TroposphericOzone Studies using OMI and MLS. Sushil Chandra, Jerry Ziemke & P. K. Bhartia NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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1 TroposphericOzone Studies using OMI and MLS Sushil Chandra, Jerry Ziemke & P. K. Bhartia NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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3 OMI CCD and OMI/MLS Tropospheric Ozone: October Months CCD OMI/MLS

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6 Scientific Issues Addressed Quantify the role of biomass burning in the production of tropospheric ozone Evaluate El Nino effects on ozone and other trace gases in the troposphere Combine OMI and TOMS ozone measurements to develop a long climate record of tropospheric ozone from 1979 to the present time Study intra-seasonal/madden-julian Oscillation (MJO) variability Develop a method to measure ozone inside clouds

7 Aura OMI Publications Related to These Objectives Ziemke, J. R., S. Chandra, B. N. Duncan, L. Froidevaux, P. K. Bhartia, P. F. Levelt, and J. W. Waters, Tropospheric ozone determined from Aura OMI and MLS: Evaluation of measurements and comparison with the Global Modeling Initiative's Chemical Transport Model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19303, doi: /2006jd007089, 2006 Chandra, S., J. R. Ziemke, M. R. Schoeberl, L. Froidevaux, W. G. Read, P. F. Levelt, and P. K. Bhartia, Effects of the 2004 El Nino on tropospheric ozone and water vapor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06802, doi: /2006gl028779, Schoeberl, M. R., J. R. Ziemke, B. Bojkov, N. Livesy, B. Duncan, et al., A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric ozone column using the residual method, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S49, doi: /2007jd008773, Duncan, B. N., J. J. West, Y. Yoshida, A. M. Fiore, and J. R. Ziemke, The influence of European pollution on ozone in the Near East and northern Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, , Ziemke, J. R., J. Joiner, S. Chandra, P. K. Bhartia, A. Vasilkov, D. P. Haffner, K. Yang, M. R. Schoeberl, L. Froidevaux, and P. F. Levelt, Ozone mixing ratios inside tropical deep convective clouds from OMI satellite measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, , Chandra, S., J. R. Ziemke, B. N. Duncan, T. L. Diehl, N. Livesey, and L. Froidevaux, Effects of the 2006 El Nino on tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide: Implications for dynamics and biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, , Ziemke, J. R., S. Chandra, B. N. Duncan, M. R. Schoeberl, M. R. Damon, O. Torres, and P. K. Bhartia, Recent biomass burning events in the tropics and elevated concentrations of tropospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15819, doi: /2009gl039303, Ziemke, J. R., S. Chandra, L. D. Oman, and P. K. Bhartia, A new ENSO index derived from satellite measurements of column ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, , 2010.

8 Key Regions for Studying the Impact of Biomass Burning and ENSO Events in Generating Tropospheric Ozone and Other Important Trace Gases (Ziemke, et al., 2009, GRL) Mean Ozone (ppbv) SA: South America AO: Atlantic Ocean WA: West Africa IND: Indonesia

9 Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) Chemistry and Transport Model (Duncan et al., 2007, ACP) Full troposphere/stratosphere model for Resolution: 2 o latitude 2.5 o longitude, 42 vertical levels (surface to 0.01 hpa) 117 species, 322 chemical reactions, 81 photolysis reactions Chemical mass balance equations integrated using the SMVGEAR algorithm [Jacobson, 1995, Atmos. Environ.] Photolysis frequencies are computed using the Fast-JX radiative transfer algorithm [M. Prather, personal communication] Uses Global Fire Emission Database, version 2 (GFEDv2) Model is run with/without biomass burning emissions

10 OMI/MLS Tropospheric Ozone: OMI/MLS Versus GMI (With and Without Biomass Burning Emissions) (Ziemke, et al., 2009, GRL) Two GMI Model Runs: (1)With biomass burning (Blue curves) (2)Without biomass burning (Red curves) SA Main Conclusions: Model and measurement agree well in general seasonal variability including month to month changes Ozone from biomass burning (Blue minus Red curves) is at most 5-8 ppbv out of ppbv mean background Model and measurement (Blue and Black curves, resp.) have localized discrepancies of 3-8 ppbv in regions of biomass burning (i.e., SA, WA, IND) AO WA IND

11 GMI Model Indicates Biomass Burning is Locally Significant but in Global Perspective is a Small Contribution to Tropospheric Ozone (Ziemke, et al., 2009, GRL) Ozone from Biomass Burning: ~15-25% Locally ~4-5% Globally Other Products from Biomass Burning: ~7-9% GlobalNOx(NO + NO2) ~30-40% Global CO

12 El Nino Related Changes in Tropospheric Ozone in 2006 OMI/MLS Measurements GMI Model El Nino induced biomass burning and dynamical changes caused enhanced ozone In the western Pacific and reduced ozone in the eastern Pacific. (S. Chandra, J. R. Ziemke, B. N. Duncan, et al., ACP 2009)

