statistics presented herein could differ from relevant official statistics. 1

22 2 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables The Final Uses section of Table 1 depicts the consumption of households (f i1 ), nonprofit organizations and institutions serving households ( f i2 ), government ( f i3 ), gross fixed capital formation ( f i4 ), changes in inventories ( f i5 ), and exports (e i ). Imported goods and services, denoted by ( fm j ), are products consumed ultimately as final products. The sectors in the columns on the left of Table 1 are the selling sectors, while the sectors shown across the top are the buyers. Thus, each row adds up to the gross output that is equal to its corresponding total input, demonstrating the absorption of the output of each industry, while each column shows the input sources of each industry. In this publication, the IOTs utilize three sector aggregation schemes. Table 2: Sector Aggregation Used in Input-Output Tables Sectors at the Level Used by World Input-Output Database ERDI Aggregation Level 1 (13 sectors) Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Primary Primary Mining and quarrying Primary Primary Food, beverages, and tobacco Low tech Low tech Textiles and textile products Low tech Low tech Leather, leather products, and footwear Low tech Low tech Wood and products of wood and cork Low tech Low tech Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Low tech Low tech ERDI Aggregation Level 2 (5 sectors) Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel High and medium tech High and medium tech Chemicals and chemical products High and medium tech High and medium tech Rubber and plastics Low tech Low tech Other nonmetallic minerals High and medium tech High and medium tech Basic metals and fabricated metal High and medium tech High and medium tech Machinery, nec High and medium tech High and medium tech Electrical and optical equipment High and medium tech High and medium tech Transport equipment High and medium tech High and medium tech Manufacturing, nec; recycling Low tech Low tech Electricity, gas, and water supply Utilities Low tech Construction Construction Low tech Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel Trade and repair services Business services Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles Trade and repair services Business services Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods Trade and repair services Business services Hotels and restaurants Tourism Business services Inland transport Transport services Business services Water transport Transport services Business services Air transport Transport services Business services Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies Transport services Business services Post and telecommunications ICT services Business services Financial intermediation Finance and insurance services Business services Real estate activities Property services Business services Renting of machinery and equipment; other business activities Property services Business services Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Public and welfare services Public and welfare services Education Public and welfare services Public and welfare services Health and social work Public and welfare services Public and welfare services Other community, social, and personal services Public and welfare services Public and welfare services Private households with employed persons Services provided by private households Public and welfare services ERDI = Development Economics and Indicators Division, ICT = information and communication technology, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific

23 Technical Note 3 Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the values of final goods and services produced within an economy over a given period. The charts on GDP show a growth trend, scaled to 2010 levels, for a particular economy in Asia as compared to the RoW and shares by five-sector aggregation (Table 1). Scaling to 2010 levels is the result of dividing the actual GDP by the 2010 GDP values of the economy and the RoW. Final consumption expenditure comprises the major components of domestic demand together with net exports, which is the difference between exports and imports. The components of domestic demand are private consumption, which includes household consumption expenditure and expenditure by nonprofit institutions serving households, and gross capital formation, which is the investment, for instance, in the purchase of machinery and buildings as well as the constitution of stocks (inventories). When stock building, also known as changes in inventories, is excluded, the result is known as gross fixed capital formation. The charts on final consumption expenditure present the total trend and shares by fivesector aggregation over time. Intermediate consumption represents the value of the raw materials, components, and partly manufactured goods going into a given product, as well as other services used in the production of a good or a service (Lequiller and Blades, 2014). When intermediate consumption is deducted from output, one eliminates double counting, and considers gross value added (GVA) as an indicator of output. GVA can also be disaggregated into domestic and imported goods and services. The charts on intermediate consumption present total trend, shares by five-sector aggregation, and ratio to output over time. GVA is the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption; it is a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry, or sector (Lequiller and Blades, 2014). It can also be referred to as two factors, labor and capital, which are compensated respectively by salaries and profits generated through production. The charts on GVA present total trend, shares by five-sector aggregation, and content in final consumption use. Gross output is the sum of the GVA and the intermediate consumption of an economy attributed to final demand. The direct linkage between gross output and final demand refers to the finished deliveries of goods and services to different components of final consumption use. Conversely, the indirect linkage between output and final demand refers to the intermediate outputs used to produce the finished goods and services. These are calculated through matrix multiplication of the Leontief Inverse of the production matrix and the final demand vectors comprised of foreign demand (the RoW s final demand vector) and domestic demand (the national economy s final demand vector). The results show the different output levels necessary to satisfy the final demand requirements. Leontief Inverse is also known as the total requirements matrix, and is calculated through the classic inputoutput model equation: Where, x = (I A) 1 f = Lf (1) (I A) 1 = L = [ l ij ] A is the matrix of technical coefficients that can be shown as A=Z ^x 1 or A ij = Z ij X j

24 4 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Technical coefficients or input coefficients are the shares of costs for goods, services, and primary inputs in total input, which is equal to total output; usually calculated by dividing each entry of the IOT by the column total. The GVA attributed to final demand is calculated by applying the GVA multipliers and the final demand vectors comprised of foreign demand (the RoW s final demand vector) and domestic demand (the national economy s final demand vector). The decomposition exercise follows that f = f d + f e, where subscripts d and e stand for domestic final demand and exports, respectively. From equation (1), it follows that x = (I-A) 1 f d + (I-A) 1 f e, where x is a vector of gross output generated to satisfy both domestic and foreign final demand. Therefore, we can distinguish between x d = (I-A) 1 f d and x e = (I-A) 1 f e x d is the vector of gross output generated to satisfy domestic final demand, and x e is the vector of gross output generated to satisfy foreign (export) demand. Since v c,j = v j / x j GVA attributed to domestic and foreign demand may be decomposed by pre-multiplying both equations 2 and 3 with the diagonalized vector of GVA coefficients, ^v c. Formulaically, v d = ^v c (I A) 1 f d (2) v e = ^v c (I A) 1 f e (3) Multipliers are values used to estimate the effects of exogenous changes on (i) outputs of the sectors in the economy; (ii) income earned by households in each sector, due to new outputs; (iii) employment (jobs, in physical terms) that is generated by each sector due to new outputs; and (iv) the value-added, which is created by each sector in the economy due to new outputs (Miller and Blair, 2009). Output multipliers refer to the total value of production in all sectors of the economy necessary for all stages of production to produce one unit of product for final demand. An output multiplier for a given sector, for instance, sector j, is m = (o)j = i=1 l ij (4) As previously mentioned, L or Leontief Inverse is a matrix of sector-to-sector multipliers, l ij, and output multipliers are the column sums of this matrix. These multipliers represent sector-to-economy multipliers, relating final demand in sector j to economy-wide output (Miller and Blair, 2009).

25 Technical Note 5 GVA multipliers quantify the total value-added generated in the economy due to a unit value change of final demand for each sector. To calculate GVA multipliers in matrix form, pre-multiply diagonalized valueadded coefficients with the Leontief Inverse, L. Value-added coefficients are derived by dividing the GVA of sector j to the gross output of the same sector j, or in matrix form: 'v c = 'v ˆx 1. Import multipliers refer to the total intermediate imports that are required to satisfy one unit change in final demand for each sector. The same approach to GVA multipliers applies, but the share of imported inputs of sector j to the total output of sector j should be used in lieu of value-added coefficients. Part 2: Domestic Interindustry Linkages Patterns of Interindustry Transactions An IOT is a widely used tool to study the pattern of production and consumption of the various industries operating in an economy. The flow of goods and services from one industry to another within the domestic market are visualized using chord diagrams. These interindustry flows refer to intermediate inputs produced in one industry to be absorbed by another as part of its production processes. The diagram rearranges the domestic economy into 13 differentiated tradable industries and makes explicit their direct mutual dependence based on the intermediate transactions. The chord diagram has two main features: arcs and connections. Lengths of arcs, which determine sector sizes, are proportional to the output of the industry consumed for the domestic intermediate use to the total output consumed for domestic intermediate use of all industries, plus the proportion of its total consumption of outputs of other industries within the economy. The thickness of a connection shows the relative value of the output of the industry used by another industry. The colors of the connections follow the color of the industry of origin. Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry Backward linkage refers to the impact of any change in the output of a sector to the sectors producing its input requirements. This indicates the interdependence of a sector with its suppliers. This term focuses on the causation in the demand-side model. Backward linkage measures the sector s dependence to sectors supplying their input requirements. For the input-output model x = (1 A) 1 f = Lf, the backward linkage of the j th sector is derived as the sum of the elements of the j th column of the Leontief Inverse, L. In an n-sector economy, the total backward linkage of the j th sector is computed as: BL j = c i=1 l ij, (5) where L = [ l ij ]. In this context, backward linkage is similar to the output multiplier. Conversely, forward linkage refers to the impact of any change in the output of a sector to the sectors consuming its output as an input in their own production. This indicates the interconnection of a sector with sectors buying its output. This term focuses on the causation in the supply-side model. Forward linkage measures the sector s dependence to sectors using their output for production.

26 6 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Forward linkages can be derived using Ghosh s model: x' = v' (I B) 1 = v'g, (6) where forward linkage of the i th sector is derived as the sum of the elements of the i th row of the Ghosh matrix G. The total forward linkage of the i th sector is computed as: FL i = n j =1 g ij, (7) where G = [ g ij ]. Using normalized values helps gauge relative strength of interindustry linkage. This allows the classification of industries as more dependent or less dependent on suppliers of inputs (backward linkage perspective) or users of their output (forward linkage perspective). Both forward and backward linkages were normalized by dividing the sector linkage to the mean linkage of all sectors. Normalized backward linkage (NBL) for sector j is computed as: BL j = 1_ n BL j n j=1 BL j (8) and normalized forward linkage (NFL) for sector i is computed as: FL j FL j =. (9) 1_ n n i=1 FL i This method gives us unity as the bar between industries considered to be independent of other industries (below average or weaker linkage) with industries that are more dependent on other industries (above average or stronger linkage). Scatterplot of Backward and Forward Linkages In normalized form, sectors considered to have high forward and backward linkages are those that score greater than 1 for either NBL or NFL. For 2010 and 2017, sectors may be distributed over a four-way classification based on their relative backward and forward linkages. Following Miller & Blair (2009), sectors in the first quadrant have high forward and backward linkages (NFL>1, NBL>1) indicating high dependence on both their suppliers and consumers in other sectors. Sectors in the second quadrant are more dependent on sectors using their output (NFL>1) and less dependent on sectors producing their inputs (NBL<1). Sectors in the third quadrant are those that have relatively lower dependence on other sectors (NFL<1, NBL<1). Sectors in the fourth quadrant have high dependence on their suppliers (NBL>1) and less dependence on sectors using their output (NFL<1). Accompanying tables on normalized backward and forward linkages show results for every sector in the selected domestic economy for

27 Technical Note 7 Hypothetical Extraction of Select Industries from the Domestic Economy Hypothetical extraction aims to quantify how much the total output of an economy would change (decrease) if a particular sector were removed from that economy. This is an alternative approach to determining relative importance of an industry by its direct and indirect contributions to the economy. The GVA of a sector may be interpreted as the direct economic contribution, while its production linkages with the rest of the economy underscore its indirect contribution. Hypothetical Extraction Results Hypothetical extraction is modeled in the context of input-output by deleting row and column elements of sector j in the direct requirements matrix A by replacing them with zeros to generate a new matrix Ā j. This effectively cancels out any mutual interdependence of sector j with the rest of the sectors in the economy. It also follows that there is no final demand, f (j) = 0, and no primary inputs, v (j) = 0, from sector j. Utilizing the standard Leontief model with Ā j and f generates a new vector of gross output, _ x. The difference between the output of the hypothetical and baseline scenarios is known to be an aggregate measure of the economy s loss (decrease in value of gross output) if sector j disappears. As such, it is a measure of the importance or total linkage of sector j. It is possible to calculate the economy s loss in terms of GVA by pre-multiplying the vector of gross value added coefficients with sector j set to null, v (j) = 0. The resulting vector shows total GVA generated in a hypothetical scenario where there is no sector j. Comparison of Production Gaps between Actual and Hypothetical Scenarios Production gaps refer to the difference between the baseline scenario and hypothetical scenario with the extraction of sector j. Results are presented by decomposing economic loss attributed to two broad categories of final demand: domestic and foreign (exports). Given new direct requirements, matrix Ā j, hypothetical gross output and GVA levels may be decomposed according to (i) production attributed to domestic final demand given the known vector of domestic final demand, f d, and (ii) production attributed to foreign demand given the vector of exports f e. The gap between the two scenarios in either variant (i.e., production for domestic and foreign demand) may be interpreted as the potential economic loss, accounting for the removal of direct and indirect production linkages of sector j. Part 3: International Trade and Production Linkages Exports and Imports as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product Exports and imports as a percentage share of GDP, or simply the trade-to-gdp ratio, is an indicator of the relative importance of international trade to a national economy. It is derived by dividing the gross value of exports and imports over a period by the GDP for the same period. Total Foreign Trade by Sector Total foreign trade shows the gross imports and exports by sector measured in millions of US dollars. Export Activity by End-Use Category Trends of export levels from 2010 to 2017 are presented by types of end-use: intermediate use and final use. Complementing this graph are the shares of each aggregate sector in the exports of each end-use category.

28 8 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Import Activity by End-Use Category Trends of import levels from 2010 to 2017 are presented by types of end-use: intermediate use and final use. Complementing this graph are the shares of each aggregate sector in the exports of each end-use category. International Buying and Selling Patterns of Domestic Industries This section shows international sourcing and selling patterns in the domestic industries by calculating the shares of internationally traded inputs (the amount of inputs sourced from the RoW) and internationally traded outputs (the amount of output that was exported to the RoW) in the gross output of each sectoral aggregation. Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to-Output Ratios Imported inputs are noncompetitive imports used by domestic industries in their respective production processes. In other words, they exclude any imports used by final consumers. Each industry s imported inputs are divided by the total output to derive the imported input-to-output ratio. Conversely, exported output is simply the amount of domestic production that was consumed by nonresidents either for further production processes or for final consumption. Exported output is divided by the total (gross) output of each industry to derive the exported output-to-output ratio. These ratios are used to rank each sector of the economy and highlight how much internationally traded input and output is involved in the production processes of each sector. Total Foreign-Traded Input Analogous to imported inputs. Total Foreign-Traded Output Analogous to exports, or the amount of goods and services produced by residents in the economy r and consumed by nonresidents either for intermediate or final use. Measured in gross terms, this statistic is often cited as having limitations for isolating double-counted terms from multiple border crossings. Domestic Production and International Linkages For this indicator, the computational exercise takes place in the context of a two-region interregional model, where we assume region r to refer to the domestic economy, and s as being the RoW. A salient feature of a tworegion IOT is that it provides the mechanism for detailing the direct and indirect linkages between production and trade in a systematic manner. The total requirements matrix, L, can therefore be decomposed into three components based on the intrinsic cause (demand) driving the production of the output: intraregional effect (M 1 ), interregional spillover effect (M 2 ), and interregional feedback effect (M 3 ), where: L = M 3 * M 2 * M 1

29 Technical Note 9 Formulaically, in a two-economy model, it is expressed as: M 1 = (I Arr ) (I A ss ) 1 (10) M 2 = I (I A rr ) 1 A rs (I A ss ) 1 A sr I (11) M 3 = [ I (I A rr ) 1 A rs (I A ss ) 1 A rs ] [I (I A ss ) 1 A sr (I A rr ) 1 A sr -1 ] (12) Where I is the identity matrix and 0 is the zero matrix, both with the same dimension as the relevant technical coefficient matrix A. A rr and A ss are the technical coefficient matrices of transactions within economies r and s, respectively. The coefficients related to interregional transactions are captured in matrixes A rs and A sr. M 1, or intraregional effect, captures the total output that a sector must produce to meet the total domestic (intraregional) requirement arising from a unit value increase in final demand for any given commodity in any given location. M 2, or interregional spillover effect, measures the pure interregional direct and indirect demand for the sector s product. M 3, or interregional feedback effect, shows the demand of a sector or an economy for its own product(s), resulting from its product(s) being used in the production of commodities that are themselves demanded by the sector or economy in question for its production process. Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand In terms of additive decomposition, L can also be expressed as follows: L = I + (M 1 -I) + (M 2 *M 1 M 1 ) + (M 3 *M 2 *M 1 M 2 *M 1 ) (13) Therefore, gross output, x, can be expressed as: x = Lf = If + (M 1 I)f + Gross output Direct intra-regional Indirect intra-regional (M 2 I)M 1 f + (M 3 I)M 2 M 1 f Net inter-regional Net feedback (14) The decomposition isolates the initial, intraregional, interregional, and feedback effects. The last two terms of the above equation capture the effects of interregional trade linkages on an economy s sector-specific production activities. They could also be used as a measure of the level and evolution of integration between two or more economies. The last term could serve as an indicator of an economy s (or one of its sector s) intensity of participation in globally distributed production processes. A high value indicates that the sector under consideration is connected to the relevant international production processes at more than one level.

30 10 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Interregional Input-Output Tables This graph depicts year-on-year growth rates of each of the four production components based on the multiplier decomposition described. Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector Based on the multiplier decomposition method described, this table shows two components of production that are directly related to production linkages within the domestic region, M 1. Each gross output component is shown by 5-sector aggregation in terms of millions of US dollars. The first subsection (top) presents the total final demand by sector (direct M 1 ), while the second subsection (bottom) shows the indirect production by sector. Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector Based on the multiplier decomposition method described, this table shows two components of production that are directly related to production linkages with the RoW, M 2 and M 3. Each gross output component is shown by 5-sector aggregation in terms of millions of US dollars. Net intraregional (domestic) multipliers capture the total output that a sector must produce to meet the indirect intraregional requirement for its output arising from a unit value increase in final demand for any given commodity in any given location. Each value shows the additional million US dollars worth of domestic production required to satisfy a corresponding million US dollars worth of final demand for sector i. Net interregional multipliers measure the pure interregional direct and indirect demand for a sector s product. Each value shows the additional million US dollars worth of interregional production requirements to satisfy one million US dollars demand for sector j. Net feedback multipliers show the demand of a sector or an economy for its own product(s), resulting from its product(s) being used in the production of commodities that are themselves demanded by the sector or economy in question for its production process. Gross Trade Decomposition Comparison of Exports in Gross versus Value-Added Terms Exports in gross trade and trade in value-added terms are explored in this set of indicators. Traditional measures of trade record gross flows of goods and services each time they cross borders. This double counting in trade statistics can, to some extent, overstate the importance of exports to GDP and ignore the relative importance of cross-border production-sharing arrangements. Gross trade value aggregates all three broad components: domestic value-added, foreign value-added, and pure double counted terms. In attempt to disentangle domestic value-added from gross trade statistics, Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013) advocated the use of domestic value-added absorbed abroad (VAX_G). VAX_G includes three components: (i) domestic value-added embodied in economy s (the domestic economy in focus) final exports to economy r (RoW); (ii) domestic value-added

31 Technical Note 11 embodied in economy s intermediate exports used by direct importer r to produce final goods and consumed in r; and (iii) domestic value-added in intermediate exports by economy s, used by direct importer r, to produce exports ultimately absorbed by all other economies except s. As a measure of domestic value-added embodied in exports (excluding domestic value-added first exported then returned home), VAX_G explicitly excludes foreign-originated value-added and pure double-counted terms. These exclusions account for the difference between traditional gross exports and VAX_G measures. Revealed Comparative Advantage: Traditional versus Value-Added Measures Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) measures the intensity of trade specialization of a national economy in the context of the RoW. The RCA of a particular sector can be measured in a more traditional way by looking at how an exported product compares with other products using gross terms. It can also be measured by the actual value-added created by an economy and embodied in an export. Following Bela Balassa (1965), traditional revealed comparative advantage (TRCA) of economy r is defined as: TRCA r i = e r i * n i e r i * G t et i * n G i t et i * (15) That is, the TRCA is equal to the export share of an industry to the total exports of an economy, divided by the export share of this industry in the world, G t et i * n G i t et i *. e r i * n i e r i *, An RCA value of less than 1 implies that the economy is not specialized in exports of this industry. Similarly, an RCA value exceeding 1 implies that the economy is specialized in this industry s exports. Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013) proposed a new measure of revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) that excludes foreign value-added and pure double-counted terms in gross exports, but includes indirect exports of an economy-sector s value-added through other sectors of the exporting economy. The authors defined NRCA as the share of an economy-sector s forward-linkage-based measure of domestic value-added in exports, dvix_f, in the economy s total domestic value-added in exports relative to the sector s total forwardlinkage-based domestic value-added in exports from all economies as a share of global value-added in exports. The NRCA is defined as: NRCA r i = dvix f r i * n i=1 dvix f r i * G t dvix f i t* n G i t dvix f i t* (16) NRCA uses the same interpretation as TRCA, except that, instead of using gross exports, e, NRCA only includes the domestic value-added component of export in each sector.

