中美清洁能源研究中心 中重载卡车联合研究工作计划 卡车利用协作知识研究联盟 (CERC TRUCK)

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1 U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center (CERC) Joint Work Plan for Research on Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks under the Truck Research Utilizing Collaborative Knowledge (TRUCK) Consortium (CERC TRUCK) Introduction 引言 中美清洁能源研究中心 中重载卡车联合研究工作计划 卡车利用协作知识研究联盟 (CERC TRUCK) In November 2009, the President of the United States of America, Barack Obama, and the former President of the People s Republic of China, Hu Jintao, jointly announced the establishment of the bilateral Clean Energy Research Center (CERC), the primary purpose of which is to facilitate joint research and development on clean energy technology by teams of scientists and engineers from both countries 年 11 月, 中国前国家主席胡锦涛和美国总统奥巴马共同宣布要成立旨在促进中美两国科学家和工程技术人员开展清洁能源技术联合研究和开发的 中美清洁能源联合研究中心 ( 英文名为 Clean Energy Research Center, 简称 CERC) Former U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu, Chinese Minister of Science and Technology Wan Gang, and the former Administrator of China s National Energy Administration Zhang Guobao signed the CERC Protocol on November 17, 2009, launching the Center. In November 2014, and again in September 2015, President of the United States of America Barack Obama and President of the People s Republic of China Xi Jinping renewed and reaffirmed the joint commitment of the two countries to an extended and expanded U.S.-China CERC program 年 11 月 17 日, 美国能源部前部长朱棣文与中国科技部部长万钢, 及中国国家能源局前局长张国宝, 共同签署了中美清洁能源研究中心合作协议, 正式启动了中心运行 2014 年 11 月及 2015 年 9 月, 美利坚合众国总统巴拉克 奥巴马与时任中华人民共和国主席胡锦涛延续并重申了两国的共同承诺, 继续和扩大中美清洁能源研究中心项目 As the world s top energy consumers and energy producers, the United States and China will play leading roles in the world s transition to a clean energy economy

2 in the years ahead. Medium and heavy duty truck transport systems account for a large share of petroleum based fuel consumption in both countries. The Chinese and U.S. markets represent the two largest markets for commercial vehicles in the world. Therefore, working together provides an opportunity to leverage the innovation capacities of both countries, accelerate progress toward common strategic goals, reduce petroleum consumption, and expand access to global markets. 根据议定书达成的共识, 作为全球最主要的能源消耗和生产以及温室气体排放大国, 中美两国必将在未来几年里将要发生的全球向清洁能源经济过渡的过程中起到引领作用 中载和重载卡车运输系统在两国石化油的消费中占有一个很大的份额 中美两国有着世界前两名的机动车市场 因此, 合作的努力可以提供机会促进两国的创新能力, 加速走向共同的战略目标, 削减石化油消费并且向全球市场扩展 Recognizing that energy use in commercial trucks represents both challenges and opportunities, the United States and the People s Republic of China have chosen Argonne National Laboratory and Tianjin University, respectively, to lead a consortium of experts to collaborate in the field of commercial truck research. This five-year program of research, from 2017 through 2021, will demonstrate technical solutions with the possibility to achieve a goal of increasing truck efficiency by 50 percent over a 2016 baseline. 正是认识到商用卡车的使用代表着两国的挑战与机遇, 中美两国选择阿岗国家实验室和天津大学领导一个专家联盟, 开展商用卡车领域的合作研究 这一五年研究项目将在 2017 年到 2021 年间示范技术解决方案, 探索将卡车能效在 2016 年的基础上提高 50% 的可能性 Vision 愿景 The goal of the CERC TRUCK consortium is to contribute to dramatic improvements in technologies that have the potential to reduce both emissions and the dependence of commercial trucks on oil. The CERC TRUCK will work to build a foundation of knowledge, technologies, human capabilities, and relationships in mutually beneficial areas in order to position the United States and China for a future with highly efficient, clean commercial trucks. The collaboration will seek to leverage the complementary strengths of each country s intellectual and research capacities, and to accelerate the advancement of technologies for clean trucks through joint research and development. Outcomes may create new jobs and market Page 2 of 14

