Global Water Supply cannot support the world population -> Water Shortage

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2 16/1/2018 (Tue) Notes - Water Cycle Basic Facts of Water: In Earth, there are only 2.5% of water are fresh for us. Cause of Water Shortage: Increase of W ater Demand ( 對水的需求 ) + D ecrease of W ater Supply ( 對水的供應 ) = W ater Shortage ( 缺水 ) [Demand and Supply] Demand Supply World Population Increases (Over-population) -> People need more water Increase demand of water Less Trees -> Less transpiration -> Less rainfall Global Warming and Climate Change Global Water Supply cannot support the world population -> Water Shortage Where do waters use? > Most Agricultural ( 農業 ) > Industrial ( 工業 ) > Domestic ( 國內產品 ) Least

3 Water Cycle Water demand and supply is by a completed circular cycle (Continuous -> Water Cycle) All energy source from the water cycle comes from the sun Evaporation 蒸發 Transpiration 蒸散 Condensation 凝結 Precipitation 降水 /Rain Surface Runoff 地表徑流 Infiltration 滲入 (Occur in water) - Heat of the sun turns water into water vapour 熱力使水變成水蒸氣 (Liquid -> Gas) (Occur in land/vegetation) - Heat of the sun -> Water vapour goes from plant to air and rise up Water vapour rises and cools in high altitude -> Water vapour group together to form clouds ( 水蒸氣形成雲 ) Until it cold -> Turn to liquid -> Water droplets (rain drops) in the cloud fall to the ground as rain/snow ( 水蒸氣凍結成雨 / 雪降下 ) Water flows in the ground surface 水於地面流 Water gets/seeps into the soil 水滲入泥土

4 However, due to modern urbanization 城市化, deforestation 採伐森林, industrialization... The water cycle has affected due to those phenomenon: Phenomenon in Water Cycle / Explanation Transpiration 蒸散 Condensation 凝結 Precipitation 降水 /Rain Surface Runoff 地表徑流 Infiltration 滲入 (Occur in land/vegetation) - Heat of the sun -> Water vapour goes from plant to air and rise up Water vapour rises and cools in high altitude -> Water vapour group together to form clouds ( 水蒸氣形成雲 ) Until it cold -> Turn to liquid -> Water droplets (rain drops) in the cloud fall to the ground as rain/snow ( 水蒸氣凍結成雨 / 雪降下 ) Water flows in the ground surface 水於地面流 Water gets/seeps into the soil 水滲入泥土 Deforestation -> Less trees -> Less vegetation -> Less water vapour from plant -> Less transpiration Less water vapour -> Group less to clouds -> Less condensation Less clouds -> Less condensation -> Less raindrops -> Less precipitation Less rain dropping -> Less water in the land -> Less surface runoff Less water in the land -> Less water available to get into the soil Evaporation 蒸發 (Occur in water) - Heat of the sun turns water into water vapour 熱力使水變成水蒸氣 (Liquid -> Gas) Less water flow from land to sea -> Less water in sea -> Less evaporation Eventually, there are less and less water so it affects the whole water cycle. Less water are allowed to be provided

5 Other Possible Factors River 河 - The Whole Area - River Basin (An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries)

6 Functions of different parts of river River Basin 流域 Watershed 分水嶺 Source / Headwaters 河源 Tributary 支流 Confluence 合流 River mouth / Delta 河口 Headwater 河源頭 Stream 溪流 An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries 被水和支流圍繞的地 The edge of highland surrounding a drainage basin 高地排水位置 Marks the boundary between the two drainage basins 排水位的分隔 Beginning of the river Can be huge, with thousands of small streams that flow together/lake/pond A stream/smaller river which feeds into another river, rather than ending in a lake/pond/ocean. 連接其他位置 (e.g. 湖, 潭...) The point at which 2 rivers or streams join and form another larger river channel 合併成為更大的河 End of the river Happens when the river enters to the sea The land flattens out and the water loses speed, spreading into a fan shape The river can no longer carry the sand and sediment which it has picked along from the source and leaves these materials into delta which creates fertile farmland Also known as Cradle of human civilization Forming or containing streams that flow into a larger river close to where it starts Water that flows naturally along a fixed route formed by a channel cut into rock

7 More Properties of River 1. Riverbank ( 河岸 ) Definition: Land next to river Properties: 1. Fertile soil for many biodiversity ( 肥沃的土壤 -> 生物多樣性 ) 2. Trees and vegetation on the side, help to protect erosion from flooding and filter polluted run-off from cities ( 樹於旁邊, 防止水浸所導致的污染和腐化 ) 2. Floodplain ( 氾濫平原 ) Definition: Low and flat area next to rivers/lakes that floods Properties: 1. Animals and plants need regular food to survive and reproduce 2. Absorb flood water to protect coastal cities 3. Wetland ( 濕地 ) Definition: Land always soaked with water by lakes or rivers nearby Properties: 1. Good living habitat for wetland plants and animals 2. Natural sponges to store and slowly release floodwaters

8 Longest Rivers in the world Rank River Name Continent 1 Nile ( 尼羅河 ) Africa (Longest in Africa) 2 Amazon ( 亞馬遜河 ) South America (Longest in South America) 3 Yangtze River ( 長江 ) Asia (Longest in Asia and China) 4 Mississippi-Missouri ( 密西西比河 ) North America (Longest in North America) 5 Yenisei ( 葉尼塞河 ) Asia 6 Yellow River ( 黃河 ) Asia (Second longest in China) 7 Ob River ( 鄂畢河 ) Asia 8 Parana River ( 巴拉那河 ) South America 9 Congo River ( 剛果河 ) Africa 10 Amur River ( 黑龍江 ) Asia (Third Longest in China) Longest in each continent: Asia Yangtze River ( 長江 ) Europe Volga ( 窩瓦河 ) Africa Nile ( 尼羅河 ) Oceania (Australia) Murray-Darling ( 墨累河 ) North America Mississippi-Missouri ( 密西西比河 ) South America Amazon ( 亞馬遜河 ) China Rivers: 1. Longest - Yangtze/Changjiang( 長江 ) 2. 2nd - Yellow River/Huanghe ( 黃河 ) 3. 3rd - Amur River ( 黑龍江 ) 4. Near to Hong Kong - Pearl River ( 珠江 )

9 Sustainability of Water - How do we get water? Singapore case ( 本地水 ) ( 外來水 -Malaysia) ( 海水化淡 )