32 12 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Part 4: Global Value Chain Indicators This section focuses on different indicators for global value chains (GVCs), namely trade in value-added, GVC income, and GVC participation. GVCs refer to how international trade, production, and investments are organized and analyzed through the different stages of production processes, traced across different national economies. Trade in value-added refers to the export, import, and net trade in value-added between one economy and another. The network graph shows the trade in value-added of the economy in focus with its top trading partner economies in 2010 and The diameter of the nodes or circles represent the GDP of the economy and the width or magnitude of the arrows represent how much trade in value-added comes in and goes out from the economy in focus and its trading partners. In addition, the green shade of the nodes and arrows represents the importing partner economy and import of value-added, respectively, while the blue shade of the nodes and arrows represents the exporting partner economy and export of value-added, respectively. Note that the curved arrows do not have any implication regarding the indicator presented. Using the notations of Johnson and Noguera (2012) for trade in value-added, consider the following multiregion IOT of G economies with N sectors. Table 3: Multiregional Input-Output Table Intermediate Uses Final Uses Gross Economy 1 Economy 2... Economy G G Outputs 1 Z 11 Z Z 1G f 11 f f 1G x 1 Intermediate Inputs 2 Z 21 Z Z 2G f 21 f f 2G x G Z G1 Z G2... Z GG F G1 F G2... F GG X G Value-Added v 1 v 2... v G Total Inputs x 1 x 2... x G Source: Adapted from Miller and Blair (2009). The vector f st = [ f st (i)] contains values of goods or services consumed for final use in economy t, produced in sector i in economy s. Matrix Z st = [z st (i, j)] is composed of values of goods or services consumed by sector j in economy s, produced in sector i in economy s. The vector of outputs of each sector in economy s is: x s = [x s (i) = t f st (i) + t j f st (i,j)]. (17) Then for N N matrix A = [a st (i, j ) = f st (i, j )/x s ( j )] we express the multi-region output as: x = Ax + t f t x = t (I A) 1 f t. (18) This parallels the classic input-output model for one region such that (I-A) -1 is interpreted similarly with the Leontief Inverse. Exports of value-added produced in sector i in economy s and absorbed in economy t are then computed as: v st (i) = r s (i) x st (i), (19)

33 Technical Note 13 where, r s (i) = 1 t j a ts ( j,i ) (20) is the ratio of value-added to output for each sector in economy s. Then the total export of value-added from economy s to t is: v st = i r s (i)x st (i). (21) The total export of value-added of economy s to all trading-partner economies is: v s = i t r s (i)x st (i). (22) and the total import of value-added of economy t from all trading-partner economies is: v t = j s r s (i)x st (i). (23) Timmer et al. (2013) used the term GVC income for import of value-added. The difference va s va t, is the value-added trade balance or the net trade in value-added that gives a better picture of the exchange of goods and services from national economy to national economy. Global Value Chain Participation Index This part examines each economy s movements in GVC participation. Following Wang et al. (2017), we can decompose total production activities at the economy- and sector-levels, depending on whether production activities are for pure domestic demand, traditional trade, simple GVC activities, and/or complex GVC activities. Decomposing Value-Added and Final Goods Production Activities GVCs depend on goods that are used as inputs and which cross national borders for production. Therefore, the first steps in measuring GVC participation are to separate final and intermediate use, distinguish between domestic and foreign value-added, and identify which types of production are GVC activities and which are not. To distinguish between domestic and foreign value-added, the domestic and the import input-output coefficient matrix in the MRIO may be used in the national IOT, X = AX + Y (24) Where X is the gross output vector, Y is the final demand vector, and A is the input-output technical coefficient matrix. Using this gross output equation, which splits intermediate and final goods, the production and use balance of production may be written as: which can be rearranged to get: X = A D X + Y D + A F X + Y F = A D X + Y D + E (25) X = (A A D ) 1 Y D + (I A D ) 1 E = LY D + LE (26) X = LY D + LY F + LA F X

34 14 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables where A D is the diagonal block matrix of domestic input coefficients, A F is the off-diagonal block matrix of imported input coefficients, Y D is the vector of final goods production for domestic consumption, and Y F is the vector of final goods exports. Replacing L with B as the global Leontief Inverse matrix and replacing X as BY obtains the decomposition of value-added and final goods production may be written as follows: V^ BY^ = V^ LY^ D + V^ LY^ F + V^ LA^ F B^ Y (27) V^ BY^ = V^ LY^ D + V^ LY^ F + (V^ LA^ F LY^ D ) + V^ LA^ F (BY^ LY^ D ) (28) The first term refers to pure domestic production or domestic production absorbed by domestic final demand without cross-border trade. The second term refers to traditional trade or the production of final goods or exports absorbed by foreign final demand. In this type of production activity, value-added crosses national borders only once and only for consumption. Both pure domestic production and traditional trade are non-gvc production activities because there is no domestic value-added that crosses national borders for production purposes. The third and fourth terms refer to GVC production activities. GVC activities are those activities in which value-added crosses national borders for production. It is the sum of value-added embodied in intermediate goods for export or import. GVC production activities can be further decomposed into simple and complex GVC activities. Simple GVCs involve domestic value-added crossing national borders for production only once, while complex GVCs involve domestic value-added crossing national borders for production at least twice. By decomposing GVC participation indices between participation in non-gvc and GVC production activities, the extent by which domestic value-added in a economy-sector is involved in the GVCs production activities can be measured. Furthermore, the structural change in an economy s different types of valueadded creation activities at the sectoral level and its relevance to an economy s GDP growth can be analysed based on this decomposition. Measuring Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages in Global Value Chains Based on the decomposition of value-added and final goods production, we can identify which types of production are GVC production activities. Therefore, participation in GVCs can be measured at the economy-sector level in four ways, based on forward and backward linkages through (i) exports of domestic value-added embodied in intermediate exports used by direct importers for domestic consumption, labelled as simple GVCs based on forward linkages; (ii) exports of domestic value-added in intermediate exports used by direct importers to produce exports to third-party economies, labelled as complex GVCs based on forward linkages; (iii) imports of foreign value-added that are used to produce goods for domestic consumption, labelled as simple GVCs based on backward linkages; and (iv) imports of foreign value-added that are used to produce exports to other economies, labelled as complex GVCs based on backward linkages.

35 Technical Note 15 The sum of Eq. 28 along the rows provides the decomposition of value-added from an economy-sector from upstream activities, which indicates GVC participation based on forward linkages, GVCPt_F. It refers to the sum of each economy-sector s value-added used in all downstream sectors. V^ BY^ = V^ LY^ D + V^ LY^ F + V^ LA^ F LY^ D + V^ LA^ F (BY^ LY^ D ) (1)V D (2)V_RT (3a)V_GVC_S (3b)V_GVC_C (29) The sum of Eq. 28 along the columns provides the decomposition of an economy-sector s final goods production, which indicates GVC participation based on backward linkages, GVCPt_B. It refers to the sum of value-added in an economy-sector s final goods production that is involved in GVC activities from all upstream sectors. V^ BY^ = V^ LY^ D + V^ LY^ F + V^ LA^ F LY^ D + V^ LA^ F (BY^ LY^ D ) Y D Y_RT Y_GVC_S Y_GVC_C (30) ˆVLY D and VLY^ D are labelled as V_D and Y_D which refers to the value-added that is produced and absorbed domestically. V^ LY F and VLY^ F are labelled as V_RT and Y_RT which refers to value-added that is embodied in final goods exports and absorbed by the direct importer for consumption only. At the economy aggregate level, V_D and V_RT are equal to Y_D and Y_RT. V^ LY F LY D and VLY F LY^ D are labelled as simple GVC activities V_GVC_S and Y_GVC_S while V^ LA F (BY LY D ) and VLA F (BY^ LY^ D ) are labelled as complex GVC activities V_GVC_C and Y_GVC_C. V_GVC_S is domestic value-added embodied in an economy-sector s intermediate exports that are used by the direct importer to produce domestic final goods that are absorbed by domestic final demand. Y_GVC_S is foreign value-added in an economy-sector that is imported directly from partner countries and are used to produce domestic final goods consumed domestically. V_GVC_C is an economy-sector s value-added embodied in its intermediate exports and used by the direct importer to produce intermediate and final exports to other countries. Y_GVC_C is the returned domestic value-added or foreign value-added embodied in an economy-sector s intermediate imports that are used to produce final goods absorbed at the home economy or exported to other countries. Because V_GVC_C and Y_GVC_C involves indirect international trade through third countries, they will only equal each other at the global aggregate level. Figure 1: Decomposition of Value-added by Industry (Forward Linkages) A country-sector's Value-Added (V) GVCPt_F Pure Domestic V_D Traditional Trade V_RT GVC Activities V_GVC Simple GVCs V_GVC_S Source: Wang et al. (2017). Complex GVCs V_GVC_C

36 16 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 2: Decomposition of Final Goods Production by Economy/Sector (Backward Linkages) Production of final goods and services by a country-sector (Y) GVCPt_B Pure Domestic Y_D Traditional Trade Y_RT GVC Activities Y_GVC Simple GVCs Y_GVC_S Complex GVCs Y_GVC_C Source: Wang et al. (2017). GVC Participation Based on Backward and Forward Linkages at the Economy/Sector Level For each sector, the GVC participation index based on forward and backward linkages, and their decomposition into simple and complex GVC activities, can be measured. Breaking down the decomposition of economic sectors into both forward and backward linkages shows the general pattern in production structures among sectors. In general, services tend to have a low degree of participation in both backward and forward linkages, while manufacturing tends to have a high degree of both backward and forward participation. Major producers and exporters in the primary sector, including agriculture and mining, often have a high degree of forward participation and a low degree of backward participation.

37 Technical Note 17 References B. Balassa Trade Liberalisation and Revealed Comparative Advantage. The Manchester School. 33(2). pp doi: /j tb00050.x European Commission Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables. eu/eurostat/documents/ / /ks-ra en.pdf/b0b3d71e be- 70b36cea9b39?version=1.0 (accessed 17 September 2018). R.C. Johnson and G. Noguera Accounting for Intermediates: Production Sharing and Trade in Value Added. Journal of International Economics. 86(2). pp doi: /j.jinteco F. Lequiller and D.W. Blades Understanding National accounts. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. R.E. Miller and P.D. Blair Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. New York: Cambridge University Press. M.P. Timmer, E. Dietzenbacher, B. Los, R. Stehrer, and G. De Vries An Illustrated User Guide to the World Input Output Database: The Case of Global Automotive Production. Review of International Economics. 23. pp United Nations Handbook on Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables with Extensions and Applications. New York: United Nations. (accessed July 2018). Z. Wang, S. Wei, and K. Zhu Quantifying International Production Sharing at the Bilateral and Sector Levels. doi: /w19677 Z. Wang, S.J. Wei, X. Yu, and K. Zhu Measures of Participation in Global Value Chains and Global Business Cycles. doi: /w23222 World Bank Group, Institute of Developing Economies-Japan External Trade Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, University of International Business and Economics, and World Trade Organization Global Value Chain Development Report 2017: Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of GVCs on Economic Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

38 Country Profiles Eastern Asia

39 Overview of Production and Demand Structures 1.1 Hong Kong, China Figure 1.1.1a: Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, (%) Hong Kong, China Rest of the World Figure 1.1.1b: Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2017 (%) 18 Primary High and medium tech Public and welfare services Low tech Business service Figure 1.1.2a: Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, ($ million) 250, , , ,000 50,000 50,000 Gross Capital Formation Government Households Net exports $ = United States dollar. Figure 1.1.2b: Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, (%) Government Gross Capital Formation Households Net exports 19

40 20 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 1.1.2c: Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) , , , , , , , , ,000 50,000 $ million Figure 1.1.3a: Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) , , , , , , ,000 $ million Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend $ = United States dollar. $ = United States dollar. Figure 1.1.3b: Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and 2017 (%) 2010 Primary Public and welfare services and Low tech Foreign FD Domestic FD Low tech Business service Figure 1.1.3c: Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, ($ million) 700, , , , , , , Primary welfare services Public and Low tech Foreign FD Domestic FD Business service Low tech Domestic FD Indirect production attributed to domestic demand Foreign FD Indirect production attributed to foreign demand $ = United States dollar, FD = final demand. FD=final demand.

41 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Hong Kong, China 21 Figure 1.1.4a: Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (%) Figure 1.1.4b: Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 (%) Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary 0 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services Figure 1.1.4c: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, ($ million) Figure 1.1.4d: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 ($ million) 350, , , , , ,000 Domestic Imported IC ,000 Domestic IC Imported IC $ = United States dollar, IC= intermediate consumption. 50, , , , ,000 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services $ = United States dollar, IC = intermediate consumption.

42 22 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 1.1.5a: Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) , , , , , ,000 50,000 Public and welfare services Low tech Business service Primary High and medium tech GVA trend $ = United States dollar, GVA = gross value added. $ million Figure 1.1.5b: Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, (%) GVA content of foreign demand GVA content of domestic demand GVA = gross value added. Figure 1.1.5c: Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, (%) Share attributed to domestic final demand 0 Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Share attributed to foreign final demand Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary

43 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Hong Kong, China 23 Table 1.1.1: Gross Value Added Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

44 24 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 1.1.2: Import Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

45 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Hong Kong, China 25 Table 1.1.3: Output Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

46 1.2 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Hong Kong, China Figure 1.2.1a: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2010 Figure 1.2.1b: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2017 Finance Properties Finance Properties ICT Public ICT Public Transport Tourism Primary Low Tech High Tech Utilities Construction Transport Tourism Primary Low Tech High Tech Utilities Construction Trade Trade ICT = information and communication technology. ICT = information and communication technology. 26 Figure 1.2.2a: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2010 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand Q3 Generally independent sectors c30 c27 c17 c18 c28 c7 c34 c29 c23 c3 c25c26 c24 c8 c6 c32 c1 c20 c14c16 c4 c21 c31 c12c10 c22 c33 c5 c35 c2 c15 c9 c19 c13 c11 Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages. Figure 1.2.2b: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2017 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand Q3 Generally independent sectors c30 c27 c17 c18 c28 c7 c34 c29 c23 c3 c25 c26 c24 c8 c1 c6 c32 c14 c20 c15 c22 c4 c21 c35 c31 c33 c10 c16 c5 c19c2 c11 c9 c12 c Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages.

47 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Hong Kong, China 27 Box 1: Hypothetical Extraction of Financial Intermediation Industry in Hong Kong, China Figure 1.2.3a: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, (%) Figure 1.2.4a: Potential Decline in Gross Output, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 1.2.3b: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 1.2.4b: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact Figure 1.2.3c: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, (%) Figure 1.2.4c: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact

48 28 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 1.2.1: Input-Output Backward Linkage Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values. highest linkage

49 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Hong Kong, China 29 Table 1.2.2: Input-Output Forward Linkage Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values. highest linkage

50 1.3 International Trade and Production Linkages Hong Kong, China Figure 1.3.1: Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, (%) Exports as % of GDP GDP = gross domestic product. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Imports as % of GDP Figure 1.3.2: Total Foreign Trade by Sector, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households 150, ,000 50,000 50, , ,000 $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Imports Exports 30

51 International Trade and Production Linkages Hong Kong, China 31 Figure 1.3.3: Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 Figure 1.3.6: Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 Intermediate exports Final exports Intermediate exports Final exports $ = United States dollar. Services Industry Agriculture $ = United States dollar. Figure 1.3.4: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Figure 1.3.7: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, (%) Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Figure 1.3.5: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Figure 1.3.8: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture

52 32 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 1.3.9: Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to- Output Ratios, 2017 Most import-oriented sectors High and medium tech Low tech Primary Tourism Transport services Utilities Trade and repair services Construction ICT services Public and welfare services Finance and insurance services Property services Services provided by private households Most export-oriented sectors High and medium tech Trade and repair services Transport services Low tech Primary Finance and insurance services ICT services Utilities Property services Public and welfare services Construction Tourism Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Input, ($ million) 100,000 80,000 69,047 81,520 83,356 84,068 85,449 82,064 86,291 92,342 60,000 40,000 20,000 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Output, ($ million) 250, , , , , , , , , , , ,000 50,000 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

53 International Trade and Production Linkages Hong Kong, China 33 Figure : Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, ($ million) 800, , , , , , , ,000 Domestic final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, (%) Final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, 2017 ($ million) Trade and repair services Transport services Finance and insurance services High and medium tech Low tech ICT services Property services Public and welfare services Utilities Construction Primary Tourism Services provided by private households 26,726 21,662 Gross exports VAX_G $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). 117,409 10,775 6,453 3,804 2,345 1, ,000 40,000 60,000 80, , , ,000

54 34 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, 2017 Trade and repair services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Utilities Construction Public and welfare services Low tech Property services High and medium tech Tourism Primary Services provided by private households Traditional Revealed Comparative Advantage New Revealed Comparative Advantage based on VAX_G ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database Table 1.3.1: Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Final demand Primary Low tech 24,813 28,613 29,337 30,776 33,484 36,091 40,124 42,438 High and medium tech 10,771 12,138 11,359 9,836 9,371 9,979 11,547 12,265 Business service 215, , , , , , , ,531 Personal service 45,165 47,432 50,332 53,482 56,858 61,121 64,502 69,291 Intraregional effects (M1) Primary Low tech 17,876 18,804 21,923 23,653 26,415 29,598 34,117 36,191 High and medium tech Business service 73,272 84,623 89,522 97, , , , ,622 Personal service 7,603 7,953 8,623 9,403 10,287 10,697 12,056 12,204 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 1.3.2: Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Interregional effects (M2) Primary Low tech 5,923 6,765 5,964 5,376 5,077 5,207 5,476 6,333 High and medium tech 6,594 7,413 6,815 5,893 5,588 6,011 6,922 7,514 Business service 107, , , , , , , ,134 Personal service 3,234 3,317 3,468 3,498 3,713 3,770 4,431 4,502 Feedback effects (M3) Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Personal service $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

55 International Trade and Production Linkages Hong Kong, China 35 Table 1.3.3: Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

56 36 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 1.3.4: Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

57 International Trade and Production Linkages Hong Kong, China 37 Table 1.3.5: Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

58 38 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 1.3.6: Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, ($ million) Sectors Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Primary Low tech 6,237 3,009 6,348 2,947 6,086 2,864 5,344 2,563 4,956 2,429 5,201 2,599 5,692 2,588 6,453 3,113 High and medium tech 9,308 1,955 10,489 2,202 9,538 1,971 8,204 1,700 7,967 1,621 8,534 1,944 10,009 2,226 10,775 2,371 Utilities Construction , Trade and repair services 85,496 64,102 97,805 72, ,699 75, ,607 75, ,645 78, ,204 79, ,939 86, ,409 89,524 Tourism Transport services 22,956 15,079 24,717 14,887 25,503 15,025 25,037 15,086 25,639 15,723 24,888 16,268 23,721 15,615 26,726 17,675 ICT services 2,404 1,817 2,620 1,974 3,137 2,396 3,220 2,441 3,354 2,589 3,369 2,669 3,233 2,571 3,804 3,036 Finance and insurance services 12,960 11,582 13,949 12,391 12,883 11,561 15,142 13,451 17,129 15,410 18,405 16,795 18,334 16,638 21,662 19,724 Property services 2,071 1,761 2,332 1,995 2,545 2,185 2,081 1,818 1,907 1,655 1,996 1,756 1,987 1,762 2,345 2,068 Public and welfare services 1, ,227 1,060 1, , , ,200 1,055 Services provided by private households $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 1.3.7: Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Sectors Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Gross VA X _ G Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

59 Global Value Chain Indicators 1.4 Hong Kong, China Figure 1.4.1a: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2010 Figure 1.4.1b: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2017 SIN TAP SIN TAP PRC HKG IND PRC HKG IND USA JPN USA JPN Economy in focus Import partner Export partner Economy in focus Import partner Export partner HKG = Hong Kong, China; IND = India; JPN = Japan; PRC = People s Republic of China; SIN = Singapore; TAP = Taipei,China; USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. HKG = Hong Kong, China; IND = India; JPN = Japan; PRC = People s Republic of China; SIN = Singapore; TAP = Taipei,China; USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. Figure 1.4.2: Trade in Value-Added by Industry, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low Tech High Tech Utilities Construction Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Public Household 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Export of Value-Added Import of Value-Added $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. 39

60 40 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 1.4.3: Trade in Value-Added, ($ million) 400, , , , , , ,000 50,000 Export of Value-Added $ = United States dollar. Import of Value-Added Figure 1.4.4: Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value- Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Figure 1.4.5: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages (%) Pure Pure (F) Traditional (F) (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Traditional (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points.