3 opportunities for business, and may speed technology commercialization and deployment in both countries. CERC TRUCK 的研究目标是促进技术的大幅度进步, 从而降低商用卡车对石油的依赖并减少排放 CERC TRUCK 将在互惠的领域中, 建立一个包括知识 技术 人员能力 研发人员等在内的合作机制, 共同致力于开发中美两国未来的高效, 清洁商用卡车 中美两国将充分利用每个国家在知识和研究能力方面的互补优势, 通过联合研发加快清洁卡车技术的进步 合作成果将为企业创造新的工作和新的市场机会, 加速技术在两个国家的商业化和推广应用 Criteria for Project Selection 项目遴选原则 Joint research projects must meet the following criteria, mutually agreed by the Parties of the U.S.-China CERC Protocol. The research must promise outcomes that, if successful, would benefit both countries, not just one country. The proposed research plan must evidence bilateral collaboration, such as a foreign partner, division of tasks, leveraging of complementarities, and/or interdependencies. The research must evidence strong scientific and technical merit, emphasize innovation and/or novel approaches, and be relevant to advancing higher level CERC, Consortium, and topic area goals and technical objectives. The selection of projects will weigh the quality of the research team, including leadership, key personnel, expertise, and will identify contributing resources, equipment and facilities. Expected outcomes must have potential for the creation of intellectual property (IP) and a potential path to commercialization and/or implementation of resulting knowledge or technology advancements. 联合研究项目必须符合中美清洁能源研究中心协议双方同意的以下标准, 且当事人双方遵守中美清洁能源研究中心的协议 研究必须承诺, 如果成功, 研究成果将有利于两国而不是一个国家 研究计划必须证明是双边合作, 包括外国合作伙伴 任务分工 双方互补性 和 / 或相关性 研究必须证明具有较强的科学和技术水平, 强调创新和 / 或新颖的方法 与推进更高层次的中心合作 本联盟 研究任务或主题等领域目标和技术目标有关 项目的选择将权衡研究团队的质量, 包括领导力 关键人员 专业性, 并评估其资源 设备和设施 预期成果必须具有创造知识产权 (IP) 的潜力和知识或技术成果的商业化和 / 或实施措施的潜在途径 Page 3 of 14

4 Topic Areas 研究领域 The CERC TRUCK aims to have an impact on society s grand challenges, such as energy security and sustainability. It also seeks to spur innovations to enhance market growth, economic development and jobs creation in truck manufacturing, clean energy industries and associated supply chains. The proposed research efforts are divided into five topic areas designed to lead to considerable efficiency benefits, with the possibility to achieve an overall goal of increasing freight efficiency by 50 percent over a 2016 baseline. An integrative life cycle design framework will guide the research and development (R&D) of advanced systems, and will enable us to establish freight efficiency targets, pathways, and policies for translating research results into clean commercial trucks. The pioneering research and innovative testbeds of this program seeks to provide unique opportunities to translate laboratory research to industry applications. CERC TRUCK 旨在对社会面临的能源安全和环境可持续发展等巨大挑战产生积极影响, 同时也会通过推动创新促进在卡车制造业 清洁能源产业 以及相关的供应链产业等领域的市场增长 经济发展和就业机会 拟开展研究工作分为五个研究领域, 旨在产生高效可观的效益, 其总体目标是探索在 2016 年的基础上将货运效率提高 50% 的可能性 尤为重要的是, 本联盟所开展的先进系统的研究和开发都将在全生命周期设计框架的指导下进行, 这使我们在面对将研究成果应用于清洁卡车领域时, 能够确立明确的货运效率目标 途径和相关政策 我们的前沿性研究和开拓创新的实验平台将为把实验室研究成果转化为工业上的应用提供独一无二的机会 Transformation of such a complex scientific and technological nature will depend on the availability of a work force with the appropriate skills and abilities. The U.S.-China CERCT RUCK team has a strong representation of scientists, engineers, faculty and students with diverse backgrounds, spanning the key areas of engineering and science needed to attack these grand challenges. The research accomplishments of the CERC TRUCK will be leveraged to attract new talent in innovation, global transportation energy research and education. We will capitalize on the multi-disciplinary nature of the CERC TRUCK to produce a rich set of academic and hands-on experiences for the scholars and university students in the program, who will work on CERC TRUCK projects for career development and degree credit. The by-products of the CERC TRUCK are to create a pipeline of new engineers and scientists that are focused on critical energy and environmental problems in transportation. Page 4 of 14

