AP3a EEA31 NH 3 emissions

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1 AP3a EEA31 NH 3 emissions Key messages is responsible for the vast majority of EU15 NH 3 emissions, 93% in 21. Ammonia emissions in the EU15 have been reduced by 7.6% since 199 largely due to decreases made in the agriculture sector. This has been achieved through a reduction in livestock numbers (especially cattle), changes in the management of organic manures and from the decreased use of nitrogenous fertilisers The EU15 ammonia emissions are slightly below the linear target path towards the 21 target of the National Emission Ceilings Directive. Seven Member States are below the linear target path of the 21 target of the National Emission Ceilings Directive. Spain, Ireland, and Portugal need substantial emissions reductions to reach their linear target path and the 21 targets of the National Emission Ceilings Directive. Ammonia emissions in all AC countries except Cyprus significantly decreased since 199. Ammonia emissions in the Acceding countries have been reduced by 44% since 199. This is mainly due to a reduction in livestock numbers and reduction of fertiliser consumption. All Acceding and candidate countries (except Romania 1 ) have reached their 21 emission targets of the CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol. 96% of ammonia emissions in the AC countries are produced from the agricultural sector. Title: Emission trends of NH 3 and 21 NECD target for a) EEA31; b) EU15; c) AC1; d) EFTA3 and e) CC3. a) EEA Index kt emission Reported emission data for Romania reach only to year Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, and Turkey do not have targets under the Gothenburg protocol.

2 b) EU15 Index kt emission Ammonia Emissions NECD Target Path 21 NECD Target NECD Target 1 5 c) AC Index kt emission Ammonia Emissions d) EFTA Index kt emission

3 e) CC3 Index kt emission Title: Sector split of NH 3 emissions in 21 (%) for a) EEA31; b) EU15; c) AC1; d) EFTA3 and e) CC3. a) EEA % 1.9% Energy Industries.1% Fugitive Emissions.%.2% 2.1% Other (Non Energy).2%.2% Other Transport.1% 2% b) EU15 93% 2% Other.6% 2%.2% 2% c) AC1 3

4 96% 1% Other 1% 1% 1% Other d) EFTA3 9.8% 1.5%.3% 7.3% e) CC3 9% 4% 6% 4

5 Title: Change in NH 3 emissions for each sector , (%) for a) EEA31; b) EU15; c) AC1; d) EFTA3 and e) CC3. a) EEA31-34% Other Transport -18%.42% 567% Other (Non Energy) 15% -28% -48% -5% Fugitive Emissions -23% Energy Industries -13% -6% -4% -2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% b) EU15 Other -1% 8% -9% 562% -28% -36% -6% -4% -2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% c) AC1 Other 41% -78% -42% -85% -4% -1% -8% -6% -4% -2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% 5

6 d) EFTA3-84% Other Transport 2% 4.82% 719% Other (Non Energy) 4% 16% -19% % Fugitive Emissions % Energy Industries % -1% -8% -6% -4% -2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% e) CC3-61% -36% Other Transport Other (Non Energy) 33.33% -5% Fugitive Emissions Energy Industries -8% -6% -4% -2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% 6

7 Title: Contribution to total sectoral change in NH 3 emissions for each sector , for a) EEA31; b) EU15; c) AC1; d) EFTA3 and e) CC3. a) EEA31-4.6% Other Transport -93%.% 7.% Other (Non Energy).1% Fugitive Emissions Energy Industries -.3% -9.%.%.% -.1% -1% -8% -6% -4% -2% % 2% 4% b) EU15 Other % 2% -19% 22% -1% -13% -12% -1% -8% -6% -4% -2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% c) AC1 Other -7%,4% -88% -6% % -1% -8% -6% -4% -2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% 7

8 d) EFTA3-1% Other Transport.3% 25% 79% Other (Non Energy) % 1% -4% Fugitive Emissions Energy Industries % % % -4% -2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% e) CC3-9% Other Transport -81% Other (Non Energy) -9% Fugitive Emissions Energy Industries -1% -8% -6% -4% -2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% Notes: Data for Iceland and Malta not available Source: EEA/ETC-ACC (23). 8