61 Global Value Chain Indicators Hong Kong, China 41 Figure 1.4.6: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Figure 1.4.7: Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Figure 1.4.8: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points. Figure 1.4.9: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain.

62 42 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and 2017 Forward Linkage Backward Linkage Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary / /2010 ICT = information and communication technology. Figure : Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, (%) 30 Forward Linkages 30 Backward Linkages Pure (F) Traditional (F) GVC (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database Pure (B) Traditional (B) GVC (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B)

63 Overview of Production and Demand Structures 2.1 Japan Figure 2.1.1a: Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, (%) Figure 2.1.1b: Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2017 (%) Japan Rest of the World 49 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services Figure 2.1.2a: Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, ($ million) 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , ,000 Gross Capital Formation Government Households Net exports $ = United States dollar. Figure 2.1.2b: Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, (%) Government Gross Capital Formation Households Net exports 43

64 44 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 2.1.2c: Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 $ million Figure 2.1.3a: Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 $ million Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend $ = United States dollar. $ = United States dollar. Figure 2.1.3b: Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and 2017 (%) 2010 Primary Public and welfare services Low tech Foreign FD Domestic FD Low tech Business service Figure 2.1.3c: Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, ($ million) 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000, Primary welfare services Public and Low tech Foreign FD Domestic FD Business service Low tech Domestic FD Indirect production attributed to domestic demand Foreign FD Indirect production attributed to foreign demand $ = United States dollar, FD = final demand. FD=final demand.

65 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Japan 45 Figure 2.1.4a: Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (%) 100 Figure 2.1.4b: Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 (%) Public and welfare services Business service Low tech Primary 0 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services High and medium tech Figure 2.1.4c: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, ($ million) Figure 2.1.4d: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 ($ million) 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 Domestic Imported IC ,000,000 Domestic IC Imported IC $ = United States dollar, IC= intermediate consumption. 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services $ = United States dollar, IC = intermediate consumption.

66 46 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 2.1.5a: Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 Public and welfare services Low tech Business service Primary High and medium tech GVA trend $ = United States dollar, GVA = gross value added. $ million Figure 2.1.5b: Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, (%) GVA content of foreign demand GVA content of domestic demand GVA = gross value added. Figure 2.1.5c: Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, (%) Share attributed to domestic final demand 0 Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Share attributed to foreign final demand Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary

67 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Japan 47 Table 2.1.1: Gross Value Added Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

68 48 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 2.1.2: Import Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

69 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Japan 49 Table 2.1.3: Output Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

70 Finance 2.2 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Japan Figure 2.2.1a: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2010 Figure 2.2.1b: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2017 Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Tourism Transport ICT Properties Trade Public Trade Public Construction Utilities Household Primary Low Tech Construction Utilities Household Primary Low Tech High Tech High Tech ICT = information and communication technology. ICT = information and communication technology. 50 Figure 2.2.2a: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2010 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand Q3 Generally independent sectors c7 c35 c30 c6 c10c12 c19 c9 c8 c28c17c1c11c4 c26 c5 c27 c16 c23 c24 c15 c20 c3c14 c34 c22 c25 c13 c21 c18 c29c32 c31c33 Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages. c2 Figure 2.2.2b: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2017 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand Q3 Generally independent sectors c2 c7 c5 c35 c6 c1 c4 c10 c30 c19 c12 c28c17c11 c9 c8 c26 c27 c24 c23 c16 c20 c3 c22 c15 c34c25 c14 c21 c13 c29 c31 c18 c32 c Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages.

71 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Japan 51 Box 2: Hypothetical Extraction of Transport Equipment Industry in Japan Figure 2.2.3a: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, (%) Figure 2.2.4a: Potential Decline in Gross Output, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 2.2.3b: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 2.2.4b: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact Figure 2.2.3c: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, (%) Figure 2.2.4c: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact

72 52 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 2.2.1: Input-Output Backward Linkage Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values highest linkage

73 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Japan 53 Table 2.2.2: Input-Output Forward Linkage Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values highest linkage

74 2.3 International Trade and Production Linkages Japan Figure 2.3.1: Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, (%) Exports as % of GDP GDP = gross domestic product. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Imports as % of GDP Figure 2.3.2: Total Foreign Trade by Sector, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. 400, , , , , ,000 Imports Exports 54

75 International Trade and Production Linkages Japan 55 Figure 2.3.3: Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) Figure 2.3.6: Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) 600, , , , , ,000 Intermediate exports Final exports Intermediate exports Final exports $ = United States dollar. $ = United States dollar. Figure 2.3.4: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Figure 2.3.7: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, (%) Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture 700, , , , , , ,000 Services Industry Agriculture Figure 2.3.5: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Figure 2.3.8: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture

76 56 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 2.3.9: Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to-Output Ratios, 2017 Most import-oriented sectors Utilities High and medium tech Primary Construction Low tech Transport services Tourism Services provided by private households Public and welfare services Trade and repair services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Most export-oriented sectors High and medium tech Transport services Trade and repair services Low tech Primary Services provided by private households Tourism Finance and insurance services Property services ICT services Utilities Public and welfare services Construction ICT = information and communication technology. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Input, ($ million) 700, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,957 $ = United States dollar. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Output, ($ million) 950, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,000 $ = United States dollar.

77 International Trade and Production Linkages Japan 57 Figure : Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, ($ million) 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 Domestic final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, (%) Final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, 2017 ($ million) High and medium tech Trade and repair services Low tech Transport services Property services Tourism Finance and insurance services Primary Public and welfare services ICT services Services provided by private households Utilities Construction 644,100 88,946 53,221 45,447 12,036 4,480 4,029 3,601 2,760 1, , , , , , , ,000 Gross exports VAX_G $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

78 58 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, 2017 Services provided by private households High and medium tech Trade and repair services Transport services Tourism Low tech Property services Public and welfare services ICT services Finance and insurance services Utilities Primary Construction Traditional Revealed Comparative Advantage New Revealed Comparative Advantage based on VAX_G ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database Table 2.3.1: Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Final demand Primary 38,616 40,695 43,121 34,133 31,993 35,289 37,555 35,940 Low tech 976,866 1,066,150 1,082, , , , , ,702 High and medium tech 1,048,281 1,114,830 1,104, , , , , ,453 Business service 2,242,491 2,451,835 2,486,427 2,034,260 1,864,205 1,795,883 1,982,972 2,008,578 Personal service 1,643,587 1,834,539 1,851,370 1,522,453 1,393,634 1,335,882 1,507,128 1,486,221 Intraregional effects (M1) Primary 138, , , , ,565 98, , ,552 Low tech 739, , , , , , , ,518 High and medium tech 1,146,886 1,247,660 1,256, , , , , ,975 Business service 1,567,657 1,700,195 1,719,162 1,427,607 1,296,245 1,209,579 1,380,214 1,364,763 Personal service 216, , , , , , , ,662 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 2.3.2: Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Interregional effects (M2) Primary 12,902 13,655 12,780 12,667 13,055 10,578 10,944 12,633 Low tech 118, , , , , , , ,386 High and medium tech 601, , , , , , , ,901 Business service 291, , , , , , , ,213 Personal service 20,159 21,624 20,636 17,616 17,034 16,324 17,588 19,952 Feedback effects (M3) Primary Low tech 1, , , , , , , , High and medium tech 8, , , , , , , , Business service 3, , , , , , , , Personal service $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

79 International Trade and Production Linkages Japan 59 Table 2.3.3: Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

80 60 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 2.3.4: Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

81 International Trade and Production Linkages Japan 61 Table 2.3.5: Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

82 62 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 2.3.6: Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, ($ million) Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary 2,588 1,709 2,711 1,685 2,714 1,639 3,094 1,769 3,733 2,118 3,149 1,883 3,081 2,027 3,601 2,212 Low tech 48,551 41,321 52,213 43,015 48,100 39,677 46,507 37,925 50,583 40,593 47,483 38,733 49,716 41,676 53,221 43,896 High and medium tech 591, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,714 Utilities Construction Trade and repair services 100,512 95, , , , ,001 87,319 82,577 80,887 76,401 75,999 72,436 77,042 73,827 88,946 85,073 Tourism 7,947 7,314 6,618 5,997 6,418 5,810 4,665 4,198 4,296 3,836 3,788 3,430 4,003 3,672 4,480 4,084 Transport services 59,493 47,307 60,619 47,500 58,956 45,509 44,547 35,439 43,461 34,330 39,760 32,350 40,167 33,477 45,447 37,326 ICT services 1,210 1,152 1,244 1,176 1,206 1, , Finance and insurance services 4,565 4,370 5,726 5,445 5,553 5,254 4,081 3,861 3,730 3,513 3,477 3,303 3,424 3,270 4,029 3,835 Property services 14,471 13,745 16,745 15,797 16,271 15,357 11,862 11,203 11,059 10,392 10,477 9,932 10,855 10,349 12,036 11,432 Public and welfare services 2,873 2,728 2,881 2,712 2,784 2,614 2,028 1,897 2,537 2,362 2,388 2,247 2,434 2,305 2,760 2,606 Services provided by private households $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 2.3.7: Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

83 Global Value Chain Indicators 2.4 Japan Figure 2.4.1a: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2010 Figure 2.4.1b: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2017 AUS KOR AUS KOR JPN JPN PRC USA PRC USA Economy in focus Import partner Export partner Economy in focus Import partner Export partner AUS = Australia, JPN = Japan, KOR = Republic of Korea, PRC = People s Republic of China, USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. AUS = Australia, JPN = Japan, KOR = Republic of Korea, PRC = People s Republic of China, USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. Figure 2.4.2: Trade in Value-Added by Industry, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low Tech High Tech Utilities Construction Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Public Household 200, , , ,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 Export of Value-Added Import of Value-Added $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. 63

84 64 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 2.4.3: Trade in Value-Added, ($ million) 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 Export of Value-Added $ = United States dollar. Import of Value-Added Figure 2.4.4: Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value- Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) 100 Figure 2.4.5: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages (%) Pure Pure (F) Traditional (F) (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Traditional (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points.

85 Global Value Chain Indicators Japan 65 Figure 2.4.6: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) 100 Figure 2.4.7: Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, (%) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. 75 Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Figure 2.4.8: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points. Figure 2.4.9: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain.

86 66 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and 2017 Forward Linkage Backward Linkage Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary /2010 ICT = information and communication technology /2010 Figure : Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, (%) Forward Linkages Pure (F) Traditional (F) GVC (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database Backward Linkages Pure (B) Traditional (B) GVC (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B)

87 Overview of Production and Demand Structures 3.1 Mongolia Figure 3.1.1a: Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, (%) Mongolia Rest of the World Figure 3.1.1b: Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2017 (%) Primary High and medium tech Public and welfare services Low tech Business service Figure 3.1.2a: Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, ($ million) 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 4,000 Gross Capital Formation Government Households Net exports $ = United States dollar. Figure 3.1.2b: Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, (%) Government Gross Capital Formation Households Net exports 67

88 68 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 3.1.2c: Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 $ million Figure 3.1.3a: Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 $ million Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend $ = United States dollar. $ = United States dollar. Figure 3.1.3b: Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and 2017 (%) Low tech Foreign FD Low tech Figure 3.1.3c: Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, ($ million) 25,000 20, Primary 15,000 Public and welfare services Domestic FD Business service 10,000 5, Primary welfare services Public and Low tech Foreign FD Domestic FD Business service Low tech Domestic FD Indirect production attributed to domestic demand Foreign FD Indirect production attributed to foreign demand $ = United States dollar, FD = final demand. FD=final demand.

89 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Mongolia 69 Figure 3.1.4a: Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (%) Figure 3.1.4b: Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 (%) Public and welfare services Business service Low tech Primary 0 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services High and medium tech Figure 3.1.4c: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, ($ million) Figure 3.1.4d: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 ($ million) 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 Domestic Imported IC ,000 Domestic IC Imported IC $ = United States dollar, IC= intermediate consumption. - 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services $ = United States dollar, IC = intermediate consumption.

90 70 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 3.1.5a: Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Public and welfare services Low tech Business service Primary High and medium tech GVA trend $ = United States dollar, GVA = gross value added. $ million Figure 3.1.5b: Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, (%) GVA content of foreign demand GVA content of domestic demand GVA = gross value added. Figure 3.1.5c: Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, (%) Share attributed to domestic final demand 0 Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Share attributed to foreign final demand Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary

91 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Mongolia 71 Table 3.1.1: Gross Value Added Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

92 72 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 3.1.2: Import Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

93 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Mongolia 73 Table 3.1.3: Output Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

94 Transport Transport 3.2 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Mongolia Figure 3.2.1a: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2010 Figure 3.2.1b: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2017 Tourism Tourism Trade ICT Finance Properties Trade ICT Finance Properties Construction Public Construction Public Utilities High Tech Low Tech Primary Utilities High Tech Low Tech Primary 74 ICT = information and communication technology. Figure 3.2.2a: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2011 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand Q3 Generally independent sectors c28 c17 c10c9 c11 c6 c8 c27 c30 c22 c13 c7 c15 c26 c16 c24 c23 c12 c25 c14c1 c20c21c19 c34 c4c5 c29 c2 c31c18c3 c32 c33 c35 Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages. ICT = information and communication technology. Figure 3.2.2b: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2017 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand Q3 Generally independent sectors c24 c10 c17 c28 c11 c7 c8 c26 c9 c30 c6 c23 c27 c34 c19 c15 c21 c20 c25 c14 c1 c16 c13 c22 c29 c12 c18 c4 c5 c33 c31c2 c3 c35 c Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages.

95 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Mongolia 75 Box 3: Hypothetical Extraction of Mining and Quarrying Industry in Mongolia Figure 3.2.3a: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, (%) Figure 3.2.4a: Potential Decline in Gross Output, (%) Before extraction After extraction Before extraction After extraction Figure 3.2.3b: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Figure 3.2.4b: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact Figure 3.2.3c: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, (%) Figure 3.2.4c: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact

96 76 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 3.2.1: Input-Output Backward Linkage Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values. highest linkage

97 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Mongolia 77 Table 3.2.2: Input-Output Forward Linkage Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values. highest linkage

98 3.3 International Trade and Production Linkages Mongolia Figure 3.3.1: Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, (%) Exports as % of GDP GDP = gross domestic product. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Imports as % of GDP Figure 3.3.2: Total Foreign Trade by Sector, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Imports Exports 78

99 International Trade and Production Linkages Mongolia 79 Figure 3.3.3: Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) Figure 3.3.6: Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Intermediate exports Final exports Intermediate exports Final exports $ = United States dollar. Services Industry Agriculture $ = United States dollar. Figure 3.3.4: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Figure 3.3.7: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, (%) Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Figure 3.3.5: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Figure 3.3.8: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture

100 80 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 3.3.9: Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to-Output Ratios, 2017 Most import-oriented sectors Transport services Construction High and medium tech ICT services Utilities Primary Low tech Tourism Public and welfare services Property services Trade and repair services Finance and insurance services Services provided by private households Most export-oriented sectors Primary Tourism Trade and repair services High and medium tech Transport services Property services Utilities Low tech ICT services Construction Finance and insurance services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Input, ($ million) 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, ,411 3,451 3,336 3,583 2,974 2,678 2,507 1,925 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Output, ($ million) 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 5,548 5,894 4,782 4,746 4,937 4,417 4,048 2,955 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

101 International Trade and Production Linkages Mongolia 81 Figure : Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, ($ million) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Domestic final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, (%) Final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, 2017 ($ million) Primary Trade and repair services Transport services Property services High and medium tech Low tech Tourism Construction Public and welfare services Utilities Finance and insurance services ICT services Services provided by private households ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 Gross exports VAX_G $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. 4,524

102 82 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, 2017 Primary Construction Utilities Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services Property services Public and welfare services ICT services Low tech Finance and insurance services High and medium tech Services provided by private households Traditional Revealed Comparative Advantage New Revealed Comparative Advantage based on VAX_G ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). 7.8 Table 3.3.1: Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Final demand Primary 3,053 4,835 4,658 4,935 6,012 5,039 5,217 5,628 Low tech 1,936 2,968 3,971 4,014 3,557 3,268 2,960 3,226 High and medium tech Business service 2,517 3,459 3,952 3,691 3,290 3,415 3,151 3,074 Personal service 1,100 1,602 2,026 2,125 2,012 2,037 1,918 1,744 Intraregional effects (M1) Primary 1,002 1,053 1,311 1,145 1,073 1,106 1,064 1,005 Low tech ,154 1, , High and medium tech Business service 1,316 1,867 2,324 2,597 2,206 2,203 2,087 1,832 Personal service $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 3.3.2: Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Interregional effects (M2) Primary 2,169 3,687 3,212 3,084 4,789 3,864 4,187 4,758 Low tech High and medium tech Business service 1,126 1,878 1,835 1,780 2,116 1,862 1,935 2,264 Personal service Feedback effects (M3) Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Personal service $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

103 International Trade and Production Linkages Mongolia 83 Table 3.3.3: Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

104 84 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 3.3.4: Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

105 International Trade and Production Linkages Mongolia 85 Table 3.3.5: Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

106 86 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 3.3.6: Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, ($ million) Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary 2,098 1,575 3,530 2,360 3,015 2,161 2,918 2,149 4,530 3,198 3,704 2,877 3,938 3,108 4,524 3,457 Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households 0 (0) ( ) = negative, $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 3.3.7: Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

107 Global Value Chain Indicators 3.4 Mongolia Figure 3.4.1a: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2010 Figure 3.4.1b: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2017 KOR UKG KOR UKG MON MON RUS PRC RUS PRC Economy in focus Import partner Export partner Economy in focus Import partner Export partner KOR = Republic of Korea, MON = Mongolia, PRC = People s Republic of China, RUS = Russian Federation, UKG = United Kingdom. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. KOR = Republic of Korea, MON = Mongolia, PRC = People s Republic of China, RUS = Russian Federation, UKG = United Kingdom. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. Figure 3.4.2: Trade in Value-Added by Industry, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low Tech High Tech Utilities Construction Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Public Household 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 Export of Value-Added Import of Value-Added $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. 87

108 88 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 3.4.3: Trade in Value-Added, ($ million) 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Export of Value-Added $ = United States dollar. Import of Value-Added Figure 3.4.4: Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value- Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Figure 3.4.5: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages (%) Pure Pure (F) Traditional (F) (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Traditional (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points.

109 Global Value Chain Indicators Mongolia 89 Figure 3.4.6: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Figure 3.4.7: Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Figure 3.4.8: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points. Figure 3.4.9: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain.

110 90 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and 2017 Forward Linkage Backward Linkage Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary /2010 ICT = information and communication technology /2010 Figure : Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, (%) 150 Forward Linkages 200 Backward Linkages Pure (F) Traditional (F) GVC (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database Pure (B) Traditional (B) GVC (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B)

111 Overview of Production and Demand Structures 4.1 People s Republic of China Figure 4.1.1a: Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, (%) Figure 4.1.1b: Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2017 (%) People s Republic of China Rest of the World 19 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services Figure 4.1.2a: Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, ($ million) 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 Gross Capital Formation Government Households Net exports $ = United States dollar. Figure 4.1.2b: Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, (%) Government Gross Capital Formation Households Net exports 91

112 92 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 4.1.2c: Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) Figure 4.1.3a: Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 $ million ,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 $ million Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend $ = United States dollar. $ = United States dollar. Figure 4.1.3b: Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and 2017 (%) Figure 4.1.3c: Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, ($ million) 40,000,000 Low tech Foreign FD Low tech 35,000,000 30,000, Primary Public and welfare services Domestic FD Business service 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000, Primary welfare services Public and Low tech Foreign FD Domestic FD Business service Low tech Domestic FD Indirect production attributed to domestic demand Foreign FD Indirect production attributed to foreign demand $ = United States dollar, FD = final demand. FD=final demand.