5 这样一个复杂的科学技术性质的转换, 取决于参与人员是否具有实现目标的技术和能力 CERC TRUCK 团队是拥有科学家 工程师 教师和学生的综合团队, 他们拥有不同的背景, 横跨攻破这些重大挑战的关键工程和科学领域 CERC TRUCK 的研究成就将用来吸引在创新 全球交通能源和教育领域的人才 我们将利用 CERC TRUCK 多学科的性质, 为项目中的研究人员和大学生提供丰富的学术和实践经验, 他们将通过 CERC TRUCK 项目而取得学位和为未来职业发展做准备 CERC TRUCK 的另一个成果则是建立一个关注交通领域重要的能源和环境问题的工程师和科学家的后备军 To realize our shared vision, the CERC TRUCK has developed a highly collaborative joint research agenda that has been organized in five areas, as described below. Under the CERC Protocol and its Intellectual Property Annex, no work on any collaborative activity between the two countries can begin without a mutually agreed upon Technology Management Plan. The five topic areas are: 为了实现我们的共同愿景,CERC TRUCK 已经开发了一个高度协作的联合研究计划, 包括如下五个领域 在中美清洁能源研究中心的中美协议及其知识产权附属条款下, 只有在双方都同意的技术管理计划的框架下, 才能开展两国之间的协作活动 Topic Area 1: Advanced Internal Combustion Engine/Powertrain System 研究方向 1: 先进内燃机及其动力传动系统 Topic Area 1 is divided into two tracks focusing on medium duty (MD) and heavy duty (HD) applications. In the MD track, the consortium will conduct research and development in combustion systems utilizing fuels other than diesel. This work follows the market trend of more MD vehicles switching to gasoline, natural gas, or other non-diesel fuels. Work will be targeted in the areas of liquid fuel spark ignited systems, compression ignitions gasoline technology, and natural gas combustion systems. These three technology areas will provide input to system level evaluations to determine the best market and drive cycles for each technology. The short term goals are to assess a typical MD truck mission both in the United States and China, and to define the vehicle characteristics. This step is critical to define vehicle level targets that will drive subsequent tasks as well as petroleum reduction potential. The next step (intermediate goal) is to cascade down the vehicle level requirements into engine requirements to start engine design studies. This step includes combustion Page 5 of 14

6 simulation that will guide the final selection of hardware to be used for engine testing and validation (long-term goals). 研究领域 1 主要包括适用于中载和重载卡车用内燃机两方面的研究 在中载卡车内燃机研究方面, 将开展燃用非柴油燃料的燃烧系统研究 这一研究方向顺应了越来越多的中载卡车燃料由柴油向汽油 天然气或其他非柴油燃料转换的市场趋势 研究目标是开发液体燃料的火花点火系统 汽油压燃技术以及天然气燃烧系统 这三个技术领域的研究将为系统层面能效提升评估输入信息, 以确定每种技术的最佳市场和驱动周期 短期目标是对中美两国的典型中载卡车进行功能评估和确定车辆特征参数 这项工作对于制定整车级目标十分重要, 整车级目标的确立又将推动后续任务的进展和明确降低石油燃料消耗的潜力 中期阶段目标是将整车能效目标分解细化到对发动机的具体要求, 进而开展相应设计研究 这一阶段的研究工作主要包括开展发动机燃烧模拟研究, 用来指导发动机测试和验证硬件设备的最终选择 ( 长期目标 ) The HD portion of Topic Area 1 will conduct research into emissions increasing engine efficiency through novel combustion strategies and recovery of waste energy. The novel combustion strategy work will include low carbon fuels as an enabler for Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) systems as well as conventional diesel combustion strategies. The consortium sets a stretched goal of 50 percent Brake Thermal Efficiency. The short-term goals are to understand the potential for low life cycle carbon and dual fuel operation to be used in LTC systems, together with the potential for different waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies using in HD. The intermediate term goals are to characterize the fuels and to test them on a single cylinder engine, and to do the principle test of recommended WHR technology. Longer-term goals are to demonstrate the benefits of the fuels and WHR on multi cylinder engines. 研究领域 1 的重载卡车内燃机部分将对排放和采用新型燃烧策略和余热回收等方法来提高发动机热效率开展研究 在新型燃烧策略方面, 将开展使用低碳燃料实现低温燃烧以及传统柴油机燃烧的研究 项目研究目标是实现至少 50% 的发动机有效热效率 项目短期目标是探索低生命周期碳燃料和双燃料在低温燃烧策略中的使用潜力, 以及在重载卡车内燃机上使用不同余热回收技术的潜力 项目中期目标是分析不同燃料特性, 并在单缸发动机上测试和评价其相关性能 ; 对推荐的余热能回收技术开展主要测试 项目长期目 Page 6 of 14