9 Results and assessment Policy objectives and measures Emissions of ammonia are addressed by the NEC directive and the Gothenburg Protocol under UNECE CLRTAP (see below). The NEC directives emission reduction targets do not apply for candidate countries. The NEC directives emission reduction targets for the EU15 are slightly stricter than the targets set in the Gothenburg Protocol a 13% and 12% reduction from 199 to 21 respectively. The Gothenburg Protocol to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe s (UNECE) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone (UNECE 1999). A key objective of the protocol is to regulate emissions on a regional basis and protect eco-systems from transboundary pollution by setting emission reduction targets for the pollutants NO x, (and SO x, NH 3 and NMVOCs) to be reached by 21; Directive 21/81/EC, on national emissions ceilings (NECD) for certain atmospheric pollutants requires the introduction of national emission ceilings for emissions of NH 3, (and SO 2, NO x and NMVOCs )in each Member State, as well as setting interim environmental objectives for reducing the exposure of ecosystems and human populations to the damaging levels of acid pollutants and ozone. Apart from the NECD there is currently no other EU legislation proposed or in force specifically aimed at reducing ammonia. However, several regulatory instruments have influenced EU emissions of ammonia from the agriculture sector since 199, such as: the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP); the Nitrate Directive (91/676/EEC); and the Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) (96/61/EC). All three measures have had the indirect effect of changing agricultural practices across the EU, and have, for instance, led to a reduced use of nitrogenous fertilisers and an overall decrease in cattle numbers across the EU, both of which affect the levels of ammonia emissions produced. For example, the IPPC Directive requires businesses within Member States to take measures to reduce ammonia emissions. It applies to pig and poultry holdings if they have more than 2 production pig places (for pigs > 3 kg), 75 sow places or 4 poultry places. Pollution control is required now for new and substantially changed large units, and will apply to all existing large units from 27. The reforms of CAP, and specifically the removal of the link between farm production and payments, has also resulted in reduced livestock numbers across the EU-15 and hence also will have indirectly contributed to the decrease in ammonia emissions observed. This indicator also constitutes relevant information for the Clean Air For Europe program (CAFE). Environmental context Emissions of NH 3 contribute to acidification (see facts sheet on Emission of acidifying substances) and eutrophication. Ammonia is also a secondary particulate precursor affecting air quality and may therefore, indirectly, have adverse effects on human health (see facts sheet Emissions of primary particulates and secondary particulate precursors. Assessment EU15 ammonia emissions decreased 7.6% between 199 and 2. The emission reduction between 2 and 21 was.5%. The agricultural sector remains the major source of ammonia emissions (93% of 21 EU15 total emissions). The most important source in agriculture is from manure management in livestock followed by NH 3 emissions from agricultural soils. Particularly large emissions occur from pigs, cattle and poultry rearing. 9

10 The majority of this reduction is due to the combination of reduced livestock numbers across Europe (especially cattle), and the lower use of nitrogenous fertilisers across the EU-15 region (Figure 8). In contrast to the reduction that occurred in the agricultural sector, aggregated emissions of NH 3 from all other sectors of the economy increased by 12.3% during this period. Changes in agricultural practice through better manure management, such as ploughing in manure spread onto fields, and reductions in livestock numbers are expected to help reduce ammonia emissions. The deposition of acidifying substance still exceeds the critical loads of the ecosystems (see indicator and fact sheets on Ecosystem damage area by air pollution ). Neither the NECD nor the Gothenburg Protocol emission targets for the EU15 have yet been met. A further reduction of total NH 3 emissions of 6.% and 5. % from 21 levels will be needed by 21 to meet the NECD and Gothenburg targets, respectively. Ammonia emissions in Acceding countries decreased by 44% between 199 and 21. The emission reduction between 1999 and 2 was 4%. The agricultural sector remains the major source of ammonia emissions (96% in 21). The most important source in agriculture is manure management in livestock. Particularly large emissions occur from pigs, cattle and poultry rearing. The emission reduction was mainly due to a reduction in livestock numbers, particularly for pigs and cattle, and partly decreased fertiliser consumption. 1