113 Overview of Production and Demand Structures People s Republic of China 93 Figure 4.1.4a: Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (%) Figure 4.1.4b: Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 (%) Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary 0 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services Figure 4.1.4c: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, ($ million) Figure 4.1.4d: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 ($ million) 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 Domestic IC Imported IC $ = United States dollar, IC= intermediate consumption. Domestic Imported IC ,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services $ = United States dollar, IC = intermediate consumption.

114 94 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 4.1.5a: Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, ,000, Public and welfare services Low tech Business service Primary High and medium tech GVA trend $ = United States dollar, GVA = gross value added. $ million Figure 4.1.5b: Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, (%) GVA content of foreign demand GVA content of domestic demand GVA = gross value added. Figure 4.1.5c: Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, (%) Share attributed to domestic final demand 0 Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Share attributed to foreign final demand Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary

115 Overview of Production and Demand Structures People s Republic of China 95 Table 4.1.1: Gross Value Added Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

116 96 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 4.1.2: Import Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

117 Overview of Production and Demand Structures People s Republic of China 97 Table 4.1.3: Output Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

118 Construction 4.2 Domestic Interindustry Linkages People s Republic of China Figure 4.2.1a: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2010 Figure 4.2.1b: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2017 Utilities Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Public Utilities Construction Trade Tourism ICT Transport Finance Properties Public High Tech Primary High Tech Primary Low Tech Low Tech 98 ICT = information and communication technology. Figure 4.2.2a: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, Q2 Q1 1.8 Dependent Generally on interindustry c2 dependent 1.6 demand sectors Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) c19c35 Q3 Generally independent sectors c17 c8 c7 c9 c6 c10 c28 c26 c12 c23 c1 c30 c21 c20 c24 c11 c4 c27 c34 c3 c22 c14 c13 c15 c25 c16 c5 c29 c32 c31 c33 c18 Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages. ICT = information and communication technology. Figure 4.2.2b: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, Q2 Q1 1.8 Dependent Generally on interindustry dependent 1.6 demand c2 sectors Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q3 c19 c35 Generally independent sectors c17 c8 c7 c26 c9 c6 c10 c28 c12 c23c24 c30 c21c20c1 c11 c14 c25 c4 c3 c13 c27 c34 c5 c22 c15 c16 c29 c32c31 Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages. c33 c18

119 Domestic Interindustry Linkages People s Republic of China 99 Box 4: Hypothetical Extraction of Electrical and Optical Equipment Industry in the People s Republic of China Figure 4.2.3a: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, (%) Figure 4.2.4a: Potential Decline in Gross Output, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 4.2.3b: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 4.2.4b: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact Figure 4.2.3c: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, (%) Figure 4.2.4c: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact

120 100 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 4.2.1: Input-Output Backward Linkage Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values. highest linkage

121 Domestic Interindustry Linkages People s Republic of China 101 Table 4.2.2: Input-Output Forward Linkage Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values. highest linkage

122 4.3 International Trade and Production Linkages People s Republic of China Figure 4.3.1: Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, (%) Exports as % of GDP GDP = gross domestic product. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Imports as % of GDP Figure 4.3.2: Total Foreign Trade by Sector, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households 1,500,000 1,000, , ,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 Imports Exports $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. 102

123 International Trade and Production Linkages People s Republic of China 103 Figure 4.3.3: Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) Figure 4.3.6: Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 Intermediate exports Final exports Intermediate exports Final exports $ = United States dollar. $ = United States dollar. Figure 4.3.4: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Figure 4.3.7: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, (%) Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Services Industry Agriculture Figure 4.3.5: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Figure 4.3.8: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture

124 104 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 4.3.9: Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to- Output Ratios, 2017 Most import-oriented sectors High and medium tech Utilities Low tech Primary Construction Property services Public and welfare services ICT services Transport services Finance and insurance services Trade and repair services Tourism Services provided by private households Most export-oriented sectors High and medium tech Low tech Trade and repair services Transport services Property services Tourism Primary Finance and insurance services ICT services Public and welfare services Construction Utilities Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Input, ($ million) 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 1,268,118 1,310,279 1,423,530 1,374,499 1,223,911 1,190,640 1,285,898 1,009,701 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Output, ($ million) 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,697,752 2,037,793 2,156,120 2,293,014 2,425,473 2,324,277 2,164,513 2,335,901 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

125 International Trade and Production Linkages People s Republic of China 105 Figure : Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, ($ million) 45,000,000 40,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 Domestic final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, (%) Final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, 2017 ($ million) High and medium tech Low tech Trade and repair services Transport services Property services Primary Public and welfare services Construction Tourism Finance and insurance services Utilities ICT services Services provided by private households 180,067 82,289 81,578 24,181 14,606 13,523 8,227 7,854 3,091 2,196 1,395, , , , ,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000 Gross exports VAX_G $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. 522,325

126 106 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, 2017 Low tech High and medium tech Construction Trade and repair services Transport services Property services Public and welfare services Tourism Utilities ICT services Finance and insurance services Primary Services provided by private households Traditional Revealed Comparative Advantage New Revealed Comparative Advantage based on VAX_G ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database Table 4.3.1: Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Final demand Primary 328, , , , , , , ,621 Low tech 2,508,536 3,140,746 3,528,843 3,972,478 4,299,024 4,347,922 4,489,322 4,919,200 High and medium tech 1,854,805 2,270,857 2,478,900 2,737,321 2,895,367 2,885,172 2,790,814 3,064,678 Business service 1,255,012 1,567,000 1,742,697 1,937,990 2,080,664 2,280,667 2,227,280 2,392,167 Personal service 1,075,264 1,343,549 1,553,776 1,802,391 2,018,023 2,288,469 2,399,175 2,612,583 Intraregional effects (M1) Primary 1,210,067 1,564,736 1,718,215 1,958,072 2,153,354 2,248,464 2,221,034 2,283,167 Low tech 2,111,729 2,606,066 3,069,284 3,574,681 3,874,145 3,952,044 4,094,268 4,592,297 High and medium tech 4,195,509 5,362,595 6,086,269 6,972,912 7,374,407 7,571,392 7,955,495 8,984,132 Business service 1,961,468 2,421,143 2,881,605 3,381,393 3,861,882 4,338,014 4,315,342 4,764,387 Personal service 215, , , , , , , ,900 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 4.3.2: Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Interregional effects (M2) Primary 165, , , , , , , ,161 Low tech 367, , , , , , , ,684 High and medium tech 1,058,448 1,325,669 1,388,562 1,602,525 1,726,832 1,641,789 1,588,171 1,747,695 Business service 431, , , , , , , ,483 Personal service 27,554 30,581 34,341 38,168 43,643 46,442 43,036 50,354 Feedback effects (M3) Primary 5, , , , , , , , Low tech 11, , , , , , , , High and medium tech 47, , , , , , , , Business service 14, , , , , , , , Personal service , , , , , , , $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

127 International Trade and Production Linkages People s Republic of China 107 Table 4.3.3: Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

128 108 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 4.3.4: Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

129 International Trade and Production Linkages People s Republic of China 109 Table 4.3.5: Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

130 110 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 4.3.6: Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, ($ million) Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary 22,609 19,758 26,779 23,115 24,803 21,554 26,146 22,870 26,998 23,875 26,025 23,340 23,422 21,100 24,181 21,662 Low tech 363, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,069 High and medium tech 1,012, ,465 1,203, ,543 1,262, ,163 1,358,855 1,010,147 1,451,469 1,112,473 1,374,713 1,089,469 1,287,702 1,024,211 1,395,964 1,111,959 Utilities 2,189 1,714 2,606 2,007 2,791 2,180 2,929 2,311 3,244 2,622 3,072 2,550 2,862 2,382 3,091 2,577 Construction 8,402 6,873 11,342 9,162 12,281 10,026 16,039 13,115 14,052 11,755 13,309 11,394 12,867 11,034 13,523 11,611 Trade and repair services 119, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,368 Tourism 10,112 9,140 9,643 8,674 8,982 8,134 9,097 8,252 9,129 8,346 9,145 8,447 7,868 7,290 8,227 7,607 Transport services 75,630 63,352 88,492 73,197 89,485 75,080 87,741 74,175 85,240 73,334 85,393 74,888 77,227 68,046 82,289 72,446 ICT services 2,251 2,019 2,840 2,549 2,684 2,428 2,500 2,259 2,180 1,987 2,184 2,011 2,061 1,899 2,196 2,023 Finance and insurance services 3,563 3,296 5,334 4,911 6,512 6,005 6,065 5,592 7,146 6,619 8,299 7,749 7,629 7,142 7,854 7,337 Property services 65,653 55,057 77,434 64,577 80,212 67,675 77,672 65,657 81,018 69,435 86,315 75,319 74,925 65,699 81,578 71,552 Public and welfare services 12,136 10,737 12,591 11,135 14,473 12,933 15,297 13,718 13,756 12,449 14,653 13,432 13,619 12,611 14,606 13,526 Services provided by private households $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 4.3.7: Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

131 Global Value Chain Indicators 4.4 People s Republic of China Figure 4.4.1a: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2010 Figure 4.4.1b: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2017 HKG IND HKG IND TAP PRC JPN TAP PRC JPN KOR USA KOR USA Economy in focus Import partner Export partner Economy in focus Import partner Export partner HKG = Hong Kong, China; IND = India; JPN = Japan; KOR = Republic of Korea; PRC = People s Republic of China; TAP = Taipei,China; USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. HKG = Hong Kong, China; IND = India; JPN = Japan; KOR = Republic of Korea; PRC = People s Republic of China; TAP = Taipei,China; USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. Figure 4.4.2: Trade in Value-Added by Industry, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low Tech High Tech Utilities Construction Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Public Household 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 Export of Value-Added Import of Value-Added $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. 111

132 112 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 4.4.3: Trade in Value-Added, ($ million) 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 Export of Value-Added $ = United States dollar. Import of Value-Added Figure 4.4.4: Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value- Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Figure 4.4.5: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages (%) Pure Pure (F) Traditional (F) (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Traditional (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points.

133 Global Value Chain Indicators People s Republic of China 113 Figure 4.4.6: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Figure 4.4.7: Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Figure 4.4.8: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points. Figure 4.4.9: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain.

134 114 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and 2017 Forward Linkage Backward Linkage Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary / /2010 ICT = information and communication technology. Figure : Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, (%) Forward Linkages Backward Linkages Pure (F) Traditional (F) GVC (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database Pure (B) Traditional (B) GVC (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B)

135 Overview of Production and Demand Structures 5.1 Republic of Korea Figure 5.1.1a: Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, (%) Figure 5.1.1b: Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2017 (%) Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Republic of Korea Rest of the World Public and welfare services Figure 5.1.2a: Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, ($ million) 800, , , , , , , ,000 - Gross Capital Formation Government Households Net exports $ = United States dollar. Figure 5.1.2b: Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, (%) Government Gross Capital Formation Households Net exports 115

136 116 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 5.1.2c: Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000,000 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 $ million Figure 5.1.3a: Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 $ million Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend $ = United States dollar. $ = United States dollar. Figure 5.1.3b: Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and 2017 (%) Low tech Foreign FD Low tech Figure 5.1.3c: Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, ($ million) 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000, Primary 2,500,000 Public and welfare services Domestic FD Business service 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , Primary welfare services Public and Low tech Foreign FD Domestic FD Business service Low tech Domestic FD Indirect production attributed to domestic demand Foreign FD Indirect production attributed to foreign demand $ = United States dollar, FD = final demand. FD=final demand.

137 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Republic of Korea 117 Figure 5.1.4a: Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (%) Figure 5.1.4b: Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 (%) Public and welfare services Business service Low tech Primary 0 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services High and medium tech Figure 5.1.4c: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, ($ million) Figure 5.1.4d: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 ($ million) 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 Domestic Imported IC Domestic IC Imported IC $ = United States dollar, IC= intermediate consumption. 200, ,000 1,000,000 1,400,000 1,800,000 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services $ = United States dollar, IC = intermediate consumption.

138 118 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 5.1.5a: Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 Public and welfare services Low tech Business service Primary High and medium tech GVA trend $ = United States dollar, GVA = gross value added. $ million Figure 5.1.5b: Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, (%) GVA content of foreign demand GVA content of domestic demand GVA = gross value added. Figure 5.1.5c: Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, (%) Share attributed to domestic final demand 0 Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Share attributed to foreign final demand Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary

139 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Republic of Korea 119 Table 5.1.1: Gross Value Added Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

140 120 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 5.1.2: Import Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

141 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Republic of Korea 121 Table 5.1.3: Output Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

142 5.2 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Republic of Korea Figure 5.2.1a: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2010 Figure 5.2.1b: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2017 Construction Utilities Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Construction Utilities Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Public Public Primary Primary High Tech Low Tech High Tech Low Tech 122 ICT = information and communication technology. Figure 5.2.2a: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2010 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand c35 Q3 Generally independent sectors c6 c26 c7 c17 c1 c12 c27 c9 c16 c28 c23 c8 c30 c11 c19 c20 c10 c21 c3 c5 c34 c13c4 c22 c14 c29 c25 c15 c32 c31 Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages. c2 c33 c18 c24 ICT = information and communication technology. Figure 5.2.2b: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2017 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand c35 Q3 Generally independent sectors c2 c26 c6 c1 c7 c17 c12 c16 c27 c23 c9 c8 c28 c11 c3 c30 c19 c21 c10 c4 c20 c34 c5 c22c13 c14 c25 c29 c15 c32 c31 c33 c24 c Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages.

143 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Republic of Korea 123 Box 5: Hypothetical Extraction of Electrical and Optical Equipment Industry in the Republic of Korea Figure 5.2.3a: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, (%) Figure 5.2.4a: Potential Decline in Gross Output, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 5.2.3b: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 5.2.4b: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact Figure 5.2.3c: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, (%) Figure 5.2.4c: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact

144 124 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 5.2.1: Input-Output Backward Linkage Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values. highest linkage

145 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Republic of Korea 125 Table 5.2.2: Input-Output Forward Linkage Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values highest linkage

146 5.3 International Trade and Production Linkages Republic of Korea Figure 5.3.1: Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, (%) Exports as % of GDP GDP = gross domestic product. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Imports as % of GDP Figure 5.3.2: Total Foreign Trade by Sector, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. 400, , , , , , , , , , ,000 Imports Exports 126

147 International Trade and Production Linkages Republic of Korea 127 Figure 5.3.3: Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) Figure 5.3.6: Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) 500, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,000 50,000 50,000 Intermediate exports Final exports Intermediate exports Final exports $ = United States dollar. $ = United States dollar. Figure 5.3.4: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Figure 5.3.7: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, (%) Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Services Industry Agriculture Figure 5.3.5: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Figure 5.3.8: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture

148 128 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 5.3.9: Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to- Output Ratios, 2017 Most import-oriented sectors Utilities High and medium tech Construction Low tech Transport services Primary Tourism Trade and repair services Finance and insurance services Public and welfare services Property services ICT services Services provided by private households Most export-oriented sectors High and medium tech Transport services Low tech Trade and repair services Property services Tourism ICT services Finance and insurance services Primary Public and welfare services Utilities Construction Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Input, ($ million) 500, , , , , , , , , , , , ,000 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Output, ($ million) 800, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,902 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

149 International Trade and Production Linkages Republic of Korea 129 Figure : Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, ($ million) 4,500,000 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 Domestic final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect $ = United States dollar. Figure : Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, (%) Final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect Figure : Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, 2017 ($ million) High and medium tech Low tech Trade and repair services Property services Transport services Public and welfare services Tourism Finance and insurance services Primary ICT services Utilities Construction Services provided by private households 558,619 48,118 35,328 30,623 21,872 4,578 4,112 2, , , , , , ,000 Gross exports VAX_G $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

150 130 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, 2017 High and medium tech Trade and repair services Property services Transport services Tourism Low tech Public and welfare services Utilities ICT services Finance and insurance services Construction Primary Services provided by private households Traditional Revealed Comparative Advantage New Revealed Comparative Advantage based on VAX_G ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database Table 5.3.1: Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Final demand Primary 13,563 16,282 14,913 13,197 13,762 13,723 11,843 13,348 Low tech 256, , , , , , , ,793 High and medium tech 525, , , , , , , ,569 Business service 311, , , , , , , ,237 Personal service 298, , , , , , , ,512 Intraregional effects (M1) Primary 31,870 32,895 34,357 37,238 40,226 38,392 39,887 38,950 Low tech 149, , , , , , , ,988 High and medium tech 409, , , , , , , ,798 Business service 299, , , , , , , ,487 Personal service 51,917 60,643 62,011 65,620 70,278 72,943 73,671 74,281 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 5.3.2: Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Interregional effects (M2) Primary 4,560 5,067 5,607 6,441 6,902 6,222 6,641 6,395 Low tech 61,552 72,765 86,793 91, ,840 98,661 98,906 94,639 High and medium tech 396, , , , , , , ,883 Business service 108, , , , , , , ,976 Personal service 12,241 14,126 16,484 16,947 19,033 20,125 20,049 18,639 Feedback effects (M3) Primary Low tech High and medium tech 4, , , , , , , , Business service 1, , , , , , , , Personal service $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

151 International Trade and Production Linkages Republic of Korea 131 Table 5.3.3: Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

152 132 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 5.3.4: Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

153 International Trade and Production Linkages Republic of Korea 133 Table 5.3.5: Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

154 134 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 5.3.6: Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, ($ million) Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary , Low tech 33,949 24,347 41,007 28,217 52,067 35,559 50,235 35,312 49,914 35,688 45,566 32,386 43,561 31,695 48,118 33,947 High and medium tech 427, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,928 Utilities 1,889 1, ,037 1,063 1, , , , Construction Trade and repair services 10,355 9,033 12,281 10,570 17,313 15,024 21,808 19,031 31,049 27,241 29,346 25,747 27,889 24,690 35,328 30,496 Tourism 2,467 2,094 2,882 2,386 2,565 2,122 2,596 2,174 3,249 2,751 3,278 2,768 3,034 2,616 4,112 3,396 Transport services 20,266 13,810 21,530 13,863 22,871 14,740 22,495 15,024 24,401 16,700 25,199 17,064 24,095 16,782 21,872 15,283 ICT services Finance and insurance services 2,351 2,111 2,507 2,240 2,589 2,289 2,192 1,940 2,315 2,051 2,290 2,022 2,115 1,891 2,339 2,092 Property services 14,210 12,440 16,369 14,011 19,562 16,796 21,294 18,407 29,843 25,939 29,499 25,471 27,329 23,967 30,623 27,459 Public and welfare services 3,802 3,213 2,942 2,444 4,754 3,923 3,927 3,293 4,713 3,995 4,639 3,910 4,384 3,743 4,578 3,792 Services provided by private households $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 5.3.7: Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

155 Global Value Chain Indicators 5.4 Republic of Korea Figure 5.4.1a: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2010 Figure 5.4.1b: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2017 HKG PRC HKG PRC KOR KOR JPN USA JPN USA Economy in focus Import partner Export partner Economy in focus Import partner Export partner HKG = Hong Kong, China; JPN = Japan; KOR = Republic of Korea; PRC = People s Republic of China; USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. Figure 5.4.2: Trade in Value-Added by Industry, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low Tech High Tech Utilities Construction Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Public Household HKG = Hong Kong, China; JPN = Japan; KOR = Republic of Korea; PRC = People s Republic of China; USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. 50, , , , , , , ,000 Export of Value-Added Import of Value-Added $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. 135

156 136 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 5.4.3: Trade in Value-Added, ($ million) 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 Export of Value-Added $ = United States dollar. Import of Value-Added Figure 5.4.4: Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value- Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Figure 5.4.5: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages (%) Pure Pure (F) Traditional (F) (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Traditional (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points.

157 Global Value Chain Indicators Republic of Korea 137 Figure 5.4.6: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Figure 5.4.7: Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Figure 5.4.8: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points. Figure 5.4.9: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain.