7 标是在多缸发动机上展示采用低生命周期碳燃料以及余热回收技术改善发动机热效率的优势和潜力 Topic Area 2: Energy Management (System Level Efficiency Improvements) 研究领域 2: 能源管理 ( 系统级能效的改进 ) The main objective of Topic Area 2 is to maximize fleet efficiency through advanced energy management at the vehicle, multi-vehicle and fleet levels. Overall, the goal is to improve vehicle energy consumption at the individual vehicle level by 15 percent and the freight efficiency of fleets at the regional level by 30 percent. The short term goals are to develop new management algorithms for the energy networks composed of high efficient engine, auxiliaries/accessories, and WHR. American and Chinese partners will engage to collect existing on-road vehicle driving data. Specific energy management algorithms can then be developed and optimized for MD and HD applications for both U.S. and China markets. Researchers will perform analysis to quantify and understand the market differences and the impact of predictive energy management. They will combine this analysis with engine in the loop assessments in order to validate the proposed algorithms. 研究领域 2 的主要目标是通过对单车 多车以及车队等不同系统层面采用先进的能源管理管理, 从而实现车队运输效率的最大化 总体而言, 该研究的最终目标是使整车能源消耗在单车层面提高 15%, 而车队货运效率在区域运输层面提高 30% 项目短期目标是为能源网络 ( 包括高效发动机 附件以及余热回收系统等 ) 开发一个新型管理算法 中美双方参与团队将会共同收集道路行驶车辆的相关路谱数据 基于此, 才能分别针对美国和中国市场的中重载卡车发动机开发和优化其特定的能源管理算法 研究人员将通过分析来进一步量化和明确市场差异以及可预测能源管理系统的影响 他们将结合此分析与实际发动机循环评估结果, 以此来验证开发出的算法 The intermediate goals are to develop algorithms for route prediction and driver behavior models, and to extend the energy management concepts to multiple vehicles with specific use cases for the United States and China that automate the evaluation of multiple vehicle level controls. Researchers will study the impact of a variety of driving scenarios and powertrain technologies. Page 7 of 14

8 研究中期目标是开发路线预测模型和驾驶员行为模式算法, 并将能源管理概念拓展到中美两国多车系统的特定用例, 从而实现对多车系统层面控制评估的自动化 研究人员还将开展不同驾驶情景和动力总成技术对系统影响的研究 The longer term goal is to establish a cloud-to-vehicle management platform, and to implement and evaluate multi-vehicles and fleet energy management. The algorithms will schedule departure time of individual trucks to ensure that they can form a platoon. One of the critical inputs will be the classification of constraints to define if and when a truck can join a platoon. 研究长期目标是开发一个云端到实车的系统管理平台, 应用和评估多车和车队的能源管理策略 相关算法将规划单车出发时间, 确保能够形成车队运行 该系统的一个重要输入是对限制参数的分类, 以此决定某辆卡车可否以及何时加入车队运行 Topic Area 3: Hybrid Electric Powertrain 研究领域 3: 混合动力系统 Topic Area 3 focuses on all aspects of powertrain electrification and architectures. The broad objective of the proposed work is to create a modular, flexible approach to the design of electrified powertrain vehicles ranging from EV to REEV and PHEV. The short-term goal is to study powertrain architectures and conduct simulation and optimization studies to determine a modular architecture that takes into account mission requirements, flexibility of powertrain design, and also regional and vocational flexibility not only between the United States and China, but also within regions in each country, and the tradeoffs in subsystem sizing, cost and matching. 研究领域 3 将对动力总成的电气化及其架构进行研究 其宏观目标是为电气化动力总成系统设计一个灵活的模块化策略, 涵盖纯电动汽车 (EV) 增程式电动车 (REEV) 以及插电式混合动力汽车 (PHEV) 其短期目标是研究不同的动力总成架构, 并开展相关的模拟和优化研究, 以此开发出一个综合考虑多种任务需求 动力总成系统设计灵活性 区域和职业灵活性 ( 不仅限于中美两国之间, 还需要考虑到各个国家的不同地区之内 ), 以及子系统在规模 成本和匹配方面的折中关系 Page 8 of 14