11 Title: Change in national EU15 and EFTA3 NH 3 emissions since 199 compared with the 21 NECD targets (%). Netherlands Denmark Finland Germany United Kingdom Liechtenstein Belgium EU15 Greece Luxembourg Portugal Italy Sweden France Austria Norway Ireland Spain -6% -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% % 1% 2% 3% NECD Target % change from 199 to target (1999 & National Ceilings 21) Title: Change in national AC1 and CC3 NH3 emissions since 199 compared with the 21 Gothenburg protocol targets (%). Latvia Estonia Bulgaria Slovak Republic Czech Republic Hungary AC Lithuania Poland Romania Turkey Slovenia Cyprus -8% -7% -6% -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% % 1% : CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol, 1 Dec

12 Title: Distance-to-target indicators (in index points) to the 21 targets of the NECD. Spain 12 Ireland 8 Portugal 7 Denmark Italy Belgium Luxembourg France EU15-1 Greece -2 Sweden -3 Germany -4 Finland -6 United Kingdom -8 Austria -12 Netherlands Title: Distance-to-target indicators (in index points) to the 21 Gothenburg protocol targets, AC (without Malta) and CC. Romania -1 Slovenia -12 Czech Republic -3 Hungary Slovak Republic Poland Lithuania -4 Bulgaria -49 Latvia -72 Cyprus Estonia Turkey Notes: Data not available for Iceland and Malta. The distance-to-target indicator is a measure of the deviation of actual emissions in 21 from the (hypothetical) linear path to the target for 21. Latvia and Lithuania have target %. Cyprus, Estonia, Malta, and Turkey do not have targets under Gothenburg protocol. Source: EEA/ETC-ACC (23) 12

13 Assessment Nine Member States are more than half way to the 21 targets of the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD). The largest percentage reductions have taken place in the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Germany and the United Kingdom. Three Member states - Spain, Ireland and Austria, have increased their emissions since 199, by 16%, 1% and 3%, respectively. Norway has also increased NH 3 emissions by 9% during this period. The emissions of EU15 are slightly below the linear target path towards the 21 targets in the National Emission Ceilings Directive. Seven member states have emissions below the linear target path of the NECD 21 emission targets. In particular Spain, Ireland, and Portugal need substantial emissions reductions to reach their linear target path and the 21 target of the National Emission Ceilings Directive. All Acceding countries and Bulgaria have already reached their 21 emission targets of the CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol All countries have emissions below the linear target path (from ten index points below in Romania to seventy two index points below in Latvia). References EEA (21). Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, Third Edition. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency, 21. EEA/ETC-ACC (23). Manipulated data based on 23 update of Member States data reported to UNECE/CLRTAP/EMEP. Base data are available on the EMEP web site ( EMEP (1998). "Transboundary Acidifying Air Pollution in Europe", Part 1: Estimated dispersion of acidifying and eutrophying compounds and comparison with observations. EMEP/MSC-W Report 1/98, July UNECE (1999). Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution (CLRTAP) to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1 December

14 Data EEA31 NH 3 emissions by sector (ktonnes) Energy Industries 6 Fugitive Emissions Other (Non Energy) 8 12 Other Transport Total Change % contribution to Change Change (%) % -13% % -8% % -5% % -35% % -24% % 13% % 57% % % % -9% % 8% % EU15 NH 3 emissions by sector (ktonnes) Change % contribution to Change Change (%) Other % -36% % -28% % 562% % -9% % 8% % -1% EU % 14

15 AC NH 3 emissions by sector (ktonnes) Other 4 AC Change % contribution to Change Change (%) % -4% % -85% % -42% % -78% % 41% % EFTA3 NH 3 emissions by sector (ktonnes) Energy Industries. Fugitive Emissions Other (Non Energy)..2 Other Transport Change % contribution to Change Change (%) % % % % -19% % 16% % 4% % 719% % 41% % 2% % -84% Total % 15

16 CC3 NH 3 emissions by sector (ktonnes) Energy Industries Change % contribution to Change Change (%) % - Fugitive Emissions % % -5% Other (Non Energy) Other Transport Total % % 33% % -35.6% % -61% % 16