158 138 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and 2017 Forward Linkage Backward Linkage Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary / /2010 ICT = information and communication technology. Figure : Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, (%) Forward Linkages Backward Linkages Pure (F) Traditional (F) GVC (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database Pure (B) Traditional (B) GVC (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B)

159 Overview of Production and Demand Structures 6.1 Taipei,China Figure 6.1.1a: Gross Domestic Product Scaled to 2010 Levels in Comparison with the Rest of the World, (%) Figure 6.1.1b: Gross Domestic Product Share by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2017 (%) Taipei,China Rest of the World 44 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services Figure 6.1.2a: Gross Domestic Product Trend by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, ($ million) 350, , , , , ,000 50,000 Gross Capital Formation Government Households Net exports $ = United States dollar. Figure 6.1.2b: Share of Consumption Expenditure by Final Consumption Expenditure Components, (%) Government Gross Capital Formation Households Net exports 139

160 140 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 6.1.2c: Final Consumption Expenditure Total Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) , , , , , , , , , , , ,000 $ million Figure 6.1.3a: Gross Total Output Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) ,250,000 1,200,000 1,150,000 1,100,000 1,050,000 1,000, ,000 $ million Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Expenditure trend $ = United States dollar. $ = United States dollar. Figure 6.1.3b: Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, 2010 and 2017 (%) 2010 Primary Public and welfare services Low tech Foreign FD Domestic FD Low tech Business service Figure 6.1.3c: Gross Output by Production Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Demand, ($ million) 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , , Primary welfare services Public and Low tech Foreign FD Domestic FD Business service Low tech Domestic FD Indirect production attributed to domestic demand Foreign FD Indirect production attributed to foreign demand $ = United States dollar, FD = final demand. FD=final demand.

161 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Taipei,China 141 Figure 6.1.4a: Intermediate Consumption Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (%) Figure 6.1.4b: Intermediate Consumption Ratio to Output by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 (%) Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary 0 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services Figure 6.1.4c: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption, ($ million) Figure 6.1.4d: Shares of Domestic and Imported Intermediate Consumption by 5-Sector Aggregation, 2010 and 2017 ($ million) 800, , , , , , ,000 Domestic Imported IC ,000 Domestic IC Imported IC $ = United States dollar, IC= intermediate consumption. 100, , , ,000 Primary Low tech High and medium tech Business service Public and welfare services $ = United States dollar, IC = intermediate consumption.

162 142 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 6.1.5a: Gross Value Added Trend and Shares by 5-Sector Aggregation, (% and $ million) , , , , , ,000 Public and welfare services Low tech Business service Primary High and medium tech GVA trend $ = United States dollar, GVA = gross value added. $ million Figure 6.1.5b: Gross Value Added Share Attributed to Foreign and Domestic Final Demand, (%) GVA content of foreign demand GVA content of domestic demand GVA = gross value added. Figure 6.1.5c: Sectoral Shares of Gross Value Added Content in Domestic and Foreign Final Demand, (%) Share attributed to domestic final demand 0 Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary Share attributed to foreign final demand Public and welfare services Business service High and medium tech Low tech Primary

163 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Taipei,China 143 Table 6.1.1: Gross Value Added Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

164 144 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 6.1.2: Import Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

165 Overview of Production and Demand Structures Taipei,China 145 Table 6.1.3: Output Multipliers Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified.

166 6.2 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Taipei,China Figure 6.2.1a: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2010 Figure 6.2.1b: Patterns of Interindustry Transactions Based on the Domestic Consumption Matrix, 2017 Construction Utilities Trade Tourism ICT Transport Finance Properties Public Construction Utilities Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Public Primary Primary High Tech Low Tech High Tech Low Tech ICT = information and communication technology. ICT = information and communication technology. 146 Figure 6.2.2a: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2010 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand Q3 Generally independent sectors c17 c11 c6 c7 c12 c8 c9 c26 c19 c28 c27 c30 c1 c23 c10 c20 c34 c3 c4 c21 c13 c14 c15 c29 c25 c18 c31 c5c24 c22 c16 c35 c32 c33 Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages. c2 Figure 6.2.2b: Backward and Forward Linkages by Industry, 2017 Forward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q2 Dependent on interindustry demand Q3 Generally independent sectors c17 c6 c11 c7 c12 c8 c1 c9 c27c19 c26c28 c3 c23 c34c10 c4 c5 c20 c21 c30 c15 c14 c29 c13 c31 c22c18 c16 c25 c35 c32 c33 c Backward Linkage (normalized, ave. = 1) Q1 Generally dependent sectors Q4 Dependent on interindustry supply Note: Mapping of sectors based on normalized backward and forward linkages. c2

167 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Taipei,China 147 Box 6: Hypothetical Extraction of Electrical and Optical Equipment Industry in Taipei,China Figure 6.2.3a: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added, (%) Figure 6.2.4a: Potential Decline in Gross Output, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 6.2.3b: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Before extraction After extraction Figure 6.2.4b: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Domestic Final Demand, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact Figure 6.2.3c: Potential Decline in Gross Value Added Attributed to Exports, (%) Figure 6.2.4c: Potential Decline in Gross Output Attributed to Exports, (%) Potential loss Intact Potential loss Intact

168 148 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 6.2.1: Input-Output Backward Linkage Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values. highest linkage

169 Domestic Interindustry Linkages Taipei,China 149 Table 6.2.2: Input-Output Forward Linkage Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons lowest linkage M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Note: Values are normalized values. highest linkage

170 6.3 International Trade and Production Linkages Taipei,China Figure 6.3.1: Exports and Imports as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, (%) Exports as % of GDP GDP = gross domestic product. Imports as % of GDP Figure 6.3.2: Total Foreign Trade by Sector, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. 200, , ,000 50,000 50, , , , , ,000 Imports Exports 150

171 International Trade and Production Linkages Taipei,China 151 Figure 6.3.3: Trend of Export Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) Figure 6.3.6: Trend of Import Activity by End-Use Category, ($ million) 350, , , , , ,000 50,000 Intermediate exports Final exports Intermediate exports Final exports $ = United States dollar. Figure 6.3.4: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Exports, (%) 250, , , ,000 50,000 $ = United States dollar. Figure 6.3.7: Shares of Sectors to Total Intermediate Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Services Industry Agriculture Figure 6.3.5: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Exports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture Figure 6.3.8: Shares of Sectors to Total Final Imports, (%) Services Industry Agriculture

172 152 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 6.3.9: Ranking of Sectors According to Imported Input-to-Output Ratios and Exported Output-to- Output Ratios, 2017 Most import-oriented sectors Utilities High and medium tech Construction Transport services Low tech Primary ICT services Tourism Public and welfare services Trade and repair services Property services Finance and insurance services Services provided by private households Most export-oriented sectors High and medium tech Transport services Trade and repair services Low tech Tourism Primary Property services ICT services Finance and insurance services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households Utilities Construction ICT = information and communication technology. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Input, ($ million) 250, , , , , , , , , , , ,000 50,000 $ = United States dollar. Figure : Total Foreign-Traded Output, ($ million) 380, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,574 $ = United States dollar.

173 International Trade and Production Linkages Taipei,China 153 Figure : Decomposition of Total Production Attributable to Domestic and Interregional Demand, ($ million) 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 Domestic final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect $ = United States dollar. Figure : Growth Rates of Production Components Based on Two-Region Input-Output Table, (%) Final demand Net intraregional demand effect Net interregional demand effect Net feedback effect Figure : Gross Exports versus Value-Added Exports by Sector, 2017 ($ million) High and medium tech Trade and repair services Low tech Transport services Property services Tourism Finance and insurance services Primary Public and welfare services ICT services Utilities Construction Services provided by private households 43,036 25,446 18,105 6,719 5,828 2,127 1,895 1, , , , , , ,000 Gross exports VAX_G $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). 267,892

174 154 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Comparison of Traditional and New Revealed Comparative Advantage by Sector, 2017 High and medium tech Tourism Trade and repair services Transport services Low tech Public and welfare services ICT services Property services Finance and insurance services Services provided by private households Primary Utilities Construction Traditional Revealed Comparative Advantage New Revealed Comparative Advantage based on VAX_G ICT = information and communication technology. Note: "VAX_G" refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013) Table 6.3.1: Production Attributable to Domestic Linkages by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Final demand Primary 8,123 9,162 8,785 8,067 9,459 8,302 9,110 9,869 Low tech 79,960 88,777 88,406 89,492 90,608 83,327 81,928 85,510 High and medium tech 270, , , , , , , ,232 Business service 189, , , , , , , ,457 Personal service 107, , , , , , , ,661 Intraregional effects (M1) Primary 7,657 9,243 9,350 10,255 10,228 9,312 9,200 10,003 Low tech 39,796 45,839 46,511 47,289 47,724 43,966 41,867 42,842 High and medium tech 102, , , , ,376 88,596 82,635 80,060 Business service 71,215 78,181 79,698 81,360 81,295 80,546 79,478 78,968 Personal service 12,328 13,422 13,882 13,773 14,007 14,373 14,456 16,485 $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database. Table 6.3.2: Production Attributable to Linkages with the Rest of the World by Sector, ($ million) Sectors Interregional effects (M2) Primary 1,893 2,264 2,403 2,475 2,754 2,550 2,149 2,615 Low tech 34,264 38,635 38,885 38,125 39,881 37,685 34,950 36,679 High and medium tech 294, , , , , , , ,594 Business service 65,662 71,371 74,114 75,413 79,570 80,974 79,448 83,707 Personal service 3,736 4,184 4,479 4,237 4,299 4,496 4,299 4,642 Feedback effects (M3) Primary Low tech High and medium tech 2, , , , , , , , Business service Personal service $ = United States dollar. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

175 International Trade and Production Linkages Taipei,China 155 Table 6.3.3: Net Intraregional Multipliers (M1), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

176 156 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 6.3.4: Net Interregional Multipliers (M2), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

177 International Trade and Production Linkages Taipei,China 157 Table 6.3.5: Net Feedback Multipliers (M3), Industry Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Food, beverages, and tobacco Textiles and textile products Leather, leather products, and footwear Wood and products of wood and cork Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Rubber and plastics Other nonmetallic minerals Basic metals and fabricated metal Machinery, nec Electrical and optical equipment Transport equipment Manufacturing, nec; recycling Electricity, gas, and water supply Construction Sale, maintenance, and repair Wholesale trade and commission trade Retail trade Hotels and restaurants Inland transport Water transport Air transport Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of M&Eq and other business activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Other community, social, and personal services Private households with employed persons M&Eq = machinery and equipment, nec = not elsewhere classified. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output Database.

178 158 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Table 6.3.6: Comparison of Exports in Gross and Value-Added Terms, ($ million) Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary 1,652 1,228 1,711 1,255 1,633 1,203 1,451 1,114 1,725 1,299 1,579 1,227 1,628 1,282 1,895 1,438 Low tech 22,032 12,626 24,736 13,901 24,581 14,278 24,035 14,166 24,744 14,434 23,584 14,686 22,994 14,424 25,446 15,664 High and medium tech 240, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,821 Utilities Construction Trade and repair services 26,540 23,178 30,480 26,562 32,120 28,049 34,222 29,870 36,954 32,242 37,396 33,007 37,770 33,192 43,036 37,671 Tourism 3,686 2,965 3,729 2,968 3,962 3,171 4,074 3,343 4,774 3,869 4,844 4,031 5,002 4,164 5,828 4,788 Transport services 13,920 7,849 14,100 7,315 14,377 7,685 15,490 8,194 18,062 9,684 17,601 10,389 16,683 9,922 18,105 10,610 ICT services Finance and insurance services 1,227 1,139 1,572 1,459 1,756 1,631 1,797 1,670 1,813 1,680 1,821 1,700 1,853 1,726 2,127 1,979 Property services 3,728 3,078 4,726 3,883 4,995 4,140 5,389 4,438 5,645 4,648 5,684 4,755 5,834 4,860 6,719 5,491 Public and welfare services 1,307 1,100 1,432 1,197 1,396 1,173 1,453 1,219 1,559 1,295 1,507 1,216 1,542 1,242 1,770 1,410 Services provided by private households $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013). Table 6.3.7: Comparison of Revealed Comparative Advantage Measures in Gross and Value-Added Terms, Sectors Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Gross VAX_G Primary Low tech High and medium tech Utilities Construction Trade and repair services Tourism Transport services ICT services Finance and insurance services Property services Public and welfare services Services provided by private households ICT = information and communication technology. Note: VAX_G refers to domestic value added ultimately absorbed abroad as defined in Wang, Wei, and Zhu (2013).

179 Global Value Chain Indicators 6.4 Taipei,China Figure 6.4.1a: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2010 Figure 6.4.1b: Trade in Value-Added Flow with Top Trading Partners, 2017 KOR PRC KOR PRC TAP TAP JPN USA JPN USA Economy in focus Import partner Export partner Economy in focus Import partner Export partner JPN = Japan; KOR = Republic of Korea; PRC = People s Republic of China; TAP = Taipei,China; USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. JPN = Japan; KOR = Republic of Korea; PRC = People s Republic of China; TAP = Taipei,China; USA = United States. Note: The circle size is scaled in terms of gross domestic product; the arrow width is scaled according to the volume of trade in value-added. Figure 6.4.2: Trade in Value-Added by Industry, 2017 ($ million) Primary Low Tech High Tech Utilities Construction Trade Tourism Transport ICT Finance Properties Public Household 20,000 40,000 60,000 80, , , , , ,000 Export of Value-Added Import of Value-Added $ = United States dollar, ICT = information and communication technology. 159

180 160 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure 6.4.3: Trade in Value-Added, ($ million) 600, , , , , ,000 Export of Value-Added $ = United States dollar. Import of Value-Added Figure 6.4.4: Trends in Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value- Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Figure 6.4.5: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Forward Linkages (%) Pure Pure (F) Traditional (F) (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Traditional (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points.

181 Global Value Chain Indicators Taipei,China 161 Figure 6.4.6: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Forward Linkages, (%) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Figure 6.4.7: Production Activities as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, by Type of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages, (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Figure 6.4.8: Structural Changes from 2010 to 2017 in Different Types of Value-Added Creation Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Pure (B) Traditional (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain. Note: Share in 2017 minus share in 2010, in percentage points. Figure 6.4.9: Simple Global Value Chain Production Activities as a Share of Total Global Value Chain Production Activities Based on Backward Linkages (%) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B) GVC = global value chain.

182 162 Economic Indicators for Eastern Asia: Input Output Tables Figure : Global Value Chain Participation Based on Forward and Backward Linkages at the Sectoral Level, 2010 and 2017 Forward Linkage Backward Linkage Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary Public and welfare services Property services Finance and insurance services ICT services Transport services Tourism Trade and repair services Construction Utilities High and medium tech Low tech Primary / /2010 ICT = information and communication technology. Figure : Nominal Growth Rates of Different Value-Added Activities in the Manufacturing Sector, (%) Forward Linkages Pure (F) Traditional (F) GVC (F) Simple GVC (F) Complex GVC (F) GVC = global value chain. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database Backward Linkages Pure (B) Traditional (B) GVC (B) Simple GVC (B) Complex GVC (B)

183 AppendiXes Eastern Asia

184 A1 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 164

185 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 165 Table A1.1: Hong Kong, China Input Output Table, 2010 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c continued on next page

186 166 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c continued on next page

187 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 167 Table A1.1 Domestic Industry continued Transport Manufacturing, Equipment nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic , , , , , ,382 1, , ,629 1, , , ,223 1, ,529 5,222 1, , , continued on next page

188 168 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c27 3,119 1, Financial intermediation c ,306 3,850 1, Real estate activities c ,919 1,730 1, Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 1,050 1, , Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c continued on next page

189 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 169 Table A1.1 Domestic Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic , ,480 9, (5) 741 1, (2) (5) (6) 503 1, ,620 1, ,440 1, ,071 1, ,748 3, ,464 2, , (0) 621 7, ,788 (0) , , , , , , ,206 20, , , , , ,960 15, ,740 17, , ,404 18, , ,960 59, ,597-18, , , ,888-2,050 20, ,466-12, , ,848 6,840 1, , ,600 1,548 6, , ,000-6, , continued on next page

190 170 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.1 Import Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m3 32-1, Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m , Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r , Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r Direct purchases abroad by residents r Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r Value added at basic prices r , International transport margins Output at basic prices r ,017 1, ,258 continued on next page

191 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 171 Table A1.1 Import Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Imports ,329-1, , ,488 1, ,022 2,157-9, , , , ,507 1,354 3,211 2, ,722 17,320-56, ,363 7,152-42, , ,638 1,423 3,357 2, ,165 24, ,748 continued on next page

192 172 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.1 Import Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m3 56 2, Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m ,381 2,665 9 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 10,654 9,129 4,082 11,529 10, Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r Direct purchases abroad by residents r Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r Value added at basic prices r64 9,690 7,138 6,076 3,111 7, International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 20,848 16,489 10,315 15,175 17, continued on next page

193 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 173 Table A1.1 Import Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Imports Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c , ,381 2, ,654 9,129 4,082 11,529 10, , ,690 7,138 6,076 3,111 7, ,848 16,489 10,315 15,175 17, , continued on next page

194 174 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.1 Import Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m ,619 Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m ,103 Textiles and textile products m4 0 5 (41) - 1,144 Leather, leather products, and footwear m5 0 4 (14) Wood and products of wood and cork m6 0 0 (0) - (0) Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m (40) - 3,489 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m ,303 Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m ,575 Machinery, nec m13 0 2, ,662 Electrical and optical equipment m ,078 Transport equipment m15-3, ,880 Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m (0) Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m20 0 9,879 2,894-63,180 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m24-3 (12) - 1,698 Air transport m25-4 (12) - 1,823 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m (2) - 91 Post and telecommunications m (21) - 3,588 Financial intermediation m ,796 Real estate activities m (0) - 75 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m ,965 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m (1) Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m ,167 Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 20,240 49,197 4, , ,984 Taxes less subsidies on products r ,538 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r Direct purchases abroad by residents r ,357 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r (22,200) Value added at basic prices r ,795 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 20,256 49,793 4, , ,475 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database.

195 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 175 Table A1.2: Hong Kong, China Input Output Table, 2017 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c2 Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c , Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

196 176 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c2 Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c6 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

197 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 177 Table A1.2 Domestic Industry continued Transport Manufacturing, Equipment nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic , , , , , , , ,648 1, , ,936 1, , , ,105 2, , ,294 7,475 2, , , continued on next page

198 178 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c2 Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c27 4,740 2, Financial intermediation c28 1,135 18,805 5,870 1, Real estate activities c ,176 2,621 1, Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 1,981 2,767 1,072 2, Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c ,042 1, Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

199 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 179 Table A1.2 Domestic Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic (6) , (36) 3,604 9, (12) 843 1, (5) (6) (5) 425 1, ,026 2, (1) ,770 1, ,175 1, ,905 3, ,775 2, , , , , ,186 3, , , , ,224 28, , , , , ,736 18, , ,787 21, , ,804 28, ,105 25, ,662 96, ,418 31,380 8, , ,589 2,325 30, ,623 19, , ,219 11,256 2, , ,846 2,472 10, , ,965 10, ,169 continued on next page

200 180 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m3 23 1, Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m , Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m35 Total intermediate consumption r , ,088 Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r , International transport margins Output at basic prices r ,868 1, ,346 continued on next page

201 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 181 Table A1.2 Imports Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Imports ,818 2, , , ,963 1, ,282 5,619 4, , , , , , ,745 1,444 3,646 2, ,363 41,209 79, , ,696 16,973 58, , ,871 1,502 3,776 2, ,187 58, ,260 continued on next page

202 182 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m3 70 3, Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m , ,783 3, Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m35 Total intermediate consumption r60 14,684 13,877 4,839 13,652 12, Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 13,307 10,831 7,107 3,639 8, International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 28,655 25,030 12,156 18,006 21, continued on next page

203 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China 183 Table A1.2 Imports Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Imports Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c , , , , , , , ,049 1,114 45, , , , ,678 35,933 14,734 11,240 3,858 3,417 5,154 11, ,233 14, , ,266 (33,993) 12,371 58,490 52,189 19,263 18,809 13,714 14,783 12,185 28,469 96,225 67,621 30,905 22,729 17,494 20,099 25, ,974 14,633 continued on next page

204 184 Appendix 1: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Hong Kong, China Table A1.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m1 0 0 (11) 3,360 Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m (74) 31,014 Textiles and textile products m4 0 3 (27) 1,425 Leather, leather products, and footwear m5 0 2 (9) 521 Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m (16) 4,228 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m ,298 Chemicals and chemical products m ,588 Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m (3) 295 Basic metals and fabricated metal m ,408 Machinery, nec m13 0 2, ,565 Electrical and optical equipment m ,041 Transport equipment m15 0 4, ,683 Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m (0) 1,121 Construction m (1) 514 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m ,390 1,249 96,736 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m ,441 Air transport m ,743 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m (0) 4,897 Financial intermediation m ,622 Real estate activities m (1) 63 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m (0) 14,527 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m (0) 528 Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m (0) 3,257 Private households with employed persons m35 Total intermediate consumption r60 33,590 74,293 1, , ,148 Taxes less subsidies on products r (76) 12,123 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 25,465 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 (33,993) Value added at basic prices r64 329,536 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 33,612 75,009 1, ,697 1,182,279 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database.