9 An intermediate goal of this topic is to focus on key technology development, including but not limited to, the design of novel energy storage systems (battery pack or hydraulic energy storage system) that hinge on the concepts of flexibility and modularity, as well as optimization and control strategies. The tasks performed under this sub-topic will lead to the definition of a reconfigurable hybrid powertrain and energy storage system for MD and HD hybrids, as well as the related control strategies for energy management. 研究中期目标是致力于关键技术的发展, 包括但并不仅限于开发出新型灵活 模块化的能源存储系统 ( 电池组或液压储能系统 ), 以及相关的优化和控制策略 开展该领域内的相关研究将对中重载卡车混动系统可重构的混动系统和能源存储系统, 以及相关能源管理控制策略进行定义 The longer-term goal is to design a flexible and reconfigurable drivetrain architecture (power electronics + traction motor + engine + mechanical coupling and transmission + energy storage) and quantify tradeoffs as a function of cost, weight and performance. The outcome of this task will be the demonstration of selected technologies that will be developed during the course of this project. 研究长期目标是设计出一个灵活可重构的动力传动系统架构 ( 动力电子系统 + 牵引电机 + 发动机 + 耦合件和变速箱 + 储能系统 ), 并对成本 重量和性能的相关关系进行量化 最终任务成果是对项目研究过程中所开发的特定技术进行成果性展示 Topic Area 4: Other Key Truck Technologies 研究领域 4: 其他关键卡车技术 Topic Area 4 focuses on vehicle level contributions towards increased freight efficiency. The short term goals are to assess by way of vehicle fuel economy modeling the areas that should be further investigated. The process will culminate in a down selection of subsystems through simulation and optimization for further evaluation such as areas for weight reduction, aerodynamic improvements, and tire technology improvements. A selection of candidate technologies for improving freight efficiency will be prototyped, fabricated or procured and evaluated (intermediate goal). The most promising solutions will then be implemented and validated in the demonstration vehicle (long term goal). Page 9 of 14

10 研究领域 4 侧重于研究整车层面对提高货物运输效率的贡献 短期目标是通过对有燃油经济性的模拟评估需要进一步研究的领域 这一过程通过模拟和优化分析逐级向下开发子系统, 由此进一步评估包括轻量化 改善空气动力学以及轮胎技术等方面对燃油经济性的影响 中期目标为对一系列改善货物运输效率的候选技术进行定型 制造 采购和评估 长期目标是确定和应用最具有前景的解决方案, 并在实车中进行展示 Topic Area 5: Applied Research, Test, and Evaluation 研究领域 5: 应用研究 测试与评估 Topic Area 5 proposes to integrate the key technologies and learnings of the first four topic areas to demonstrate the efficiency improvement at the vehicle level. The baseline vehicle for the demonstrator will initially be assessed and characterized prior to being modified (short-term goal). A system level simulation will be applied to develop a path to demonstrate the efficiency improvement goal. 研究领域 5 将整合前四个研究领域的关键技术和成果, 以展示实现整车级的效率改进 短期目标是在模拟之前对示范的基准车辆进行测试和描述 将采用系统层面模拟分析方法, 提出能够实现效率改进目标的技术路径 Technologies will then be assessed individually (intermediate goals) to quantify their impact on efficiency. Testing will then be performed to assess the aggregate efficiency improvement of all technologies, and to demonstrate the overall efficiency improvement goal. 中期目标是对各技术进行评估, 以此量化其对运输效率的影响 在此基础上, 进一步通过测试评估所有技术的集成对运输效率的影响, 并展示总体运输效率的改善目标 The Teams 团队 The CERC-TRUCK will bring together academia, national laboratories, and industry into a consortium of exceptional intellectual strength and expertise in key engineering disciplines. The American and Chinese teams will focus on maximizing collaborative efforts and leveraging the respective strengths of the research partners in order to accelerate invention and commercial success through close ties with industry partners in both countries. CERC-TRUCK aims to be the leading U.S. - Page 10 of 14