17 EEA 18 NH 3 emissions by country (ktonnes) Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom EU Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Note: NH 3 emissions not available for Iceland NH 3 emissions by country (ktonnes), AC and CC Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Slovak Republic Slovenia AC Bulgaria Romania Turkey CC Note: Data for Malta not available 17

18 EEA 18 percentage change in NH 3 emissions since 199 and NECD targets and CLRTAP targets 2. Change Change (%) : NECD targets : CLRTAP Gothenburg targets Austria 1 3% 26% 26% Belgium -1-11% -22% -22% Denmark % -48% -48% Finland -8-19% -24% -24% France -.2% % % Germany % -25% -25% Greece -5-6% -8% -8% Ireland 11 1% 3% 3% Italy -15-3% -1% -1% Luxembourg -4% -7% -7% Netherlands % -44% -44% Portugal -4-4% -19% -3% Spain 54 16% 7% 7% Sweden -1% 4% 4% United Kingdom % -13% -13% EU % -13% -12% Iceland Liechtenstein -14% - -27% Norway 2 9% - 2% Title: Change in AC1 and CC3 NH 3 emissions since 199 including CLRTAP targets Change Change (%) : CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol targets Cyprus % - Czech Republic % -35% Estonia % - Hungary % -27% Latvia % % Lithuania -34-4% % Malta - NA - Poland % -9% Slovak Republic % -38% Slovenia -5-22% -17% AC % - Bulgaria -9-63% -25% Romania % -3% Turkey -22% - CC % - 2 The actual 21 targets of the NECD and the CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol are expressed as absolute emissions of SO 2, NO x, NH 3 and NMVOC in ktonnes. As the 199 base year emission may change due to updated and revised emission inventory guidelines, the targets expressed in % change from 199 may also change. 18

19 Meta data Technical information 1. Data source : Officially reported national total and sectoral emissions to UNECE/CLRTAP/EMEP, 23 data submission. 2. Description of data : Emissions of combined NH 3 in 1 tonnes (ktonnes). Combination of data officially reported to CLRTAP/EMEP. Gaps filled by ETC/ACC where necessary using simple interpolation techniques (see 6). 3. Spatial Coverage: EEA 31. Data for Malta and Iceland not reported. 4. Temporal Coverage: The best sectoral data are available for 199, 1994 and through the ETC/ACC work programme 5. Methodology: Annual country data submissions. Combination of emission measurements and emission estimates based on volume of activities and emission factors. Recommended methodologies for emission data collection are compiled in the Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook (21), 3 rd ed, EEA, Copenhagen. 6. Methodology of manipulation: ETC-ACC gap-filling methodology. Where countries have not reported data for one, or several years, data has been interpolated to derive annual emission when data is missing between two different years. If the reported data is missing either at the beginning or at the end of the time series period, the emission value has usually been considered to equal the first (or last) reported emission value. It is recognised that the use of gap-filling can potentially lead to artificial trends, but it is considered unavoidable if a comprehensive and comparable set of emissions data for European countries is required for policy analysis purposes. A list of the data used within this sheet which has been gap-filled is available from ETC-ACC upon request. Qualitative information 7. Strengths and weaknesses: Strength: officially reported data following agreed procedures and Emission Inventory Guidebook, e.g. regarding source sector split. Weakness: Reporting to CLRTAP/EMEP and EEA/ETC-ACC can be incompatible for some countries. Emissions for Turkey appear erroneously low. 8. Reliability, accuracy, robustness, uncertainty: Total uncertainty ranges in emission estimates have been estimated to be as much as ± 5% (Eggleston 1998). Emission from the agricultural sector can have very large uncertainties. The trend is likely to be more accurate than the individual absolute annual values - the annual values are not independent of each other. 9. Overall scoring (1-3, 1=no major problems, 3=major reservations) Relevancy: 1 Accuracy: 3 Comparability over time: 2 Comparability over space: 2 Further work required: Countries should improve the completeness of the time series of their estimates (filling gaps). Further validation and checking is the responsibility of the country and needs especially to lead to improved detailed sectoral time series of emissions. There is also a need for further validation and checking within the framework of CLRTAP/EMEP and EEA/ETC-ACC activities. 19