205 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan A2 185

206 186 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.1: Japan Input Output Table, 2010 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 16, , , Mining and quarrying c2 25 2, Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 13, , Textiles and textile products c , Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c ,235 1,858 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c7 1, , ,277 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 3,803 3,181 2, Chemicals and chemical products c9 5, ,780 3, ,008 Rubber and plastics c10 1, , ,415 Other nonmetallic minerals c , Basic metals and fabricated metal c , Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 1,077 1,033 6, ,441 Construction c ,013 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 2,351 1,699 2, ,221 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 3,606 1,673 21,400 1, ,554 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 2, , ,103 Hotels and restaurants c , ,321 Inland transport c23 2, , ,548 Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c , Post and telecommunications c ,178 Financial intermediation c28 4,763 1,539 4,084 1, ,608 Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c ,123 11,145 1, ,071 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c continued on next page

207 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 187 Table A2.1 Domestic Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Domestic , , , , ,182 2, , , , , , , ,168 1,419 1,650 2,731 1,370 7,244 2,089 1,522 1,528 2, ,624 6,067 26, ,810 2, ,366 1, ,047 8, , ,116 25,174 2,213 5,298 1,358 6,428 4,993 1,851 1,439 3, ,182 26, ,815 4,276 14,311 16,928 2, ,327 4, , ,875 4, ,295 3, , ,213 4,629 2,602 2, ,232 25,943 35,276 38,609 4,338 1,720 71,089 6,112 2, ,880 20,304 3,319 3, ,068 7, , ,474 11, ,693 18,614 1, ,257 10,782 2, ,648 1,130 1, , ,860 17, ,715 1,191 2, , ,097 1,458 10,139 3,565 2,815 19,633 2,286 8,744 6, ,686 3,663 1,579 3, , ,197 4, , ,292 1, , ,608 1,676 1,788 7,530 1,684 5,472 2, ,659 7, , ,594 6,927 2,365 21,354 7,380 17,887 15,873 3,031 4,032 28,221 7,342 6, , ,852 1,648 3,796 2,669 1, , , ,545 1,796 1,049 5,338 2,100 6,537 2, ,022 6,857 1,790 8, ,224 2,301 2,577 10,480 2,222 5,985 6,503 1,084 2,772 16,583 1,239 7,367 1, , , ,633 2,323 1, , , ,271 2, , , , ,650 1, ,331 7,615 1,035 13,891 1,134 6,038 1,274 2,450 9,707 3,026 6,631 5,067 2,936 9,391 12,587 1,520 31, , , , ,501 4,494 3,385 13,240 7,620 24,078 14,809 2,331 15,626 50,877 2,635 36, , , , , , , ,606 2, , , ,475 1,093 2,054 1, , ,118 continued on next page

208 188 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c , Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c , Textiles and textile products c4 1, Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c7 6,344 1,847 1, ,002 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 4,211 1,617 11,801 4,138 2, Chemicals and chemical products c9 1,293 1, Rubber and plastics c10 2, Other nonmetallic minerals c , Basic metals and fabricated metal c , Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c , , Manufacturing, nec; recycling c , Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 14,648 13,534 5, ,712 Construction c18 2,683 1,199 2, ,144 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 2,577 1,750 9, Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 2,862 22,859 2, Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 2,354 11,778 1, Hotels and restaurants c22 3,691 4,845 3, ,540 Inland transport c23 2,290 5,144 2, Water transport c , Air transport c , Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c26 1,105 2,349 9, , Post and telecommunications c27 7,967 5,215 1, ,054 Financial intermediation c28 19,991 6,270 12,370 2, ,939 Real estate activities c29 4,185 2, , ,673 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 29,135 9,189 6, ,661 9,458 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c31 2,042 2, ,668 2, Education c Health and social work c , Other community, social, and personal services c34 1,395 7,876 1, Private households with employed persons c ,402 1, continued on next page

209 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 189 Table A2.1 Domestic Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Domestic Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c , , , , , , ,219 2, ,423 1, , , ,657 9, ,304 11,188 3,434 5,731 4, , ,990 7,809 1,353 2,704 4, , ,075 5, ,444 3, , ,795 2, ,192 1, , , ,013 3, ,269 1, , ,429 1, , ,222 1, ,422 5, ,553 1, , , , ,042 6, ,544 2, , ,965 1,882 1,621 5,188 14,749 4,995 9,431 10, , ,257 1,811 32,637 1,923 11,695 3,517 2,312 3, ,204 2, ,378 6,919 1,383 2,681 4, , , ,916 8,617 1,092 19,056 4, , ,159 1, ,631 5,250 1,226 3,682 3, , ,038 7,496 1,048 9,760 7, ,784 6, , ,104 6, ,213 8,905 1,733 5,178 3, , , , , , , , ,631 8, ,945 7, ,949 3, ,630 3,095 46,217 40,002 22,838 4, ,136 5,232 17, ,512 1,479 3,188 1,746 4, ,197 2, , ,044 57,403 12,504 89,801 42,918 6,658 30,201 19,084 1,956 23, , ,049 1,553 1,090 1,438 2,550 14,855 43,871 56, , , ,249 1, , ,689 10,812 1,726 2, ,502 11, ,850 27, , ,139 1,303 1,982 2,894 1,048 2,683 2,341 1, continued on next page

210 190 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 34 1,839 (654) ,248 Mining and quarrying c (1,501) 1,857 43,492 Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 2, (10) 3, ,256 Textiles and textile products c4 0 2,330 (1,391) 4,677 38,781 Leather, leather products, and footwear c (56) 258 4,112 Wood and products of wood and cork c (2) ,722 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c (270) 4, ,333 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 0 3 (3,966) 13, ,395 Chemicals and chemical products c (385) 59, ,884 Rubber and plastics c (24) 26, ,434 Other nonmetallic minerals c (17) 10,959 73,596 Basic metals and fabricated metal c ,995 (180) 99, ,843 Machinery, nec c ,495 (10) 65, ,152 Electrical and optical equipment c ,733 (524) 170, ,854 Transport equipment c ,187 (17) 173, ,408 Manufacturing, nec; recycling c16 2 6,538 (8) 8,253 55,403 Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 0 (7) ,805 Construction c18 569,619 (0) 5 673,695 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c ,265 (0) ,377 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c ,707 (12) 95, ,743 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c ,597 (8) 5, ,426 Hotels and restaurants c (0) 7, ,166 Inland transport c ,904 (1) 14, ,121 Water transport c (0) 33,209 64,403 Air transport c ,125 33,602 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c (0) 5,891 71,092 Post and telecommunications c27 1, ,277 Financial intermediation c28 4, ,677 Real estate activities c (0) ,349 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 16,901 99,917 (0) 14, ,393 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c31 521, (0) ,747 Education c32 151, (0) ,244 Health and social work c33 373,538 3,639 (0) ,901 Other community, social, and personal services c (0) 1, ,774 Private households with employed persons c ,679 continued on next page

211 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 191 Table A2.1 Import Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m1 2, , Mining and quarrying m , Food, beverages, and tobacco m , Textiles and textile products m , Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m ,053 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m9 1, Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 72,160 33, ,299 24,074 2,838 13, ,483 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 71,625 8, ,741 14,553 1,261 7,598 74,445 International transport margins 463 1,549 1, Output at basic prices r69 144,248 43, ,256 38,781 4,112 21, ,333 continued on next page

212 192 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.1 Import Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m2 76,822 1, ,176 32, Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m8 1,140 4, Chemicals and chemical products m ,034 4, ,067 Rubber and plastics m , ,056 Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m ,947 2,606 3,638 Machinery, nec m , Electrical and optical equipment m ,465 2,938 29,828 Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m20 3, , Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m23 2, , Water transport m , Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 124, ,045 96,812 42, , , ,144 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 57,625 87,728 48,025 30, ,680 80, ,388 International transport margins 10,354 2, , ,322 Output at basic prices r69 192, , ,434 73, , , ,854 continued on next page

213 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 193 Table A2.1 Import Industry continued Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports , ,732 8, , , ,694 1, , , , , , , , ,895 2, , ,246 1, , , , , , , ,626 35, , ,165 77, , , ,454 89,875 43,271 16,618 31, ,851 19, , ,855 60, , , , ,937 21,040 16,912 39,397 1, ,034 2, ,408 55, , , , , , , ,121 64,403 33,602 71,092 continued on next page

214 194 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.1 Import Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m ,285 Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m ,240 Transport equipment m ,638 Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m , , Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 72, ,557 99, , ,729 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 120, , , , ,394 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 193, , , , ,747 continued on next page

215 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 195 Table A2.1 Import Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (85) 17, , , , , , , , , , , , ,537 37, , ,715 43,100 3,108,447 67,616 1,067,805 1,095,071 (9,043) 835,356 11,029,754 22,849 22,849 (11,068) (11,068) 186, , ,836 3,540 5,411, , , ,660 57, , , ,774 46,679 3,130,236 67,616 1,067,839 1,100,731 (9,043) 835,356 16,510,120 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households.

216 196 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.2: Japan Input Output Table, 2017 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 14, , , Mining and quarrying c2 15 1, Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 12, , Textiles and textile products c , Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c ,530 1,392 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c7 1, , ,204 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 3,296 1,891 2, Chemicals and chemical products c9 4, ,997 2, ,892 Rubber and plastics c , ,276 Other nonmetallic minerals c , Basic metals and fabricated metal c , Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c , ,487 Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 1, , ,019 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 2, ,017 1, ,087 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 1, , Hotels and restaurants c , ,910 Inland transport c23 1, , ,795 Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c , Post and telecommunications c ,120 Financial intermediation c28 3, ,321 1, ,959 Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c , ,462 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c continued on next page

217 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 197 Table A2.2 Domestic Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Domestic , , , , ,704 1, , ,220 1, , , , , ,719 1,370 1,254 2,421 1,436 5,893 1,963 1,446 1,206 2, ,412 6,392 28, ,495 2, ,247 1, ,695 9, , ,993 21,363 1,612 4,175 1,388 5,108 4,636 1,630 1,213 3, ,363 23, ,385 4,307 10,863 15,216 2, ,515 4, , ,351 3, ,846 2, , ,109 3,759 2,051 1, ,524 24,615 27,742 34,250 3,664 1,252 55,124 4,374 1, ,966 16,172 2,020 2, ,588 5, , ,805 9,309 69,227 12, ,988 7,716 1, , , ,335 11, ,402 1,125 2, , ,456 10,030 3,525 2,204 15,375 2,566 7,507 6, ,700 3,722 1,542 2, , , , ,795 1, , ,550 1,637 1,379 6,208 1,841 4,574 2, ,558 7, , ,382 6,845 1,856 18,237 8,200 15,220 16,042 2,945 3,333 28,898 7,191 5, , ,682 1,945 3,422 2,744 1, ,967 1,011 3, ,550 1, ,822 2,419 5,737 2, ,609 7,201 1,798 7, ,042 2,235 1,994 8,367 2,435 5,053 6,127 1,036 2,219 16,521 1,185 6,192 1, , , ,129 1, ,668 2,487 1, , , ,111 3, , , ,009 1,091 2,533 1, ,232 8,637 1,127 13,111 1,113 5,757 1,218 1,851 7,950 3,305 5,581 4,762 2,738 7,508 12,378 1,442 25, , ,116 1, , ,775 4,195 2,497 11,207 8,050 19,486 13,791 2,147 12,214 49,048 2,451 28, , , , , , , , ,506 2, , , ,746 1,131 1,638 1, , ,204 continued on next page

218 198 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 87 9, Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c , Textiles and textile products c4 1, Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c7 4,903 1, ,723 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 3,549 1,322 9,878 3,421 1, Chemicals and chemical products c9 1,057 1, Rubber and plastics c10 1, Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c , Manufacturing, nec; recycling c , Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 11,751 10,582 4, ,358 Construction c18 1, , ,441 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 2,031 1,346 7, Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 2,279 17,928 1, Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 1,967 9,693 1, Hotels and restaurants c22 3,017 3,886 2, ,380 Inland transport c23 1,806 3,970 1, Water transport c , Air transport c , Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c ,846 7, , Post and telecommunications c27 7,078 4,582 1, ,027 Financial intermediation c28 15,422 4,614 9,747 1, ,646 Real estate activities c29 3,839 2, , ,682 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 21,806 6,814 5, ,232 7,771 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c31 1,734 2, ,399 1, Education c Health and social work c , Other community, social, and personal services c34 1,208 6,738 1, Private households with employed persons c ,029 1, continued on next page

219 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 199 Table A2.2 Domestic Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Domestic Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c , , , , , , ,355 2, ,596 1, ,386 8, ,538 9,143 3,248 5,108 3, , ,777 7,042 1,420 2,589 3, , ,758 5, ,932 2, , ,332 1, , , , , , , ,681 3, ,202 1, , , , ,634 5, ,404 1, , ,730 1,718 1,764 4,458 12,643 4,838 8,454 7, , ,271 27,988 1,338 7,726 2,713 1,593 2, ,067 2, ,932 5,852 1,369 2,419 3, , , ,295 7,490 1,087 17,214 3, , ,086 1, ,270 4,762 1,280 3,535 3, , ,356 7,012 1,187 8,895 6, ,469 5, , ,532 5, ,655 7,479 1,691 4,619 3, , , , , , , ,761 8,366 1,005 11,444 7, ,993 3, ,630-2,702 41,146 43,059 20,387 3, ,172 4,009 13, ,855-1,478 3,353 2,217 4, ,316 2, , ,983 49,190 13,058 73,447 34,231 6,294 25,812 14,609 1,478 16, ,443 1,142 1,359 2,059 12,757 38,594 59, , , ,282 1, , ,655 12,652 1,682 2, ,307 10, ,778 24, , ,781 1,083 2,028 2, ,500 1,938 1, continued on next page

220 200 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 26 2,739 (439) 1, ,282 Mining and quarrying c (105) 2,508 32,243 Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 2, (149) 5, ,114 Textiles and textile products c4 0 4,122 (201) 5,709 40,082 Leather, leather products, and footwear c (19) 546 4,078 Wood and products of wood and cork c (45) ,147 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c (60) 5, ,565 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 0 5 (580) 19, ,027 Chemicals and chemical products c (125) 72, ,961 Rubber and plastics c (52) 27, ,945 Other nonmetallic minerals c (36) 10,100 61,663 Basic metals and fabricated metal c ,258 (249) 110, ,320 Machinery, nec c ,726 (96) 70, ,314 Electrical and optical equipment c ,883 (73) 170, ,728 Transport equipment c ,123 (149) 190, ,203 Manufacturing, nec; recycling c16 1 8,712 (22) 8,559 50,892 Electricity, gas, and water supply c (1) ,612 Construction c18-568,856 (0) ,510 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c ,705 (0) ,232 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c ,324 (94) 84, ,819 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c ,124 (6) 4, ,750 Hotels and restaurants c (0) 4, ,088 Inland transport c ,625 (39) 13, ,092 Water transport c (4) 22,953 54,736 Air transport c (0) 4,320 29,736 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c (5) 4,270 63,052 Post and telecommunications c , ,936 Financial intermediation c , ,467 Real estate activities c (0) ,628 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 13, ,060 (0) 11, ,421 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c31 457, (0) ,840 Education c32 134, (0) ,407 Health and social work c33 344,609 5,830 (0) ,865 Other community, social, and personal services c (0) 1, ,541 Private households with employed persons c ,117 continued on next page

221 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 201 Table A2.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m1 2, , Mining and quarrying m , Food, beverages, and tobacco m , Textiles and textile products m , Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m ,164 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 61,597 23, ,752 24,253 2,550 12,059 93,926 Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r Direct purchases abroad by residents r Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r Value added at basic prices r64 63,686 8, ,362 15,829 1,528 7,088 63,638 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 125,282 32, ,114 40,082 4,078 19, ,565 continued on next page

222 202 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m2 81,778 3, ,885 43, Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m , Chemicals and chemical products m ,962 4, Rubber and plastics m , ,209 Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m ,551 3,320 3,518 Machinery, nec m , Electrical and optical equipment m ,981 3,715 29,605 Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m20 2, , Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m23 2, , Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 128, ,906 88,500 36, , , ,050 Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r Direct purchases abroad by residents r Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r Value added at basic prices r64 61,827 76,055 37,445 25, ,785 74, ,678 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 190, , ,945 61, , , ,728 continued on next page

223 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 203 Table A2.2 Imports Industry continued Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports , ,195 14, , , ,033 1, , , , , , , , ,640 3, , , , ,814 1, , , , , ,960 33, , ,540 64, ,038 96, ,738 72,356 36,007 13,596 26, ,243 17,115 72, ,970 53, , , , ,736 18,729 16,140 36, ,203 50, , , , , , , ,092 54,736 29,736 63,052 continued on next page

224 204 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan Table A2.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m ,392 Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m ,357 Transport equipment m ,484 Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m , , Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 65, ,367 99, , ,576 Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r Direct purchases abroad by residents r Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r Value added at basic prices r64 116, , , , ,264 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 181, , , , ,840 continued on next page

225 Appendix 2: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Japan 205 Table A2.2 Imports Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports , , , , , , , , (0) - 7, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,108 36, , ,522 34,983 2,633,223 72, ,890 1,170,297 (2,550) 860,935 9,933, , , ,019 4, ,872, , , ,541 39,117 2,633,223 72, ,890 1,170,297 (2,550) 860,935 14,805,999 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households.

226 A3 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 206

227 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 207 Table A3.1: Mongolia Input Output Table, 2010 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

228 208 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

229 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 209 Table A3.1 Domestic Industry continued Transport Manufacturing, Equipment nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic continued on next page

230 210 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

231 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 211 Table A3.1 Domestic Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic , (81) 1,994 3, (5) (0) (0) (0) continued on next page

232 212 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.1 Import Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m31 Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m35 Total intermediate consumption r , Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r , International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 1,287 3, continued on next page

233 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 213 Table A3.1 Import Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Imports (15) continued on next page

234 214 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.1 Import Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m31 Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m35 Total intermediate consumption r Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r International transport margins Output at basic prices r continued on next page

235 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 215 Table A3.1 Import Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Imports Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c , (165) , continued on next page

236 216 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.1 Import Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m (4) 98 Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m28 39 Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m31 Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m35 Total intermediate consumption r , ,955 16,879 Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 (165) Value added at basic prices r64 6,454 International transport margins Output at basic prices r , ,955 24,031 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database.

237 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 217 Table A3.2: Mongolia Input Output Table, 2017 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

238 218 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

239 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 219 Table A3.2 Domestic Industry continued Transport Manufacturing, Equipment nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic continued on next page

240 220 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

241 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 221 Table A3.2 Domestic Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic , ,278 5, , , (2) (0) , , , (0) (0) continued on next page

242 222 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r ,538 1, Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 1,235 2, International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 1,760 5,165 1, continued on next page

243 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 223 Table A3.2 Imports Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Imports , , ,078 continued on next page

244 224 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r International transport margins Output at basic prices r continued on next page

245 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia 225 Table A3.2 Imports Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Imports Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c , (148) , continued on next page

246 226 Appendix 3: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Mongolia Table A3.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m5 0 0 (1) 15 Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m ,050 Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m (0) 150 Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m (0) 8 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m (2) 14 Hotels and restaurants m (0) 58 Inland transport m (0) 89 Water transport m24 0 (0) 12 Air transport m (0) 6 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m (0) 46 Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m (0) 23 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m31 27 Education m (0) 74 Health and social work m (0) 46 Other community, social, and personal services m (0) 26 Private households with employed persons m35 5 Total intermediate consumption r60 1,410 2,673 1,410 5,894 26,182 Taxes less subsidies on products r ,007 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 (148) Value added at basic prices r64 10,414 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 1,413 2,730 1,424 5,894 37,648 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households.