13 El Nino Induced Changes introposphericozone: Biomass Burning (top) Versus Dynamics (bottom) GMI Model GMI Model The effect of biomass burning, although comparable to dynamics, was localized to the Indonesian region (S. Chandra, J. R. Ziemke, B. N. Duncan, et al., ACP 2009)

14 Ozone ENSO Index and ENSO Related Coupling Between SST and Tropospheric Ozone

15 The Nino 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ENSO Index Nino 3.4 ENSO Index represents temperature anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific (5 o S-5 o N, 120 o W-170 o W)

16 A New Ozone ENSO Index (OEI) from TOMS and OMI (Ziemke, et al., 2010, ACP) Dark curve: OEI Light curve: Nino 3.4 ENSO Index The OEI time series is derived by differencing column ozone from the two rectangular regions (the differencing cancels out the stratospheric component)

17 Important Properties of the Ozone ENSO Index Not affected by inter-instrument calibration offsets or instrument drifts over time Useful for monitoring of tropospheric ozone in relation to decadal climate changes Useful diagnostic test for models: Models should be able to reproduce the OEI and it s sensitivities with sea surface temperature and surface pressure

18 Summary OMI in conjunction with the GMI model has quantified the extent of biomass burning in production of tropospheric ozone regional increases in tropospheric ozone are about 15-25%, but in global average the biomass burning increases global ozone by only 4-5%. OMI measurements have shown that El Nino events produce large planetary scale changes in tropospheric ozone in the tropics these changes are caused mostly by dynamicswith a small contribution from biomass burning in Indonesia (associated with the induced dry conditions). OMI combined with previous TOMS measurements yields a long-record (1979-present) of ozone. This long record has been used to develop an ozone ENSO index which is important for monitoring long-term changes and as a diagnostic test for photochemistry -transport models of the troposphere.

19 OMI Can Measure Ozone Inside Deep Convective Clouds (Largely Comprised of Injected Boundary Layer Ozone)

20 25-Year Trends in Upper and Lower Stratospheric Column Ozone (Left Panel) andtroposphericcolumn Ozone (Right Panel) (Ziemke, et al., 2005, GRL) Stratospheric Ozone Trends Tropospheric Ozone Trends (0-32 hpa) (32 hpa To Tropopause)

21 Additional Slides if Needed

22 Stratospheric Column Ozone: Almost no zonal variability in tropical low latitudes (Ziemke, et al., 2010, ACP) Zonal Means Removed Zonal Means Removed AND Deseasonalized

23 OMI CCD and OMI/MLS Tropospheric Ozone: September Months CCD OMI/MLS

24 OMI CCD and OMI/MLS Tropospheric Ozone: November Months CCD OMI/MLS

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26 OMI/MLS Tropospheric Ozone and OMI Aerosol Index for the Four Selected Regions (Ziemke, et al., 2009, GRL) SA AO WA IND South America: Coherent Interannual variability present in aerosols and ozone Atlantic Ocean: Seasonal cycle in ozone is nearly the same as over South America and Africa despite little change in presence of biomass burning aerosols West Africa: ~2 month delay between peak ozone and peak aerosols caused by a time-delay involving coupled transport and photochemistry Indonesia: Weak seasonal cycles in ozone and aerosols. Increases in ozone occurred during 2004/2006 El Nino events (related to coupled dynamics and biomass burning)

27 Nino 3.4 ENSO Index is Correlated with Pacific Dipole in Tropospheric Ozone (Ziemke, et al., 2010, ACP) Cross- Correlation Between Deseasonalized TOMS/OMI CCD Tropospheric Ozone and Nino 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature ENSO Index (White regions: Significant at 99% CL)

28 Future Work for Long-Record Tropospheric Ozone Derive merged datasetof CCD tropospheric column ozone and stratospheric column ozone from combined TOMS and OMI (i.e., current) using version 9 processing Extend CCD merged gridded data to mid-high latitudes to study regional trends in extra-tropical tropospheric and stratospheric ozone.

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30 Eastern Pacific Along ITCZ Daily tropospheric ozone from OMI/MLS and the GMI model agree well in the tropics on all timescales (including a 1-2 month Madden-Julian Oscillation)

31 Western Pacific Along ITCZ El Nino Induced Increases Daily tropospheric ozone from OMI/MLS and the GMI model agree well in the tropics on all timescales (including a 1-2 month Madden-Julian Oscillation)

32 OMI NO 2 over India and Asia March 2006 May 2006 July 2006 September 2006

33 OMI/MLS Tropospheric Ozone over India and Asia March 2006 May 2006 July 2006 September 2006

34 El Nino Related Changes in Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide in 2006 MLS Measurements GMI Model El Nino induced dry conditions and biomass burning produced large localized concentrations of carbon monoxide over Indonesia in the western Pacific. (S. Chandra, J. R. Ziemke, B. N. Duncan, et al., ACP 2009)