11 China effort in the commercial vehicle arena by performing both long-range transformational and translational research to bring discoveries and technologies to market. Successful demonstration of the proposed technologies will involve strategic partners from industry in the U.S. and China, including leading OEMs, suppliers and innovation companies. CERC TRUCK 将汇集学术机构 国家实验室以及产业界的力量, 形成在关键工程技术领域内具有卓越智慧及经验优势的合作团队 中美两国团队将专注于最大化的合作和充分发挥各自优势, 其目的是在两国工业伙伴的紧密配合下, 促进创新和商业化成功进程 CERC TRUCK 旨在致力于前沿研究及技术 发明的商业化, 成为中美商用卡车领域的引领者 所提出技术的成功示范将会涉及到来自中美两国的战略合作伙伴, 他们包括设备制造商 供应商和创新型企业 In the United States, Argonne National Laboratory leads an academic and industrial team. Key members include: Cummins, Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation, Ohio State University, University of Michigan, Purdue University, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 美方以阿岗国家实验室为首的学术及工业团队, 主要成员包括康明斯 福莱纳底盘公司 俄亥俄州立大学 密歇根大学 普渡大学以及橡树岭国家实验室 In China, Tianjin University leads an academic and industrial team. Key members include: Tsinghua University, Tongji University, Weichai Power, Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group, Sinotruk Group and China Automotive Engineering Research Institute (CAERI). 中方以天津大学为首的学术及工业团队, 主要成员包括清华大学 同济大学 潍柴动力 广西玉柴机器集团有限公司 中国重汽集团 中国汽车工程研究院 (CAERI) The following table highlights the main partners for each topic areas. CERC TRUCK will continue to seek the participation of new partners that can add extra value and increase the benefits of the project. A process is currently in place to vet the addition of new members. The CERC TRUCK directors manage the addition of new partners. Page 11 of 14

12 下面的表格列出了双方在各研究领域的主要合作伙伴 CERC TRUCK 将继续寻找可产生价值和提高项目效益的潜在合作伙伴, 目前正通过建立相应审核流程扩展新的联盟成员 双方联盟主任将负责管理新联盟成员的加入 Topic Area U.S. partners China partners Topic Area 1 Cummins Tianjin University Weichai Power Topic Area 2 Argonne National Laboratory Tianjin University Oakridge National Laboratory Yuchai Group Topic Area 3 Ohio State University Tsinghua University Cummins Yuchai Group Topic Area 4 Freightliner Custom Chassis CAERI Corporation Sinotruk Group Topic Area 5 Cummins CAERI Weichai Power 研究领域 美方成员 中方成员 研究领域 1 康明斯 天津大学潍柴动力 研究领域 2 阿岗国家实验室天津大学橡树国家实验室广西玉柴机器 研究领域 3 俄亥俄州立大学清华大学康明斯广西玉柴机器 研究领域 4 福莱纳底盘公司 中国汽车工程研究院中国重汽 研究领域 5 康明斯 中国汽车工程研究院潍柴动力 Metrics 评价指标 Progress of the CERC TRUCK towards its objectives will be assessed by various means, including periodic technical reviews, and informed by the tracking of a system of metrics, which may include the following: Demonstration of freight efficiency improvement over a baseline truck Page 12 of 14

13 Research outcomes of sufficient technical significance that they shape future technology development Advancements that improve technology performance Advancements that reduce technology costs IP disclosures filed in the United States; in China; and jointly Patent applications filed in United States; in China; and jointly Patents issued in the United States; in China; and Licenses of technology Business engagement (evidenced by partners, Industrial Advisory Board activity, cost-share, and/or contributions to integrated R&D planning) Uptake of CERC TRUCK research by OEMs, suppliers and start-ups Joint projects Joint conferences, workshops and symposia including participants Consortia meetings and participants Recognition and awards (individual, team, or for technologies) Prestigious lectureships/keynotes given at national and international conferences Journal and conference papers published Peer-reviewed papers published, including jointly-authored papers Post-doctoral fellows and students trained Researchers affiliated with and/or contributing to CERC-funded projects in the United States; in China Number, frequency, and duration of personnel exchanges co-located among CERC-supporting organizations Commercial products launched; others on a path to commercialization 为达到 CERC TRUCK 项目预期目标, 项目将通过一系列方式进行评估, 包括定期的技术审查, 以及跟踪一系列指标, 其中包括 : 货运效率较基准卡车提高的示范 具有足够技术意义的可重构未来技术发展的重大突破性研究成果 提高现有技术性能的重要进步 降低现有技术成本的重要进步 在美国登记 中国登记和联合登记的知识产权 在美国 在中国和联合提出的专利申请 在美国 中国批准的专利 Page 13 of 14

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