247 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China A4 227

248 228 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.1: People s Republic of China Input Output Table, 2010 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 140, ,168 67,682 14,232 28,638 12,028 Mining and quarrying c ,477 1,971 1, ,086 Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 97,579 3, ,240 3,743 13, ,627 Textiles and textile products c ,739 1, ,979 11, ,926 Leather, leather products, and footwear c ,220 34, Wood and products of wood and cork c , , ,310 4,038 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c ,458 4, ,825 66,670 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 18,806 24,984 2,159 3, ,557 1,805 Chemicals and chemical products c9 54,131 16,573 5,797 37,108 4,345 9,458 16,226 Rubber and plastics c10 5,843 5,238 12,358 5,672 4,587 1,521 5,402 Other nonmetallic minerals c ,779 3, Basic metals and fabricated metal c12 1,914 29,552 2,990 1, ,673 2,403 Machinery, nec c13 6,199 29,785 2,500 4, ,120 2,535 Electrical and optical equipment c ,791 1,221 1, ,543 Transport equipment c15 3,087 5, , ,196 Manufacturing, nec; recycling c ,146 Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 9,230 45,399 8,185 10, ,838 5,642 Construction c , Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 14,769 9,501 37,679 24,871 6,365 3,604 5,191 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 3,055 1,966 7,795 5,145 1, ,074 Hotels and restaurants c22 1,935 5,061 4,239 2, ,139 Inland transport c23 7,126 12,100 15,584 6,701 1,269 3,307 3,823 Water transport c24 1,108 3,020 2,693 1, Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c26 2,626 1,577 3,634 1, Post and telecommunications c27 2,442 1,330 1,200 1, Financial intermediation c28 8,951 16,309 7,229 5, ,037 3,473 Real estate activities c , Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 6,833 15,171 12,356 5, ,591 2,698 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c34 3,812 6,430 3,109 1, ,717 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

249 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 229 Table A4.1 Domestic Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Domestic 25 33,777 9, , , ,503 37,634 2,039 44, ,601 5,001 4,461 2, ,977 16, ,434 25,093 1,835 2,483 6,977 3,732 7,089 2, ,654 6,489 3, ,972 10,362 3,911 6,120 3,799 4,289 4,053 4,486 1,524 9,782 3, , ,354 1, ,421 1,235 3,410 7,027 4,598 3,869 2,783 11, , ,942 2,662 7,678 3,058 3,462 12,273 2,006 2, ,525 9,162 40,652 89,268 7,840 20,882 64,607 6,151 8,054 4, ,381 33,012 3,183 10, ,238 87,523 24,123 26,141 11,131 45,058 11,626 3,411 3,895 46,419 1,375 1,394 20,792 62,466 6,778 7,350 18,295 53,564 30,990 3, ,876 1,926 3,402 5,187 1,441 71,148 18,273 4,670 23,022 7, , ,880 11,465 6,386 20, , , ,640 95,806 6,956 4, , ,936 9,477 3,177 12,723 41, ,195 40,204 52, ,932 28, ,104 5,334 1,796 3,019 12,612 73, ,596 50,514 1,348 40,318 79,062 11, ,180 1,100 3,724 9,498 22,931 7, , ,540 7,847 6, ,413 1,426 1,787 1, , ,887 45,290 7,098 28,708 69,964 15,442 18,087 9,512 1, ,286 27,217 10, , ,805 1,160 2,279 1, ,387 53,196 2,906 6,656 21,482 10,221 10,807 20,755 22,479 55,058 38,403 2,467 7,047 39,737 25,644 1,377 4,444 2,114 2,236 4,294 4,650 11,390 7, ,458 8, ,471 1,314 3,274 5,684 6,068 8,030 3, ,778 13,071 9,774 6,393 14,694 4,822 11,699 19,775 11,829 15,963 11,746 1,017 5,466 42,955 16,790 1,149 2, ,014 4,869 2,226 3,010 2, ,283 2,487 5, , ,244 1,469 1,062 2, ,336 3,970 2,112 3,378 4, ,475 8, , ,232 2,074 3, ,832 25,515 4,809 4,400 12,807 3,444 9,176 27,185 10,235 25,303 9, ,600 34,730 27, ,024 2, ,039 3,217 19,978 4,142 6,289 14,498 17,227 38,980 22,759 1,260 5,751 61,064 69, ,427 1, ,404 1, ,327 1,374 1,276 1, ,271 5,077 1,319 2,997 6,519 4,743 6,742 5, ,391 11,886 10,852 continued on next page

250 230 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c , ,634 Mining and quarrying c , Food, beverages, and tobacco c ,477 1,581 1,343 1,542 1,454 Textiles and textile products c , Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c7 1, Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c ,453 40,859 17,014 12,412 13,930 Chemicals and chemical products c ,061 1, ,886 Rubber and plastics c , Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c , ,905 Machinery, nec c ,336 1,590 1,781 2,876 Electrical and optical equipment c14 2, Transport equipment c15 1, ,535 5,750 5, Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 2,108 5,439 7, Construction c ,313 2, Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 15,908 4,455 1,228 1,141 1,756 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 5,305 3, Hotels and restaurants c22 2,022 1,359 5, , Inland transport c23 3,474 2,929 12, ,330 Water transport c24 1, , Air transport c , Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c26 1, ,031 4,903 1,078 2,160 Post and telecommunications c ,654 1,512 2, Financial intermediation c28 5,635 3,601 19,122 3,537 1,709 4,764 Real estate activities c29 8,076 3, Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 14,323 3,232 1,753 1, ,517 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c34 2,245 3,455 6, ,569 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

251 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 231 Table A4.1 Domestic Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Domestic Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c ,921 2,056 1,174 1, , , ,200 1,523 1,052 1,044 6,743 5,529 8,310 5,108 12, , , ,243 10,536 1,280 7,382 5,289 72, , , ,236 1,829 1,010 1,027 3,242 1,130 6, ,565 9,782 8,042 1,757 6,781 1, ,764 1,008 24,487 9,281 4,236 6,419 4,562 15, ,840 3,270 5,448 78,186 11,758 27, , ,252 2, ,176 1,385 1, , ,197 1,079 1,301 1,206 2,584 6, , ,097 9,978 1,775 4,202 17, ,157 56,742 3,818 6,394 2,426 12,282 57,439 2, ,591 9,283 1,890 1,169 13,296 64, ,778 1,149 1, ,893 3,350 2,161 1,891 3,746 4,840 6,129 3,262 5,378 40,572 1,325 2,843 7,829 2,684 6,992 2,937 3,307 3,078 4,994 3,773 3,635 1,171 21,555 8,403 4,694 12,183 9, , ,459 1, ,520 2,046 25,827 1,397 16,618 2,071 24,003 24,231 12,115 2,795 6, , , ,799 6,869 3,319 2,236 3,679 34, , , ,980 3,936 2, , , ,226 3,085 14,809 10,055 1,391 9,817 17,348 7,298 4,516 2,346 60,574 3,066 21,363 20,498 24,944 8,666 11,578 3,111 6,060 71,774 2,597 19,725 8,749 6,844 4,199 3,541 1,723 11, ,457 5,866 26,964 9,755 49,174 6,897 7,325 1,444 5,631 11, ,178 3, , , ,145 8,859 11,172 1, , , , ,953 1,886 6,251 1,768 9,267 16,388 8,849 3,703 14, ,349 continued on next page

252 232 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 4,561 32,415 40,817 12,985 1,021,728 Mining and quarrying c2 7 1,836 5,994 9, ,820 Food, beverages, and tobacco c ,442 37, ,387 Textiles and textile products c , , ,959 Leather, leather products, and footwear c , ,166 Wood and products of wood and cork c , ,545 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c , ,174 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c ,156 16, ,521 Chemicals and chemical products c9 10 2,158 5,695 79, ,556 Rubber and plastics c ,944 39, ,709 Other nonmetallic minerals c , ,529 Basic metals and fabricated metal c ,180 8, ,206 1,398,249 Machinery, nec c ,084 2, , ,722 Electrical and optical equipment c ,089 5, ,086 1,622,230 Transport equipment c ,027 9,879 89,946 1,009,131 Manufacturing, nec; recycling c16 1 4,903 2,872 48,348 95,375 Electricity, gas, and water supply c , ,199 Construction c18 1,579,931 8,402 1,702,013 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 45,266 6,187 99, ,828 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 9,364 1,280 20, ,570 Hotels and restaurants c22 10, ,209 Inland transport c23 10,349 9,941 1,696 20, ,858 Water transport c , ,134 83,234 Air transport c ,277 49,294 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c , ,055 98,788 Post and telecommunications c27 2, ,003 Financial intermediation c28 4,209 3, ,516 Real estate activities c29 93, ,619 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 62,968 70,505 65, ,114 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c31 411, ,104 Education c32 163, ,932 Health and social work c33 98, ,431 Other community, social, and personal services c34 15,260 1, , ,198 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

253 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 233 Table A4.1 Import Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m1 8, ,689 3, ,997 1,325 Mining and quarrying m , Food, beverages, and tobacco m3 2, , Textiles and textile products m ,434 1, Leather, leather products, and footwear m , Wood and products of wood and cork m , Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m ,958 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m , Chemicals and chemical products m9 8,809 2, , ,588 2,900 Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m , Machinery, nec m , Electrical and optical equipment m , Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m ,678 Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 420, , , , , , ,156 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 598, , , ,727 26,888 49,090 52,910 International transport margins 2,038 3,522 2,079 1, ,108 Output at basic prices r69 1,021, , , , , , ,174 continued on next page

254 234 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.1 Import Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m1 19 2,336 1, Mining and quarrying m2 78,146 12, ,699 52, Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m8 2,023 4, ,009 3, Chemicals and chemical products m9 1,563 35,975 14,873 3,880 3,857 1,698 7,701 Rubber and plastics m ,258 3, ,173 3,141 Other nonmetallic minerals m , Basic metals and fabricated metal m ,184 38,724 9,936 14,333 Machinery, nec m ,297 4,029 14,424 4,728 Electrical and optical equipment m , ,692 15, ,117 Transport equipment m ,663 1,429 Manufacturing, nec; recycling m , ,231 Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m20 2,805 1, , ,574 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m23 2, , Water transport m Air transport m ,841 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m ,186 Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m , ,024 2,927 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 430, , , ,440 1,110, ,563 1,331,900 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 95, ,504 61, , , , ,743 International transport margins 10,017 6,208 2,336 2,831 10,892 3,823 14,586 Output at basic prices r69 535, , , ,529 1,398, ,722 1,622,230 continued on next page

255 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 235 Table A4.1 Import Industry continued Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports , , ,358 3, , , ,322 1, , , , , , , , , , , , ,088 7,957 2, , , , , , , , , , ,598 1, ,970 54, ,677 1,303, ,019 59, , ,000 48,506 35,516 61, ,550 40, , , ,527 90, , ,512 34,602 13,676 37,462 3, ,348 4, ,009,131 95, ,199 1,702, , , , ,858 83,234 49,294 98,788 continued on next page

256 236 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.1 Import Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m , Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m , Chemicals and chemical products m , Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m14 3, ,436 1,117 Transport equipment m , Manufacturing, nec; recycling m , Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m ,006 Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m ,361 3,141 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m , , Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 72, ,496 67, , ,308 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 119, , , , ,459 International transport margins , Output at basic prices r69 192, , , , ,104 continued on next page

257 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 237 Table A4.1 Import Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,210 2,038 11, , , , , , , , , ,397 2, ,833 15, ,869 8, , , , , , ,271 1,736 24, , , , , , , , , , , , ,249 2, , , , , , , ,205 5, , , , , ,439 2, , , , ,934 2,050, ,136 2,693, ,399 1,697,752 19,411,981 54,880 54,880 (45,814) (45,814) 177,886 88, ,580 5,931, , ,600 1, , , , ,198 2,066, ,145 2,712, ,611 1,697,752 25,459,592 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database.

258 238 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.2: People s Republic of China Input Output Table, 2017 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 195, ,378 96,472 23,355 46,648 18,029 Mining and quarrying c2 1, ,977 4,118 2, ,247 4,239 Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 188,466 7, ,973 1,371 31,615 1,900 3,690 Textiles and textile products c4 1,529 4,812 3, ,935 27,624 1,470 3,249 Leather, leather products, and footwear c , , Wood and products of wood and cork c ,272 1,741 2, ,907 7,875 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c ,570 22,870 5,185 1,824 3, ,899 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 34,458 43,471 3,912 4,673 1,002 2,981 2,710 Chemicals and chemical products c9 105,952 36,200 13,913 68,874 8,002 21,262 33,455 Rubber and plastics c10 11,879 9,418 27,657 11,571 8,778 4,183 11,838 Other nonmetallic minerals c11 1,054 9,048 8,770 1, , Basic metals and fabricated metal c12 2,884 65,418 7,244 3,186 1,436 10,262 5,301 Machinery, nec c13 12,789 62,760 6,640 8, ,417 5,247 Electrical and optical equipment c14 1,913 20,023 2,315 2, ,459 2,909 Transport equipment c15 5,088 8, , ,105 Manufacturing, nec; recycling c , , ,054 Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 16,980 82,421 18,614 17,661 1,408 8,301 10,073 Construction c ,918 4,073 1, ,241 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 29,433 22, ,471 58,460 23,186 8,977 11,916 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 6,089 4,645 24,094 12,093 4,796 1,857 2,465 Hotels and restaurants c22 2,415 6,947 9,369 3, ,528 2,210 Inland transport c23 12,004 21,441 41,655 13,262 2,926 8,132 8,516 Water transport c24 2,948 6,526 8,124 2, Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c26 4,928 3,771 11,781 4, ,938 2,106 Post and telecommunications c27 3,467 2,992 2,984 1, Financial intermediation c28 21,294 48,052 22,717 12,335 1,540 5,978 9,574 Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 12,644 45,108 36,970 11,975 2,093 4,982 7,321 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c31 1,853 1,474 1, Education c ,981 1, Health and social work c , Other community, social, and personal services c34 6,027 13,359 10,063 4,884 1,136 1,738 4,677 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

259 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 239 Table A4.2 Domestic Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Manufacturing, Equipment nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Domestic 48 66,092 12, , , ,282 72,271 3,946 92, ,838 7,520 8,040 4,364 1, ,477 25, ,552 66,258 4,040 6,286 16,674 7,186 14,040 4,765 1,357 5,663 11,866 5,685 1,139 18,226 22,212 9,558 11,351 6,646 7,589 15,261 11,865 1,626 17,872 2, ,994 5,290 1,721 4,043 1,432 2,535 7,121 3, , ,589 2,875 7,378 14,791 9,096 7,185 5,036 26, , ,118 3,678 14,094 5,099 5,673 19,840 2,857 4,587 1,340 4,657 17,539 88, ,882 12,846 44, ,551 7,627 12,055 6,554 1,261 49,875 50,641 5,069 28, , ,315 57,509 64,185 20,850 86,239 19,814 7,637 7,837 94, ,380 48, ,471 16,319 15,824 30,957 94,268 55,292 6,930 2,080 47,208 3,029 10,415 13,374 3, ,959 46,118 8,864 48,733 15,765 1,490 2, , ,498 26,905 13,377 51, , , , ,816 16,583 8, , ,839 22,063 5,684 32,538 94, ,859 80,665 89,212 1,855 9,816 47, ,887 11,952 3,288 6,984 28, ,601 1,112, ,963 3,191 89, ,028 26,364 1,250 4,116 1,367 9,511 17,149 50,453 12, , ,339 13,880 6, , ,921 29,894 2,006 3,391 3,524 2, , ,279 98,971 11,999 62, ,079 23,666 31,126 15,176 2, ,462 51,143 18,326 2,768 4,299 1,048 3,700 7,063 3,542 7,774 3, , ,173 7,910 15,992 59,887 25,271 27,121 45,073 43, ,078 80,561 7,008 16,866 80,326 67,045 3,308 12,389 5,228 5,610 9,324 9,098 24,426 16,665 1,450 3,489 16,616 1,228 12,321 2,441 6,927 9,687 10,160 14,008 5, ,111 20,950 11,352 13,641 35,930 10,185 27,683 47,034 21,471 30,654 22,906 2,346 11,923 81,435 22,846 3,038 6,533 1,538 4,844 11,825 5,290 7,202 6, ,745 6,301 11, , ,430 2,146 5,491 1, ,654 3,309 2,998 7,633 1,919 6,630 10,586 4,582 8,094 11, ,292 8,019 18, , ,220 3,405 4,005 6,416 1, ,933 54,157 7,255 13,664 38,833 8,805 25,755 83,402 24,806 59,714 22,139 2,307 61,149 97,014 67, ,160 1,079 2, ,524 8,970 60,511 11,223 19,750 44,161 40,305 92,060 51,263 3,877 13, , , , ,191 3,505 2,180 6,578 6, ,580 1, , ,318 1,256 1, ,678 3,019 1, ,041 1,433 1,467 1, ,037 2,140 1,427 3,867 15,331 3,536 8,774 18,575 11,894 18,493 14, ,425 30,512 21,406 continued on next page

260 240 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c , ,475 Mining and quarrying c , Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 1, ,063 2,992 2,948 3,383 3,559 Textiles and textile products c ,996 1, ,434 Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c7 3,629 1, Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 1,049 1,889 64,534 22,116 20,636 20,701 Chemicals and chemical products c ,874 3,486 1,159 1,043 3,705 Rubber and plastics c ,593 6, Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c , ,959 Machinery, nec c ,923 2,794 4,277 5,976 Electrical and optical equipment c14 5, , ,067 Transport equipment c15 1,328 1,112 63,198 11,811 11,508 1,381 Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 3,791 6,973 15, ,373 Construction c18 1,636 3,836 8, ,233 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 38,154 9,765 2,508 2,669 3,996 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 13,869 7,893 2, Hotels and restaurants c22 2,348 1,206 9, ,617 1,672 Inland transport c23 4,726 6,777 23, ,699 Water transport c24 2,429 1, , ,337 Air transport c ,939 2,213 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c26 3,799 1,101 34,396 12,481 1,958 4,927 Post and telecommunications c27 1,501 3,503 3,175 5, ,520 Financial intermediation c28 13,919 7,389 45,307 10,730 4,773 11,950 Real estate activities c29 18,934 6, ,915 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 37,996 6,497 3,977 3,551 1,436 4,226 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c34 4,428 5,416 13, ,459 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

261 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 241 Table A4.2 Domestic Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Domestic Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c ,471 4,196 1,913 2, , ,638 1,076 1,137 2,105 1,016 3,754 3,781 2,790 1,836 15,221 15,434 22,515 14,592 25, , , ,118 29,072 2,343 19,194 9, , ,975 4, , , ,531 7,365 2,174 13,744 1,261 59,768 17,731 12,387 2,741 12,025 3,691 1,363 2, ,888 17,496 7,116 11,656 5,638 37, ,324 7,167 14, ,571 21,889 66, , ,289 4,644 4, ,914 3,206 2,107 1,310 1,775 7, ,375 2,799 2,578 2,850 5,527 13, , ,588 1,049 1,415 25,041 2,615 9,210 39,720 1,431 1, ,815 8,214 10,438 5,902 28, ,260 4,347 1, ,029 22, ,338 32, , , ,821 2,444 2, ,240 12,398 5,611 3,894 3,129 6,669 9,202 7,236 6,284 11,038 85,245 4,046 9,962 18,894 8,232 21,336 8,578 4,163 8,443 6,635 9,792 2,098 52,884 23,080 11,483 33,115 24, ,137 1,373 2, ,940 4,774 2,375 6,850 4,995 51,951 2,375 37,784 2,532 44,219 45,067 21,511 5,485 12, ,078 1,582 4, ,495 16,437 6,566 7,059 7,664 74, , ,194 7, , ,370 12,771 8, ,535 4, , ,271 6,384 42,282 26,411 2,668 23,542 46,695 19,610 13,823 5, ,658 8,781 70,675 44,784 67,502 25,570 32,391 10,957 14, ,794 5,433 48,304 16,444 13,590 10,873 9,312 5,422 25, ,215 15,237 78,078 20, ,733 20,496 14,376 2,077 13,806 29,010 1,577 2,908 2,019 20,153 19,668 4,078 1,544 2,818 22, , ,119 21,809 37,334 5,443 2, , ,540 1,163 8, ,662 4,316 17,936 2,698 21,841 44,975 22,627 11,646 31, ,064 continued on next page

262 242 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 3,881 36, ,583 12,251 1,739,938 Mining and quarrying c2 8 3,174 23,523 11,930 1,372,478 Food, beverages, and tobacco c ,338 51,983 2,085,392 Textiles and textile products c , ,261 1,166,782 Leather, leather products, and footwear c ,315 55, ,670 Wood and products of wood and cork c6 0 1,269 4,469 17, ,614 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c ,978 15, ,207 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c ,453 27, ,453 Chemicals and chemical products c9 12 4,218 11, ,167 1,921,062 Rubber and plastics c ,825 57, ,614 Other nonmetallic minerals c11 0 1,107 (3,220) 46,236 1,053,299 Basic metals and fabricated metal c ,867 18, ,177 2,842,491 Machinery, nec c , ,830 1,365,083 Electrical and optical equipment c ,309 36, ,449 3,044,460 Transport equipment c ,405 14, ,921 1,937,855 Manufacturing, nec; recycling c16 1 6,833 18,608 91, ,351 Electricity, gas, and water supply c ,341 3,091 1,211,484 Construction c18 3,162,509 13,523 3,513,341 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c19 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 72,204 47, ,187 1,598,052 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 14,936 9,741 30, ,598 Hotels and restaurants c22 8, ,334 Inland transport c23 10,799 17,847 14,777 27, ,027 Water transport c24 1,732 4,890 2,231 28, ,920 Air transport c ,438 99,815 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c ,415 2,727 3, ,587 Post and telecommunications c27 2, ,978 Financial intermediation c28 6,690 7,854 1,196,956 Real estate activities c29 147, ,575 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 105, ,671 81,578 1,514,492 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c31 958,169 1,163 1,074,148 Education c32 317, ,339 Health and social work c33 187, ,393 Other community, social, and personal services c34 22, , ,784 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

263 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 243 Table A4.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Mining and Fishing Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m1 9, ,570 3,546 1,014 7,547 1,655 Mining and quarrying m , Food, beverages, and tobacco m3 2, , Textiles and textile products m , Leather, leather products, and footwear m , Wood and products of wood and cork m , Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m ,391 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m8 1,030 1, Chemicals and chemical products m9 7,546 3, , ,730 2,720 Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m , Machinery, nec m , Electrical and optical equipment m , Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m ,137 Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m , , Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m , Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m ,770 1, Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 711, ,903 1,605, , , , ,724 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 1,028, , , ,386 48, ,038 94,483 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 1,739,938 1,372,478 2,085,392 1,166, , , ,207 continued on next page

264 244 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m1 23 3,821 1, Mining and quarrying m2 98,442 13, ,048 68, Food, beverages, and tobacco m , Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m8 2,902 5, ,402 3, Chemicals and chemical products m9 2,537 43,239 14,003 4,773 5,345 1,693 7,812 Rubber and plastics m ,598 4, ,415 3,372 Other nonmetallic minerals m , Basic metals and fabricated metal m , ,795 50,481 10,443 16,189 Machinery, nec m ,499 4,346 12,822 4,420 Electrical and optical equipment m , ,492 17, ,410 Transport equipment m ,264 2,000 1,366 Manufacturing, nec; recycling m , ,335 Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m20 3,652 1, ,067 4,261 1,306 5,487 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m ,619 Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m23 3,870 1, ,137 3, Water transport m Air transport m ,106 2,971 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m ,555 Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m30 1,359 2, ,041 1,282 3,002 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 862,242 1,569, , ,746 2,375,990 1,059,953 2,545,225 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 129, , , , , , ,235 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 991,453 1,921, ,614 1,053,299 2,842,491 1,365,083 3,044,460 continued on next page

265 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 245 Table A4.2 Imports Industry continued Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports , , ,037 3, , , ,501 1, , , , , , , , , , , , ,681 8,662 2, , , ,482 1, , , , ,623 1, ,600 1, ,879 1, ,084 1, , ,233 8,573 1, ,577, , ,910 2,710, , , , ,379 92,044 71, , ,900 82, , , , , , ,648 70,876 28,013 76,734 1,937, ,351 1,211,484 3,513,341 1,598, , , , ,920 99, ,587 continued on next page

266 246 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China Table A4.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m , Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m , Chemicals and chemical products m , Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m14 4, ,651 1,291 Transport equipment m , Manufacturing, nec; recycling m , ,706 1,602 Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m , ,988 2,426 Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m ,044 5,977 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m ,698 1,017 4,110 1,196 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m , ,240 Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 164, , , , ,601 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 274, , , , ,547 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 438,978 1,196, ,575 1,514,492 1,074,148 continued on next page

267 Appendix 4: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 People s Republic of China 247 Table A4.2 Imports Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,270 1,243 2,030 1,841 15, , , , , , , , , ,553 2, ,636 20, ,899 27, , ,251 25, , ,146 1, ,202 7, ,950 7,635 58, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,414 25, , ,380 4, ,223 2, , , , , , , ,783 7,774 6, , , , , ,858 4, , , , ,245 4,498,621 1,632,189 4,962, ,692 2,335,901 38,878, , , ,539 12,293, , , ,784 4,498,621 1,632,189 4,962, ,692 2,335,901 51,171,749 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database.

268 A5 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 248

269 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 249 Table A5.1: Republic of Korea Input Output Table, 2010 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 2, , Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 6, , Textiles and textile products c , Leather, leather products, and footwear c , Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c , ,471 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c9 2, ,352 4, ,221 Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c , Electricity, gas, and water supply c , Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c ,813 1, Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c ,611 1, ,276 Hotels and restaurants c Inland transport c , ,302 Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c , Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c ,447 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c ,494 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

270 250 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c2 2, Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 23 1, Textiles and textile products c ,251 Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c , ,756 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 3,478 19, , ,125 Chemicals and chemical products c9 2,094 52,518 5, ,805 1,207 13,819 Rubber and plastics c ,955 Other nonmetallic minerals c ,769 Basic metals and fabricated metal c , ,687 14,356 17,872 Machinery, nec c ,552 13,074 4,290 Electrical and optical equipment c , ,187 7,270 85,182 Transport equipment c ,282 3,015 4,032 Manufacturing, nec; recycling c ,083 Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 1,006 2, , ,851 Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c , ,383 1,930 5,891 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c , ,059 2,478 7,563 Hotels and restaurants c ,069 Inland transport c , ,531 1,239 2,816 Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c , , ,636 Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c , ,307 1,522 3,538 Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c , ,467 1,166 7,512 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c , , Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

271 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 251 Table A5.1 Domestic Industry continued Transport Manufacturing, Equipment nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic , , ,347 1, , ,501 1, ,647 1, ,960 1,741 1, , ,729 2, , , , ,919 1,586 1,030 23, , ,128 4, , ,221 8, , , , , , , , ,145 1,490 1,092 1, , , , , , , ,034 1,567 1, ,320 1, , , ,182 2, , ,264 2, ,893 1,256 1,241 1, ,446 1, , , ,529 3, , , ,129 4,073 1, , ,519 10, ,703 4, ,773 1, , ,981 2, , continued on next page

272 252 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.1 Domestic Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c , ,590 2,291 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c Chemicals and chemical products c , Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c , Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c ,041 1,803 1,924 1,905 Construction c , ,439 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c , Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c , Hotels and restaurants c , ,827 1,556 Inland transport c , ,240 1,182 Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c27 1,409 1, , Financial intermediation c ,452 12,157 3,669 2,683 Real estate activities c ,325 1,015 2, Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 2,144 10, ,675 3,902 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c , ,872 2,516 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

273 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 253 Table A5.1 Domestic Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic , , , (423) 138 3,407 1, ,151 30, ,099 4,802 76, , ,653 15,473 51, , ,598 6, ,170 1, ,461 6, (705) 3,479 44,839 1, , ,676 35,686 92, ,851 2,558 6, (1,259) 49, , ,862 18, ,487 13, ,397 2, ,961 2,749 43, , ,147 1, , ,344 91,491 1,142 1,028 2,281 12, ,314 2, , , ,472 12, , , , , ,636 16,717 2,490 1,671 2,814 14, ,889 63, , , , , ,111 1,037 19, , ,270 65, ,427 1,331 24, , ,483 84,650 2, ,590 28, ,467 53, ,230 18, , ,778 10, ,142 11, , , , ,533 1,052 1,244 2,767 36, , , ,112 1,228 64, , ,693 97,139 1, ,735 6, , , , ,197 88, , ,635 29, , ,777 37, ,762 1,372 1,178 17,794 48,721 1,186 4, , ,037 continued on next page

274 254 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.1 Import Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m , Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m , Textiles and textile products m , Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m ,012 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m , Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 21,101 1,422 62,371 37,160 5,575 3,717 28,903 Taxes less subsidies on products r Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 24,494 1,904 12,924 13,431 1,271 1,362 14,993 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 46,218 3,407 76,933 51,445 6,962 5,170 44,839 continued on next page

275 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 255 Table A5.1 Import Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Imports , , , ,613 8, ,903 1, , , ,831 1, , , ,540 4,319 5,062 7, , ,945 1,118 2, ,934 37,701 3, , , ,504 1, , , , , , , ,002 12,830 9, ,105 65, , ,183 12,099 41, ,053 3,829 29,436 1, , ,201 2, ,491 40,266 5,537 3,996 48,652 25,077 85,181 48,862 4,378 18,266 50,752 5,405 35,948 6,887 2, , ,821 1, ,086 1, , ,676 18,662 13, ,673 91, , ,492 16,717 63, ,671 9,305 65,923 continued on next page

276 256 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.1 Import Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m3 31 1, Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m , Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m30 1, Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 38,320 25,789 30,271 6,769 7,455 20,210 Taxes less subsidies on products r ,322 4, Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 45,628 25,848 18,597 3,700 3,977 10,803 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 84,650 53,153 54,176 10,779 11,587 31,472 continued on next page

277 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 257 Table A5.1 Import Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Imports Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,994 47,443 20,105 56,019 29,092 23,193 33,279 56, , , ,664 1,836 1,571 2,176 1,949 42,627 17,470 (7,219) 7,312 62,035 76,513 78,111 68,282 55,180 38,021 47, ,786 17, ,105 97, ,184 99,325 80,101 73, , ,370 continued on next page

278 258 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.1 Import Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m ,848 Mining and quarrying m ,015 Food, beverages, and tobacco m ,465 Textiles and textile products m (1) 8,371 Leather, leather products, and footwear m ,836 Wood and products of wood and cork m ,636 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m ,683 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m ,018 Chemicals and chemical products m ,637 Rubber and plastics m ,675 Other nonmetallic minerals m ,892 Basic metals and fabricated metal m ,938 Machinery, nec m , ,599 Electrical and optical equipment m ,628 1,356 68,013 Transport equipment m15 0 8, ,942 Manufacturing, nec; recycling m ,237 Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m ,522 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m ,051 Hotels and restaurants m ,035 Inland transport m ,327 Water transport m Air transport m ,393 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m ,216 Post and telecommunications m ,667 Financial intermediation m ,783 Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m , ,851 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m ,205 Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m ,505 Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 159, ,781 15, ,902 3,078,862 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 26,042 1, ,028 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 17,470 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 (7,219) Value added at basic prices r64 991,192 International transport margins 3, ,273 Output at basic prices r69 159, ,046 16, ,902 4,220,607 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database.

279 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 259 Table A5.2: Republic of Korea Input Output Table, 2017 (current prices, $ million) Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c1 2, , , Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 7, , Textiles and textile products c , Leather, leather products, and footwear c , Wood and products of wood and cork c , Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c , ,420 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 1, Chemicals and chemical products c9 2, ,745 5, ,786 Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c , Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c , Electricity, gas, and water supply c , ,416 Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c ,885 1, ,800 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c ,030 2, ,331 Hotels and restaurants c ,122 Inland transport c , ,010 Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c , Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c , ,713 Real estate activities c ,041 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c , ,968 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c ,013 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

280 260 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Machinery, Metal nec Electrical and Optical Equipment c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c2 2, Food, beverages, and tobacco c3 41 1, Textiles and textile products c ,646 Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c , ,182 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c8 6,934 27, , ,712 Chemicals and chemical products c9 3,409 61,523 6, ,337 1,489 16,600 Rubber and plastics c ,509 Other nonmetallic minerals c ,844 Basic metals and fabricated metal c12 1,037 2, ,589 16,647 20,711 Machinery, nec c ,989 16,375 5,367 Electrical and optical equipment c , ,796 9, ,370 Transport equipment c ,598 3,995 5,402 Manufacturing, nec; recycling c ,204 1,117 4,229 Electricity, gas, and water supply c17 1,976 4, , ,093 Construction c Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c ,125 Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c20 1,048 4, ,835 2,469 7,398 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c21 1,357 5, ,670 3,196 9,578 Hotels and restaurants c , , ,838 Inland transport c23 1,026 2, ,626 1,371 3,051 Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c26 1,117 2, ,239 1,048 2,941 Post and telecommunications c Financial intermediation c , ,765 1,962 4,481 Real estate activities c Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c30 1,525 3, ,302 1,542 9,711 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c Other community, social, and personal services c , , ,335 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

281 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 261 Table A5.2 Domestic Industry continued Transport Manufacturing, Equipment nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Domestic , , ,963 1, , , ,204 3, , ,597 3, ,255 1,719 1,456 7,405 1,895 2, ,464 1,117 1,967 3, , , , ,251 1, , , ,201 5, , ,668 12, , , , , , , , , ,814 2,484 2,455 1, , , , , , ,117 1, , ,546 3,075 1, ,575 3, ,150 2, , ,667 3, , ,853 3, ,168 1,045 1,022 1, ,951 2, , ,278 7, ,600 4,931 1,499 1, , , ,874 6,675 3, , ,053 15, ,547 7, ,711 1, , , , , ,014 1, ,864 3,922 1,117 1, continued on next page

282 262 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.2 Domestic Industry continued Industry Post and Telecommunications Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 Domestic Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing c Mining and quarrying c Food, beverages, and tobacco c Textiles and textile products c Leather, leather products, and footwear c Wood and products of wood and cork c Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing c7 89 2, ,982 2,971 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel c , Chemicals and chemical products c , Rubber and plastics c Other nonmetallic minerals c Basic metals and fabricated metal c Machinery, nec c Electrical and optical equipment c , ,317 1,077 Transport equipment c Manufacturing, nec; recycling c Electricity, gas, and water supply c ,400 2,455 2,240 2,578 Construction c , ,567 Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel c Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles c , Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods c , Hotels and restaurants c , ,431 2,681 Inland transport c , ,010 1,276 Water transport c Air transport c Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies c Post and telecommunications c , ,330 1,071 Financial intermediation c ,436 14,434 3,850 3,370 Real estate activities c ,167 1,319 2, Renting of M&Eq and other business activities c , ,956 5,031 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security c Education c Health and social work c , Other community, social, and personal services c , ,011 3,207 Private households with employed persons c35 continued on next page

283 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 263 Table A5.2 Domestic Industry continued Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 c38 c39 c40 c41 Domestic , (211) , ,448 1,888 1,682 1,716 37, (339) 6, , ,434 8, (281) 20,899 63, , (28) 2,627 10, (1) 381 7,459 2, ,253 9, ,117 64,968 1, ,772 3, (252) 55, , ,529 3,675 6, ,399 64, , (29) 9,986 24, (31) 2,465 15, ,965 1, ,472 (417) 49, , ,791 1, ,834 (35) 40, ,833 1,325 2,081 3,799 17, ,481 (407) 233, , ,749 13, ,782 (81) 112, , , (37) 2,607 23,036 2,908 3,148 4,807 20, (0) , ,036 (184) , , (16) 2,077 13, ,960 1,557 23, ,049 (112) 14,542 91, ,537 2,017 30, ,536 (144) 18, ,650 3, ,243 48,009 1, (0) 4,112 89, ,763 19, (9) , (0) 11,593 11, (0) 8,347 12, , (0) 1,297 34, , (0) ,117 1,090 2,213 4,176 45, , , ,151 2,027 87, ,605 (1) 1, ,808 1,417 1,315 7,601 7, ,979 (0) 29, , , , (0) , ,766 35, (0) , , ,757 62, (1) ,183 1,478 2,194 27,241 60,124 1,405 5,949 (7) 3, ,841 continued on next page

284 264 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry, and Fishing Mining and Quarrying Food, Beverages, and Tobacco Textiles and Textile Products Leather, Leather Products, and Footwear Wood and Products of Wood and Cork Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing, and Publishing c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m , Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m , Textiles and textile products m , Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m ,029 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m Chemicals and chemical products m , ,113 Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 23,246 1,864 83,176 46,593 8,198 5,446 52,540 Taxes less subsidies on products r , Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 30,020 2,490 18,746 16,044 1,897 1,982 11,498 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 53,719 4, ,349 63,217 10,182 7,459 64,968 continued on next page

285 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 265 Table A5.2 Imports Industry continued Coke, Refined Petroleum, and Nuclear Fuel Chemicals and Chemical Products Rubber and Plastics Other Nonmetallic Minerals Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Machinery, nec Electrical and Optical Equipment Transport Equipment Manufacturing, nec; Recycling Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply Construction Sale, Maintenance, and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Retail Sale of Fuel Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 Imports , , ,101 1, ,215 9, ,043 1, ,740 18,177 1, , , ,468 1, , , , , ,594 5,071 6,173 8, , ,914 1,632 3, , ,834 56,207 4, , , ,145 1, , , , , , ,273 1, , , , ,256 17,283 10, ,576 83, , ,522 16,504 49, ,892 6,843 43,535 1,713 1, , ,514 2, ,821 58,682 6,598 4,761 59,278 38, ,494 54,110 6,428 35,270 82,467 6,909 47, , ,268 24,000 15, , , , ,374 23,036 89, ,294 13,831 91,660 continued on next page

286 266 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles; Repair of Household Goods Hotels and Restaurants Inland Transport Water Transport Air Transport Other Supporting and Auxiliary Transport Activities; Activities of Travel Agencies c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m Mining and quarrying m Food, beverages, and tobacco m3 45 2, Textiles and textile products m Leather, leather products, and footwear m Wood and products of wood and cork m Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m , Chemicals and chemical products m Rubber and plastics m Other nonmetallic minerals m Basic metals and fabricated metal m Machinery, nec m Electrical and optical equipment m Transport equipment m Manufacturing, nec; recycling m Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m Hotels and restaurants m Inland transport m Water transport m Air transport m Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m Post and telecommunications m Financial intermediation m Real estate activities m Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m30 1, Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m Education m Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 59,633 51,579 28,961 6,712 7,474 19,913 Taxes less subsidies on products r ,846 6, Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 58,321 36,135 24,318 4,838 5,201 14,127 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 118,650 89,560 59,360 11,810 12,696 34,484 continued on next page

287 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea 267 Table A5.2 Imports Industry continued Post and Telecommunications Imports Financial Intermediation Real Estate Activities Renting of M&Eq and Other Business Activities Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other Community, Social, and Personal Services Private Households with Employed Persons Final Consumption Expenditure by Households Final Consumption Expenditure by NPISHs c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c , , , , , , , , , ,077 6, , , , , , , , , ,633 1, ,865 3, , ,899 61,436 24,956 61,389 38,881 26,034 57,045 89, , , ,804 2,447 1,945 3,360 2,892 59,902 16,982 75, , , ,584 70,268 65,777 48,796 20, , , , ,911 98, , , ,641 continued on next page

288 268 Appendix 5: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Republic of Korea Table A5.2 Imports Industry continued Industry Final Consumption Expenditure by Government Gross Fixed Capital Formation Changes in Inventories and Valuables Exports Total Output c38 c39 c40 c41 Imports Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing m ,625 Mining and quarrying m ,397 Food, beverages, and tobacco m ,830 Textiles and textile products m ,357 Leather, leather products, and footwear m ,342 Wood and products of wood and cork m ,891 Pulp, paper, paper products, printing, and publishing m ,268 Coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel m ,880 Chemicals and chemical products m ,475 Rubber and plastics m ,964 Other nonmetallic minerals m (235) 11,505 Basic metals and fabricated metal m12 0 1, ,144 Machinery, nec m , ,436 Electrical and optical equipment m ,260 2,230 98,919 Transport equipment m , ,265 Manufacturing, nec; recycling m ,145 Electricity, gas, and water supply m Construction m Sale, maintenance, and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of fuel m Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles m20 2 1, ,788 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of household goods m ,034 Hotels and restaurants m ,965 Inland transport m (2,298) 2,821 Water transport m Air transport m ,667 Other supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies m ,399 Post and telecommunications m ,287 Financial intermediation m ,959 Real estate activities m ,256 Renting of M&Eq and other business activities m , ,713 Public administration and defense; compulsory social security m ,701 Education m ,003 Health and social work m Other community, social, and personal services m ,498 Private households with employed persons m Total intermediate consumption r60 228, , ,423 4,092,700 Taxes less subsidies on products r99 34, ,740 Cif/ fob adjustments on exports r61 Direct purchases abroad by residents r62 Purchases on the domestic territory by nonresidents r63 Value added at basic prices r64 1,388,011 International transport margins Output at basic prices r69 228, , ,423 5,623,451 $ = United States dollar; ( ) = negative; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; fob = free on board; M&Eq = machinery and equipment; nec = not elsewhere classified; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households. Source: Asian Development Bank Multi Regional Input Output Database.

289 Appendix 6: Input Output Tables for 2010 and 2017 Taipei,China A6 269